Index

A

abducens nerve, 53, 164 abscesses, 45–49 acalculia, 44 acetazolamide, 32, 39, 42 acetominophen, 33

activated protein C resistance, 28 Addison’s disease, 29

Adie tonic pupil, 122–124 age of patients

carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae and, 3

leukemia and, 109 ODEMS and, 128, 129 optic neuritis and, 65–68

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) treatment and, 16

vasculopathic risk factors, 84, 134

agnosia, finger, 44

alcohol consumption, 115, 117 alexia, 44

all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA), 29

amaurosis fugax, 133–142 anemia, 113

aneurysms

central nervous system impairment, 45

cranial nerve palsies and, 55, 56, 80, 82–87

giant basilar artery tip, 61 internal carotid artery, 6, 89 intracavernous carotid, 5, 6, 55,

82, 159

middle cerebral artery (MCA), 91, 92, 94

ophthalmic artery, 69, 74 posterior communicating artery,

86, 89, 91, 92, 94 signs and symptoms, 123 suprasellar, 147

angioplasty, 19, 29

anisocoria, 9, 21, 81, 115, 117, 121–125, 155–162

anorexia, 117 anosognosia, 44

anterior chamber, 1, 139 antibiotics, 130 anticoagulants, 17, 29, 158 antiphospholipid antibody

syndrome, 28

antiplatelet therapy, 23, 158, 162 antithrombin III deficiency, 28 aortic vascular disease, 138 aphasia, 44, 134

applanation tonometry, 4, 11 apraclonidine test, topical,

157–159 apraxia, 44

arteriovenous malformations (AVM), 26, 29

aspirin, 145, 146, 162 ataxia, 54, 109, 116, 117 atrial fibrillation, 19 atropine, 124 autotopagnosia, 44

B

bacteria, abscess-causing, 45, 46 Balint syndrome, 61

balloons, detachable, 7 barbiturates, 61

bariatric surgery, 115, 116. See also obesity

Bartter’s syndrome, 29 basilar artery, 61, 62

behavioral changes, 59, 61. See also mental status changes

Behçet disease, 28, 29 Bell’s phenomenon, 59 Bickerstaff’s encephalitis, 62 bipolar disorder, 115

blepharoplasty, 104 blood glucose, 17, 55

blood tests, 17, 26, 48, 55, 117, 146

botulism, 62

brainstem conditions, 52, 54, 56, 79, 116, 156

breast cancer, 100

bruit, 1, 4, 9, 12. See also tinnitus, pulse-synchronous

C

calcium channel blockers, 139 cancer. See tumors carbamazepine, 61

cardiac disease, 17, 134, 135, 138 carotid arterial system, 2, 3. See

also internal carotid artery carotid-cavernous sinus fistula

(CCF), 1–8, 9–13, 165 carotid occlusive disease, 136,

138, 139 cataracts, 137, 139 catheter angiography

in carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae, 5, 6, 11

in strokes, 22–23

in third nerve palsies, 83–87, 89–91

cat scratch disease, 127–131 cavernous sinus

aneurysms, 55

carotid arterial system and, 2, 3 enlargement, 6

flow voids, 6, 11

Horner syndrome and, 156

lesions, 163, 164 neuropathies and, 54 thrombosis or ligation, 28 varix, 5, 6

celiac disease, 99

central nervous system, 45, 110 cerebellar conditions, 52, 79 cerebral angiography, 40, 61,

81–83

cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST), 28–32

cerebritis, 48

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 27, 28, 32, 40, 46, 68, 110

chemotherapy, 109, 110, 112 Chiari I malformation, 29 chiasmal syndrome, 147 chiropractic treatment, 155, 157,

158 chlordecone, 29

cholesterol, high levels of, 51, 59, 77, 84

Churg-Strauss syndrome, 99 claustrophobia, 27, 39, 80, 86 coagulopathies, 29, 136, 139.

