Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Electrophysiology of Vision_Lam_2005
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II. CLINICAL APPLICATIONS
7
Overview: Clinical Indications and
Disease Classification
Clinical indications of visual electrophysiologic testing are evolving with the development of new electrophysiologic techniques. For instance, the rapid development of multifocal ERG has allowed assessment of local retinal function. The visual electrophysiologic tests are described in detail in Chapters 1–5, and the commonly available tests are summarized in Table 7.1. In addition, disease classification is also evolving with advances in the understanding of pathophysiologic mechanisms of established and newly discovered conditions. This chapter discusses issues pertinent to clinical use of ERG, EOG, and VEP and to disease classification.
CLINICAL INDICATIONS OF VISUAL
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGIC TESTS
Ultimately, the key determinant of ordering a diagnostic test is whether the test results will alter the management of the patient. Medical management is viewed in the broad context
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Table 7.1 Overview of Clinical Visual Electrophysiologic Tests
|
|
|
|
|
Steady |
|
|
Activities |
|
Pupil |
fixation |
|
Stimulus |
measured |
Localization |
dilation |
required |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Electroretinography |
|
|
|
|
|
Full-field |
Panretinal flash from a |
Rod and cone |
Panretinal, |
Yes |
No |
|
full-field bowl |
associated |
non-localizing |
|
|
|
|
retinal responses |
response |
|
|
Multifocal |
Pattern of black and |
Cone |
Topographical, |
Yes |
Yes |
|
white hexagons, each |
associated |
local responses |
|
|
|
hexagon reversing at |
retinal responses |
|
|
|
|
a predetermined |
|
|
|
|
|
pseudo-random sequence |
|
|
|
|
Pattern |
Reversing black and |
Retinal |
Non-localizing, macular |
No |
Yes |
|
white checkerboard |
ganglion cells (optic |
dominated response |
|
|
|
|
nerve), inner retina |
|
|
|
Electro- |
Light phase with |
Retinal |
Non-localizing |
Yes or |
Yesb |
oculography |
background light |
pigment epithelium |
standing potential |
Noa |
|
Visual evoked |
|
|
|
|
|
potential |
|
|
|
|
|
Pattern |
Reversing black and |
Occipital |
Non-localizing |
No |
Yes |
|
white checkerboard |
visual cortex |
macular dominated |
|
|
|
|
|
cortical response |
|
|
Flash |
Flash subtending |
Occipital |
Non-localizing |
No |
No |
|
20 visual angle |
visual cortex |
macular dominated |
|
|
|
|
|
cortical response |
|
|
aDepending on available luminance for light phase. bAdequate fixation for accurate saccades.
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7 Chapter
Overview: Clinical Indications and Disease Classification |
187 |
of providing not only treatment but also diagnostic and prognostic information. For instance, counseling a patient with an untreatable condition is an essential and appropriate part of medical management.
Modern medical practice demands that decisions be made on the basis of scientific evidence rather than anecdotal conjecture or hypothetical thinking. The concept of evidencebased medicine is rooted in the principle of incorporating the highest quality of available scientific information into the context of clinical care. In addition, current practice environment dictates efficiency as well as cost-effectiveness. Therefore, the usefulness of visual electrophysiologic tests such as ERG, EOG, and VEP is not simply judged by whether the probability of a disease is increased or decreased given the test results. Rather, the sensitivity and specificity of these procedures in diagnosing and detecting visual function change of a given disease must be critically compared to other available diagnostic tests. For instance, ERG is essential in the early diagnosis of cancer-associated retinopathy where the ERG responses are impaired even when the retina appears normal. In contrast, even though ERG impairment is associated with retinal detachment, ERG is rarely performed in retinal detachment because ophthalmoscopic retinal examination is by far the most helpful diagnostic procedure.
The indications of performing a diagnostic test must also take into account the fact that there are sometimes substantial differences among clinicians in the management of medical conditions. These differences may stem from many factors. First, there may be a relative lack of general medical consensus or a lack of evidence-based information or both. Many medical organizations such as the American Academy of Ophthalmology have published preferred practice patterns for specific medical conditions but this is not available for all disease categories. Second, the standard of care may vary somewhat among local communities due, in part, to differences in the number and quality of available diagnostic tests. Like other tests, accessibility to quality ERG, EOG, and VEP support is crucial to its effective clinical use, and productive communication between the clinician and