Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Diagnosing and Treating Computer-Related Visual Problems_Sheedy, Shaw-McMinn_2003

274 Index

Computer glasses—continued for myopia, 109

for presbyopia, 108

Computer usage, prevalence of, 1 among children, 1, 221

harmful effects of, 221–222 Computer vision syndrome (CVS),

defined, 1 prevalence of, 1

Conjunctivitis, allergic, 118 treatment of, 121

Consultancy services consultant report, 214–216

workplace evaluations. See Workplace evaluations

Contact lens wearers, 115, 122 Convergence, 76

computer glasses to correct insufficiency, 109

display viewing distance and, 186 home training exercises, 87f–88f insufficiency, 77, 84, 86, 109. See also

Binocular conditions/disorders near point of, 82–83

Copyholders, 198

Corneal dystrophies and degeneration,

124

Cosmolit Office lenses, 97t, 100f, 101f Costs and fees

computer evaluation explanation, 18, 21, 22f

of eye examinations, 1 Counter cards, 12

Critical flicker frequency (CFF), 171 CRTs. See Computer displays

CVS. See Computer vision syndrome (CVS)

Cyclosporine A, 121

Dark accommodation, 63–64 Dark vergence, 77–79 Diabetes, 118b

uncontrolled, 123

Diagnosis, 2–3. See also Examinations accommodation. See Accommoda-

tion tests

of binocular vision, 79–80, 84, 85f. See also Binocular vision measures

of myopia, 48–52

uncertainty in, reasons for, 3–4 Diffuse reflections, 143–144

on computer displays, 145–146, 147b, 151, 154–155

Diplopia, 37–38, 41 Dispensary, 27

appearance of, 27 optician scripts, 28

patient education materials in, 28, 29f Displays. See Computer displays Double vision, 37–38, 41

Dry eyes, 37, 38–39

air contaminants and, 117 blink rate and, 115–117

contact lens wearers and, 115, 122 evaluation of, 212

humidity and, 117–118

laser in situ keratomileusis surgery and, 119

management of, 120–121 medications contributing to, 119 ocular diseases and, 118–119 test for, 119

Dynamic retinoscopy, 72–73, 74f

Education. See Patient education Environment

generally. See Workplace environment

workstations. See Workstations Epileptic seizures, flicker and, 175–176 Esophoria, 76f. See also Binocular con-

ditions/disorders accommodative disorders, 37 asthenopic symptoms of, 41 diagnostic criteria for, 84, 85f myopia development, 50, 52

prepresbyopic patients, prevalence in, 79

symptoms of, 41 treatment of, 86

Essilor Interview lenses, 97t, 102f Examinations, 24, 211

accommodative function. See Accommodation tests

binocular vision. See Binocular vision measures

case presentation scripts for, 25–27 of children, 223

of computer displays, 157 costs of, 1

dry eyes test, 119 form, 15, 17f

for occupational progressive lenses, 98 phoria measurement, 81

pretesting, 21–22 procedure scripts for, 25 reasons for, 1

referrals for, 220 room appearance, 24 Sheard’s criterion, 82

summary form, 18, 19f–20f vergence range, 81

workplace. See Workplace evaluations

Exophoria, 76f. See also Binocular conditions/disorders

diagnostic criteria for, 84, 85f eye fatigue/eyestrain, 39

prepresbyopic patients, prevalence in, 79

treatment of, 86

Eye examinations. See Examinations Eye fatigue, 39

accommodative fatigue with near work, 65–66

EyeMaginations, 13 Eyestrain, 39

hyperopia and, 53

Farsightedness. See Hyperopia

Index 275

Fees and costs

computer evaluation explanation, 18, 21, 22f

of eye examinations, 1 Flat panel displays, 161–163

flicker on, 161–162, 171 laptop displays, 177

Flicker, 42, 171

epileptic seizures and, 175–176

on flat panel displays, 161–162, 171 human perception of, 171–172 light sensitivity symptoms, 41 suprathreshold, 172–175

Follow-up, 30–31 Forms. See Office forms Frankfurt plane, 188, 189

Free computer vision screening, 264 Free seminars, 267–268

Front desk, 30

General office evaluation, 208–209, 217 GenTeal (CibaVision), 121

Glare

discomfort. See Glare discomfort sources of, 133

transient adaptation to, 134

Glare discomfort, 40, 131–133 clinical measurement of, 136 measurement of, 135–136 solutions to, 136–139 subjective measurement of, 135

Glaucoma, 123

Gradal RD lenses, 97t, 101f Gray scale display, 169–170

Headaches, 39 hyperopia and, 53

Head-mounted displays (HMDs), 177– 179

children and, 223–224 Heterophoria, 75–76, 84. See also Bin-

ocular vision computer glasses for, 109

276 Index

History. See Patient history Hoods for computer displays, 153 Hormonal fluctuations, 118b Hot compresses, 121

Hoya Tact lenses, 104f Humidity, dry eyes and, 117–118 Hyperopia, 52–53

computer glasses for, 108 correction of, 54, 55t visual acuity and, 55

Illumination, 128–129 levels, 134

Image quality

accommodative response and, 66–68

computer display resolution and, 163–165

Immunosuppressive diseases, 118b Indoor air quality, 209–210

dry eyes and, 117

Intermittent blurred vision, 36–37 accommodative disorders, 37, 53, 61 hyperopia, 53