See also hypercoaguable states

cocaine test, topical, 157–160 cocaine use, 81

Cogan’s lid twitch sign, 52, 79 coiling, endovascular, 7, 12, 91,

95

collagen vascular disease, 52, 68, 79

Collier’s “tucked lid” sign, 60, 61 color vision, 65, 66, 129

compressive optic neuropathy (CON), 98, 101, 102, 104, 105

confrontation visual fields, 25, 51, 77, 97, 147, 149

conjunctiva

chemosis, 4, 5, 52, 54, 79, 98, 99

color, 11 dilatation of, 1 hyperemia, 100

injection, 52, 79, 98, 99 necrosis and superinfection, 4 prolapse, 4

vessels, 9, 11, 12 “conjunctivitis,” 4, 9–11 consciousness, loss of, 147, 149 contrast MRI

in carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae, 6

in cranial nerve palsies, 56, 86 in Horner syndrome, 159

in intracranial abscesses, 46, 48

in pseudotumor cerebri, 39

in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 165, 166

in unexplained optic neuropathies, 113

in Wernicke encephalopathy, 116

corectopia, 61

cornea, 4, 5, 101. See also exposure keratopathy

cortical blindness, 61

cortical veins, 3, 5, 11, 28, 31

corticosteroids, 33, 48, 67, 70, 73, 105, 145

cortisol deficiency, 147 cranial nerves, 52, 54, 56, 60,

62, 79, 83. See also third nerve palsies; sixth nerve palsies

craniopharyngioma, 164 C-reactive protein (CRP), 134, 145,

146

Crohn’s disease, 99

CT angiography (CTA), 6, 17, 83, 84, 91, 159

CT perfusion studies, 17, 18 CT scanning

as alternative to MRI, 27, 39, 80

of brain abscesses, 46, 47 for carotid-cavernous sinus

fistula, 6, 11 contrast-enhanced, 80 dynamic, 17

in Horner syndrome, 159 indications, 81, 83, 85 non-contrast, 19, 22, 89, 91,

106

for pseudotumor cerebri, 28 vs MRI and DWI, 19, 20, 62,

149, 158 cycloplegics, 124 cyclosporine, 29 cysticercosis, 100

D danazol, 29

Dandy criteria, 27, 39, 40

demyelinating diseases, 56, 73, 116. See also multiple sclerosis

diabetes

cranial nerve palsies and, 53, 55, 77, 80, 81, 84

Graves’ ophthalmopathy, 104 homonymous hemianopsia and,

15

Horner syndrome and, 155 optic neuritis and, 67 transient visual loss and, 134,

138 dialysis, 40 Diamox, 32, 39

diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for detecting stroke, 19, 20, 22,

23, 62

for intracranial abscesses, 46, 47, 48

for Wernicke encephalopathy, 118

diplopia

with carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 1, 4, 9

with cranial nerve palsies, 51, 77 with giant cell arteritis, 144

with Graves’ ophthalmopathy, 98, 101

sudden, 149

with Wernicke syndrome, 115, 118

diuretics, 39 dizziness, 147

documentation, medical, 18, 32 Doppler flow studies, 11, 134, 138

dorsal midbrain syndrome, 27, 59, 60

Duane’s retraction syndrome, 52 dural-cavernous sinus fistula, 100 DWI. See diffusion-weighted

imaging (DWI) dyschromatopsia, 65, 66, 129 dyspepsia, 70

E

Early Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (ETOMS) Study Group, 71

echocardiography, 134, 139 edema. See also papilledema

cerebral, 27, 28, 48 lid, 9, 12, 52, 79, 98 macular, 4

on MRI studies, 46

optic disc, 33–42, 66, 109, 127–131, 144

periorbital, 98

embolisms, 19, 45, 61, 133–136, 138, 139

embolization, therapeutic, 7 emesis, 89, 115–117

empty sella, 40, 41 empyema, 45

encephalitis, 26, 45, 46, 62. See also Wernicke encephalitis

endarterectomy, 3 endocarditis, 45, 48 episclera, 9, 11, 12 episcleritis, 4 epistaxis, 3

Erdheim-Chester disease, 101

erythema chronica migrans, 68 erythrocyte sedimentation rate

(ESR), 48, 54, 84, 134, 139, 145, 146

erythropsia, 139

esotropia, 51, 52, 54, 101, 115 exercise, 138

exogenous growth hormone, 29 exophthalmos, 4, 98, 101, 105 exotropia, 101

exposure keratopathy, 4, 5, 98, 105

extraocular muscles diplopia and, 4

enlargement, 6, 98, 102, 103 orbital myositis and, 99 palsied, 79, 80

retraction of eye and, 60 eye pain

angle closure glaucoma and, 138

with Graves’ ophthalmopathy, 97 with ODEMS, 128, 129

with optic neuritis, 65

orbital decompression for, 105 with orbital myositis, 99, 100

F

facial nerve, 53 facial pain, 5, 54

facial sensation, 163, 165 fever, 43, 48

fistulae, 100. See also carotidcavernous sinus fistula (CCF)

fluorescein angiography, 129, 137 forced duction test, 52, 79, 101

IV methylprednisolone sodium succinate, 70

fundus examinations, 9, 33, 51, 52, 59, 65, 66, 143

fungal diseases, 46, 74, 100, 165 furosemide, 39

G

gender of patients, 65, 99, 102, 109, 128, 129

giant cell arteritis aspirin and, 145, 146

cranial nerve palsies and, 52, 79, 81, 84

optic neuropathies and, 74 signs and symptoms, 144 transient visual loss, 133, 134,

136–138

vs orbital pseudotumor, 101 giant cell myocarditis, 101 glaucoma

angle closure, 4, 11, 99, 138, 139

carotid-cavernous sinus fistula and, 5, 11

medication, 124 neovascular, 137 gnathostomiasis, 100 Goldmann perimetry

in intracranial abscess, 43, 44 in ODEMS, 127

in pituitary apoplexy, 152, 153 in pseudotumor cerebri, 35, 38 in stroke, 15, 16, 22

in temporal arteritis, 143 granuloma, 45, 146, 166

Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), 97–106

H

Halback, VV, 5 headache

bifrontal, 33, 36

in carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 1

cluster, 99 exclusionary sign, 52

with fever and neurological symptoms, 48

giant cell arteritis and, 54, 84, 144

indications for surgery, 40 misdiagnosis, 144

in ODEMS, 128

in optic neuritis, 67

in pituitary apoplexy, 147, 149, 165

in pseudotumor cerebri, 25, 27, 40

in subarachnoid hemorrhaging, 85

in third nerve palsies, 77, 79, 89 thunderclap, 123

unilateral, 143 with visual loss, 39

head trauma

causing carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae, 3

cerebral abscesses and, 45 cranial CT imaging and, 26, 80 cranial nerve palsies and, 53, 79 intracranial pressure and, 28

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and, 17

hemianopsia bitemporal, 147–153

homonymous, 15, 16, 19–23, 48, 61

quadrantanopia, 43, 44 hemiparesis, 134 hemiplegia, 52, 54, 79 hemispatial neglect, 44 hemoglobinuria, 28 hemorrhaging. See also

subarachnoid hemorrhaging (SAH)

anterior chamber, 139

CT scanning for, 26, 27, 149 dangerous sign, 6 gastrointestinal, 17 intracerebral, 3, 16, 59, 60 intracranial, 17 intraventricular, 89

with optic disc edema, 33, 66, 111

parenchymal, 89

in pituitary apoplexy, 149 retinal, 4, 137 subconjunctival, 9, 10 urinary tract, 17

vitreous, 4 Henle’s layer, 129 heparin, 17 hepatitis C, 138

herpes zoster ophthalmicus, 100 Hertel measurements, 1, 9, 97 Hodgkin’s disease, 100 Hollenhorst plaques, 134, 135

Index

horizontal gaze palsy, 53 Horner syndrome, 52, 54, 122,

136, 155–162, 164

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 67

hydrocephalus, 26, 27, 60 hydrochlorothiazide, 59 hydroxyamphetamine test, 157 hypercholesterolemia, 51, 59, 77,

84

hypercoaguable states, 40, 134, 138

hyperemesis gravidarum, 115, 116 hyperlipidemia, 138

hypertension

bilateral ophthalmoplegia and, 59

cranial nerve palsies and, 53, 55, 77, 81, 84

hemianopsia and, 15 Horner syndrome and, 155 malignant, 26, 130

optic neuritis and, 67 pseudotumor cerebri and, 40 risk factor for stroke, 138 temporal arteritis and, 143 tissue plasminogen activator