Internet site, 9, 10f

Internet usage, prevalence of, 1 Interview lenses, 97t, 102f Introducing the doctor, 23–24 Iritis, 40

Itching eyes, 39

Ketotifen (Zaditor), 121

Keyboard and wrists, 198

Lag of accommodation, 72–73 Lambertian surface, 143 Laptop computers, 199

displays, 177. See also Flat panel displays

Laser in situ keratomileusis surgery, dry eyes and, 119

Late-onset myopia, 51–52 LCDs. See Flat panel displays

Legibility of computer displays, 158– 160

Lenses

See also specific name or type of lens accommodation, testing lag of, 73 bifocals. See Bifocals

computer glasses. See Computer glasses

occupational progressive lenses. See Occupational progressive lenses

presbyopic lens design. See Presbyopic prescriptions/lens design

progressive addition lenses (PALs). See Progressive addition lenses (PALs)

trifocals, 105 Lens flippers, 71f

Letter of introduction, 265 Lid abnormalities, 118b Lighting, 127

evaluation of, 212 glare from. See Glare good design, 133 illumination, 128–129 illumination levels, 134

luminance. See Luminance measurements of, 128–131 reflections from, 143–144. See also

Computer displays Light sensitivity symptoms, 40–41

Liquid crystal displays. See Flat panel displays

Low vision patients, 224–225 computer-based devices and, 227b treatment options for, 225–226

Luminance, 129–131. See also Glare; Glare discomfort

of computer displays, 131, 167–168 Lupus, 118b

Macular degeneration, 123 glare and, 134

Maddox rod, 83

Mailings to patients, 9 Marketing, 9–10, 229 advertising, 263

announcements, 266

free computer vision screening, 264 free seminars, 267–268

letter of introduction, 265 mix, management of, 235, 237 office communications, 21 patient follow-up, 30–31 plan. See Marketing plan

with presentations, 240, 247–261 reception area communications, 12–14 reception area computers, 10–12 testimonials, 269

Web site, 9, 10f, 262 Marketing plan, 229, 230b, 231b

analysis of marketplace, 231–232, 244–245

campaign calendar, 240, 241b–242b community assessment, 244–245 customer value focus, 237, 239 formulation of, 239–240

goals and objectives of, 229–231 identification of opportunities, 232–

233, 246

long-term patient relationships, building, 233–234

place, 237 price, 235

product, 235, 236b promotion, 237, 238b

Medications contributing to dry eyes, 119

Meibomian gland dysfunction, 118b treatment of, 121

Mesh antireflection (AR) filters, 146, 148, 151–152

Mouse, 198

Multifocal lenses, 91–92 bifocals. See Bifocals

occupational progressive lenses. See Occupational progressive lenses

Index 277

progressive addition lenses (PALs). See Progressive addition lenses (PALs)

trifocals, 105 Musculoskeletal problems

body posture and, 197–199, 213 in children, 222

symptoms of, 35, 41–42, 92 Myopia, 47–48

accommodation and, 49 in children, 223

computer displays and, 50–51 computer glasses for, 109 correction of, 52, 54, 55t development of, 48–52 esophoria and, 50, 52

genetic factors in, 48 late-onset, 51–52

low to moderate myopes, 47–48 near work and, 48–49, 50, 51, 65 transient changes in, 51

visual acuity and, 55

visual stimulation during development of, 49–50

Nearsightedness. See Myopia Neck aches, 41–42

and presbyopic computer users, 92 Negative relative accommodation

(NRA), 71–72 Networking office computers, 12 NPC, 76, 82–83

Occupational progressive lenses, 96–99 Access, 97t, 99f, 100f

Cosmolit Office, 97t, 100f, 101f Gradal RD, 97t, 101f Interview, 97t, 102f

Office, 97t, 102f, 103f Tact, 104f

Technica, 97t, 98–99, 104f Occupational trifocal lenses, 105 Ocular diseases, dry eyes and, 118–119

278 Index

Ocular gaze angle, 188–192 Ocular pathologic conditions

cataracts, 122

corneal dystrophies and degeneration, 123–124

diabetes, uncontrolled, 123 dry eyes. See Dry eyes glaucoma, 123

macular degeneration, 122–123, 134

Ocular symptoms, 38–39 Oculomotor dysfunctions, 83–84 Office design, 8

checkout/front desk, 30 dispensary. See Dispensary examination room appearance, 24 pretest room, 21

reception area. See Reception area workplace environment. See Work-

place environment Office forms

computer evaluation explanation, 18, 21, 22f

customization of, 21 examination, 15, 17f examination summary, 18,

19f–20f

patient history, 14–15, 16f previsit history, 9

treatment routing slip, 15, 18f Office lenses, 97t, 102f, 103f Office policies, 8

evaluation of, 207 follow-up, 30–31

Olopatadine (Patanol), 121 Optician scripts, 28

Oral tetracyclines, 121

Orthophoria, 76f. See also Binocular conditions/disorders

PALs, 91, 105–106 Pathologic conditions

cataracts, 122

corneal dystrophies and degeneration, 123–124

diabetes, uncontrolled, 123 dry eyes. See Dry eyes glaucoma, 123

macular degeneration, 122–123, 134

Patient education

case presentation scripts, 25–27 about computer displays, 157 dispensary materials, 28, 29f free seminars, 267–268

about lighting, 127 presentations, 240, 247–261

reception area communications, 12 Patient flow checklist, 31, 32f–33f Patient follow-up, 30–31