(tPA) and, 17 hyperthyroidism, 103, 104 hypertropia, 101 hypervitaminosis A, 28, 29 hyphema, 139 hypoparathyroidism, 29 hypotension, 40 hypothalamus, 118, 156 hypothyroidism, 29

hypotropia, 9 hypoxia, 60

I

iatrogenic conditions, 3, 28, 45, 55, 115, 116, 138

ibuprofen, 33, 143 idiopathic intracranial

hypertension (IIH). See pseudotumor cerebri (PTC)

immunodeficient patients, 46, 113 immunotherapy, 112 indomethacin, 29

infection, 4, 28, 43–49, 67, 113, 129

inflammatory disease, 28, 101 interferon beta-1a, 71, 72 internal carotid artery

in carotid-cavernous sinus fistulae, 2–4, 8, 11

Horner syndrome and, 156, 158, 159, 161, 162

third nerve palsies and, 89 transient visual loss and, 139, 140

International Headache Society (IHS), 165, 166

intracerebral and -cranial abscesses, 45, 46–49

intracranial pressure (ICP), 6, 26, 28, 37, 60, 111

intracranial shunting procedure, 39 intracranial vessels, 6, 26, 27, 40 intraocular pressure (IOP)

with anisocoria, 122

in carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 1, 5, 9, 11

in early multiple sclerosis, 65 management, 11

in optic neuritis, 65

in pseudotumor cerebri, 25 in third nerve palsies, 77 in thyroid eye disease, 98

iris trauma, 122–124 isotretinoin, 29

J

jaw claudication, 15, 54, 84 jugular veins, 28

K

Kepone, 29 ketaprofen, 29

L

lacrimation, 98, 100 La Mantia, L, 166 Lasix, 77

Leber’s idiopathic stellate neuroretinitis, 128

Leber’s stellate maculopathy, 127 leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, 82 leukemia, 109–113

leukocytosis, 48, 49 lid

Cogan’s lid twitch sign, 52, 79 Collier’s “tucked lid” sign, 60, 61 edema, 9, 12, 52, 79, 98

margin repositioning surgery, 104

retraction, 97, 99, 101, 104, 106, 124

lipid maculopathy, 66

lipid storage diseases, 60, 61 lithium, 29, 33

lumbar puncture (LP)

atypical optic neuritis and, 67, 68

cranial nerve palsies and, 54, 55 meningeal signs and, 80, 83 optic disc edema and, 27, 40,

111

subarachnoid hemorrhaging and, 85

lumboperitoneal shunts (LPS), 30, 39

Lyme disease, 28, 67, 68, 100, 130 lymphoid hyperplasia, 100 lymphoma, 28

M

macula, 4, 21, 35, 37, 111, 129, 131

macular star figures, 127–131 magnesium, 116–118 malnutrition, 116

mastoiditis, 28, 45 maxillofacial surgery, 3

meningeal processes, 80, 83, 110, 111

meningeal sarcoidosis, 28 meningioma, 56 meningismus, 85 meningitis, 26, 45, 113

mental status changes, 59, 85, 115–118

metoprolol, 143

middle cerebral artery (MCA), 91, 92, 94

middle ear infections, 45, 165 migraine, 19, 115, 133, 134, 139 Miller-Fisher variant, 62 minocycline, 29

MIP angiography, 61 mononeuritis multiplex, 138

morning glory syndrome, 138, 139 MR angiography (MRA)

for carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 6, 11

for pseudotumor cerebri, 27 for stroke, 22

in subarachnoid hemorrhaging, 85

in third nerve palsies, 83, 84 in transient visual loss, 138,

139–141

MR imaging (MRI). See also contrast MRI; diffusionweighted imaging (DWI)

of abscesses, 46

in carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 6, 11

constructive interference in steady state sequences, 56

contraindications, 27, 80, 86 false normals, 62

FLAIR studies, 73, 74, 85, 113, 118, 151

gadolinium enhanced, 71, 74, 80, 161

in Horner syndrome, 156, 157, 159, 160–162

indications, 29, 81, 83, 84

in leukemic infiltration, 111, 112 in multiple sclerosis, 72–74

in pseudotumor cerebri, 27, 30, 40

short tau inversion recovery (STIR) sequence, 102

in stroke, 19, 20, 22

in transient visual loss, 139

vs CT scanning, 19, 20, 86, 91, 102, 149, 158

in Wernicke encephalopathy, 118

MR venography, 27, 29, 30, 32, 39, 40

multiple sclerosis, 60, 67–74, 127, 129

myasthenia gravis

cranial nerve palsies and, 52, 55, 77, 79, 83, 84

differential diagnoses, 52, 62, 77, 99

thyroid eye disease and, 99, 102 mydriasis, 123–25

myocardial infarction, 17

N

nalidixic acid, 29 nasal congestion, 100

nasopharyngeal carcinoma, 164, 165

National Eye Institute, 68 nausea, 33, 89

neonates, 45 neoplasms. See tumors

neuroimaging. See also contrast MRI; CT angiography (CTA); MR angiography (MRA); MR imaging (MRI)

in cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, 28

indications, 16, 22, 26, 39, 54, 55, 158

non-catheter based, 5

in third nerve palsies, 80, 81, 83–87

for visual loss, 69 neuroleptic drugs, 61 neuroretinitis, 128, 130 nifedipine, 139

NIH stroke scale, 16 non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 100 nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory

drugs, 97, 99 norepinephrine, 124

nystagmus, 60, 61, 115, 116, 118

O

obesity, 27, 30, 32, 33, 37, 81, 85 occipital lobe lesions, 16, 17, 21,

43, 46, 61

OCT (optical coherence tomography), 9, 33, 35, 37, 143

ocular motility

abduction deficits, 52, 54, 60, 61, 163

adduction deficits, 89, 97, 163,

164

carotid-cavernous sinus fistula and, 1, 4

convergence spasm, 60

in cranial nerve palsies, 51, 77, 78, 89, 123

depression deficits, 89, 163, 164

elevation deficits, 9, 10, 89, 163,

164

esotropia, 51, 52, 54, 101, 115 exotropia, 101

fixation instability, 60 in leukemia, 109

nystagmus, 60, 61, 115, 116, 118

pretectal syndrome and, 61 stroke and, 59

in thyroid eye disease, 97

in Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 163 in Wernicke syndrome, 115,

117

ocular neuromyotonia, 82 oculomotor nerve, 4, 55, 60, 62,

81, 163, 164

oculomotor neurilemmoma, 82 ODEMS (optic disc edema with macular star), 127–131

ophthalmic artery occlusion, 136–138

ophthalmic veins, 3, 4, 6, 11, 102 ophthalmoplegia

in carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 1, 2, 4, 5, 12

Graves’ ophthalmopathy and, 98, 99, 106

internal, 81

third nerve palsies and, 84, 87,

optic disc, 33–42, 66, 109, 136, 138, 144

optic disc edema with macular star (ODEMS), 127–131

optic nerve, 4, 104, 110–113, 137. See also compressive optic neuropathy (CON)

optic nerve sheath fenestration (ONSF), 30, 39, 40, 42

optic neuritis, 65–75, 127 Optic Neuritis Treatment Trial

(ONTT), 67

oral contraceptives, 25, 29 orbicularis oculi weakness, 52, 79 orbit

congestion, 5, 11, 98, 101 diseases of, 79

fat volume, 98, 102 surgical decompression,

104–106

orbital amyloidosis, 101 orbital cellulitis, 45, 100 orbital myositis, 99–101, 102 orbital polymyositis, 101 Orudis, 29

osteoarthritis, 143 osteopetrosis, 28 osteoporosis, 145 otitis media, 45, 165

when combing hair, 143 pamidronate, 101 panhypopituitarism, 147, 149 panuveitis, 137

papilledema etiologies, 27, 29

management, 26, 27, 29–30, 32, 39

in pseudotumor cerebri, 26, 39 signs and symptoms, 36, 37,

40

sixth nerve palsies and, 56 typical profile, 39

use of term, 37

vs leukemic infiltration of optic nerve, 111

vs ODEMS, 130 parasympathicolytic drugs, 124 parenteral nutrition, 116

parietal lobe lesions, 21, 43, 139 Parkinson’s disease, 61 penicillin, 155

peripapillary exudates, 128 peripapillary staphyloma, 138, 139 phenylephrine, 124

photophobia, 89, 98

piercings causing infection, 43–49 pilocarpine, 122–124

pituitary adenoma, 164 pituitary apoplexy, 74, 85,

147–153, 165 pleocytosis, 68 polycythemia vera, 138

polymyalgia rheumatica, 84, 145 posterior cerebral artery, 22, 23 posterior ciliary artery, 137

posterior communicating artery, 86, 89, 91, 92, 94

post-partum patients, 29, 115 prednisone, 70, 145, 146 pregnancy, 27, 29, 40 pretectal syndrome, 60 proptosis

alternative etiologies, 99 carotid-cavernous sinus fistula

and, 1, 3–6, 9, 12

cranial nerve palsies and, 54, 79 exclusionary sign, 52

Graves’ ophthalmopathy and, 98, 102, 104

orbital myositis and, 100, 102 surgical decompression, 105

prostate cancer, 101 protein S deficiency, 28 protime (PT), 17 pseudoabducens palsy, 61 pseudoaneurysms, 5

pseudotumor cerebri (PTC), 26–32, 39, 40

psychosocial factors, 40, 70 ptosis

absence of, 21 bilateral, 60 exclusionary sign, 52

Horner syndrome and, 155, 156, 159–161

orbital myositis and, 99

sign of carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 1, 2, 9, 12

with third nerve palsy, 77–79, 87, 89

pulmonary apex, 159

pupillary sphincter, 79, 80, 164 pupils. See also anisocoria; relative

afferent pupillary defect (RAPD)

abnormalities, 61

dilated, 82, 122–124, 138 dilation lag, 155, 156 fixed, 164

light-near dissociation, 59, 60, 115

tonic, 82, 122–124 Purtscher’s retinopathy, 137

R

radiculopathies, 52, 79, 83 radiotherapy, 103, 105, 110, 112 RAI (radioiodine therapy), 103 red eye, 5, 10–12

relative afferent pupillary defect (RAPD), 65, 66, 74, 127

renal failure, 29, 40

retina, 4, 5, 66, 67, 110, 111, 129 retinal artery and vein occlusion,

4, 26, 67, 134, 136, 137, 139 retinal capillary telangiectasia, 137 “retinal migraine,” 133

retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 42, 131

retrochiasmal lesions, 15, 21 retro-Gasserian procedures, 3 rheumatoid arthritis, 97, 99 Rosai-Dorfman disease, 100 Rosenmuller, fossa of, 165

S

sarcoidosis, 29, 67, 68, 99, 101

“Savino’s rule,” 122

scleral buckle procedure, 138 scleroderma, linear, 99 scopolamine, 124, 125 scotoma

central, 35, 38, 42, 127 junctional, 74 scintillation, 134

seizures, 17, 19 seminoma, 100

sexual intercourse, 138 shunts, 27, 30, 39, 40, 60 sildenafil citrate, 81

sinuses. See also cavernous sinus basilar, 3

intercavernous, 3 lateral, 28 sigmoid, 28

sphenoidal, 68, 165 straight, 28

superior sagittal, 28, 29, 30,

31 sinusitis, 45, 67

sixth nerve palsies, 33, 40, 51–57, 163, 165

skew deviation, 61, 117 sleep disturbances, 70 slit lamp examination

assessing anisocoria, 122, 123 in carotid-cavernous sinus

fistula, 1, 9

in early multiple sclerosis, 65 in leukemia patient, 109

in stroke, 15, 59

in third nerve palsy, 77 in thyroid eye disease, 97

smoking, 81, 103–104, 106, 133, 134, 138

spatial disorientation, 44 spinal cord, 109

spinal tap. See lumbar puncture (LP)

statin therapy, 51, 77 stenting, 19, 29 stereopsis, 66 steroids

ODEMS and, 130

optic neuropathy and, 67, 70, 106

orbital myositis and, 99 pseudotumor cerebri and, 29 temporal arteritis and, 145 Tolosa-Hunt syndrome and, 165,

167 strabismus, 99, 104 stroke

in carotid-cavernous sinus fistula treatment, 8

etiologies, 19

homonymous hemianopsia and, 15–20

Horner syndrome and, 158, 159 mimic, 19

risk factors, 134, 138

signs and symptoms, 15–17, 21, 59–61

treatment, 16–20, 22, 23, 61–63 subarachnoid hemorrhaging (SAH)

carotid-cavernous sinus fistula and, 3, 6

catheter angiography and, 89, 90 cranial nerve palsies and, 56, 85

CT scanning for, 81, 83 intracranial pressure and, 26 pupil dilation and, 123 tissue plasminogen activator

(tPA) and, 17

superior vena cava syndrome, 28

surgical decompression, 104–106, 147–149

syphilis, 61, 68, 130 systemic lupus erythematosus

(SLE), 28, 29, 67, 81, 99, 101, 138

T

telemedicine, 19

temporal arteritis, 55, 143–146 temporal artery biopsies, 55, 84,

145, 146

temporal lobe lesions, 21, 61 tetracyclines, 29, 33 thiamine, 116–118

third nerve palsies, 62, 77–87, 89–96, 122–124, 156

thrombocythemia, 28 thromboembolic disease, 22, 135,

139, 158

thrombolytic treatments, 18, 29 thrombosis, 3, 5, 6, 28, 40 thyroid eye disease, 9, 97–106 thyroid replacement, 29

tinnitus, pulse-synchronous, 4, 33, 36

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), 16–19, 22, 61, 62

Todd’s paralysis, 19

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 82, 165–167

tongue claudication, 84 tonsillitis, 45 topirimate, 39 toxoplasmosis, 130

tPA. See tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

transient ischemic attacks, 6 transient visual obscurations

(TVOs), 33, 36 transphenoidal surgery, 3 tretinoin, 29

trichinosis, 28, 100

trigeminal nerve, 3–5, 163, 165 tuberculosis, 61, 67

tumors. See also leukemia; pseudotumor cerebri (PTC)

cardiac nerve palsies and, 55, 82

cavernous sinus syndrome and, 164, 165

on CT or contrast MRI scans, 48, 116

dorsal midbrain damage and, 60

glomus jugulare, 28

Horner syndrome and, 158, 159 Pancoast, 158

parasellar, 82

vs orbital pseudotumors, 100

U

ultrasonography, 5, 11, 102, 106, 138

uveitis, 67, 124

V

vasculitis, 40, 61 ventriculomegaly, 27 ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS),

27, 30, 39, 40 verapamil, 139

vertebral arterial dissection, 21 vertebral-basilar atherosclerotic

disease, 19 vestibuloocular reflex, 59 Viagra, 81

viral illness, 127, 129, 130 visual field defects. See also Goldmann perimetry

with intracranial abscesses, 43 in optic neuritis, 66, 70, 74,

147

in stroke, 15, 16, 23, 135 visual loss

in carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 4, 5, 8

giant cell arteritis and, 54, 144 leukemic infiltration and, 110 ODEMS and, 127, 128

optic nerve sheath fenestration and, 39

postprandial, 136

shunt dysfunction and, 27 steroids for, 145

sudden, 149

“Swiss cheese” pattern, 135 thyroid eye disease and, 101 transient monocular, 133–142,

144, 145

visual symptoms. See also diplopia; hemianopsia;

scotoma; visual field defects; visual loss

blurred vision, 25, 33, 115, 147

contrast sensitivity, 66 cotton wool spots, 66, 137 diminished acuity, 6

dyschromatopsia, 65, 66, 129 erythropsia, 139 light-brightness, 66 photopsia, 135

stereopsis, 66

transient visual obscurations, 33

vitamin A and analogs, 28, 29, 33

vitamin deficiencies and excesses, 28, 29, 61, 117

vomiting, 89, 115–117

W

Wallenberg syndrome, 159 warfarin, 158

Wegener’s granulomatosis, 67, 99, 101

weight gain, 33, 70 weight loss, 143

Wernicke encephalitis, 62, 115–118

Whipple’s disease, 61, 62, 99 Willis, circle of, 61, 62 Wilson’s disease, 61