Patient history

assistant review of, 21–22 forms, 9, 14–15, 16f software, 12–13

Patient mailings, 9 Patient profile, 246

Patient symptoms. See Signs and symptoms

Patient workstations. See Workstations Personal testimonials, 269

Phoria

esophoria. See Esophoria exophoria. See Exophoria measures of, 81

Sheard’s criterion, 82 vertical, 83, 85f, 86

Pink tints, 106

Positive relative accommodation (PRA), 71–72

Presbyopia

accommodation response, 68 computer glasses for, 108 defined, 91

evaluation of, 212

treatment of, 91. See also Presbyopic prescriptions/lens design

Presbyopic prescriptions/lens design, 92

add power, 94–96 antireflection coatings, 107 bifocal lenses, 99–103, 105

computer/workstation ergonomics, 92–94

occupational progressive lenses. See Occupational progressive lenses

pink tints, 106

progressive addition lenses (PALs). See Progressive addition lenses (PALs)

single vision lenses, 96 trifocal lenses, 105 UV coatings, 106–107

Prescriptions

for computer glasses. See Computer glasses

for presbyopes. See Presbyopic prescriptions/lens design

Pretesting

assistant review of, 21–22 room, 21

Previsit history forms, 9 PRIO unit, 73, 74f, 95 Prism neutralization, 81 Privacy filters, 150, 152–153

Progressive addition lenses (PALs), 91, 105–106

Questionnaire for CVS patients, 36, 44–46

RATER, 7

patient flow checklists, 31

Reading performance of computer displays, 157–158, 159f

Reception area brochures in, 12 business cards in, 12

children’s areas in, 13, 14f

Index 279

computers in, 10–12, 14 magazines in, 13

patient history software in, 12–13 patient workstations in, 10–12 pictures in, 13

video games in, 13, 14f

Reference documents, location of, 196– 197

Referral for examination, 220 Reflections

computer displays and. See Computer displays

diffuse, 143–144, 145–146, 147b, 151, 154–155

specular, 144, 145, 150–151, 154 Refractive errors

astigmatism. See Astigmatism computer display visual acuity and,

54–56

correction of, 53–54, 55t hyperopia. See Hyperopia myopia. See Myopia

Refresh rate. See Flicker Retinoscopy, dynamic, 72–73, 74f Rheumatoid arthritis, 118b

Rodenstock Cosmolit Office lenses, 97t, 100f, 101f

Scripts

for appointments, 8, 9

for assistant’s review of history and pretesting, 21, 23

for assistant’s introduction of doctor, 23–24

case presentation, 25–27 for checkout staff, 30

for examination procedure, 25 follow-up, 31

for optician, 28 Seminars, free, 267–268

Shamir Office lenses, 97t, 102f, 103f Sheard’s criterion, 82

Shoulder aches, 41–42

280 Index

Sick building syndrome, 117

Signs and symptoms, 1–2, 3b, 35–36 of accommodative disorders, 61–62,

63, 64 analysis of, 36

asthenopic, 39, 40b, 41, 212 of dry eyes, 115

of hyperopia, 53

of light sensitivity, 40–41 musculoskeletal, 35, 41–42, 92 ocular, 38–39

questionnaire about, 36, 44–46 stress-related, 42b, 43

vision, 36–38 Similisan, 121

Single vision lenses for presbyopes, 96 SOLA Access lenses, 97t, 99f, 100f SOLA E/D lenses, 105t

Specular reflections, 144

on computer displays, 145, 150–151, 154

Squinting, 36, 41

Status View, 12–13

Strabismus, 83–84 Stress-related symptoms, 42b, 43 Suprathreshold flicker, 172–175

Symptoms. See Signs and symptoms Systemic diseases, dry eyes and, 119

Tact lenses, 104f Take-one boxes, 12

Tear breakup time (TBUT), 117 Tear thinning time (TTT), 116, 117 Technica lenses, 97t, 98–99, 104f Testimonials, 269

Tetracyclines, oral, 121 3× rule, 55–56, 166–167 Thyroid disease, 118b Transient adaptation, 134 Treatment

of accommodative disorders, 62, 73– 75

of acne rosacea, 121

amplitude of accommodation and, 74–75

of astigmatism, 54, 55t

of binocular conditions/disorders, 84, 86

of blepharitis, 121 of cataracts, 122

computer display reflections and, 154. See also Antireflection (AR) screens/filters

of conjunctivitis, allergic, 121

of corneal dystrophies and degeneration, 123–124

of diabetes, uncontrolled, 123 of dry eyes, 120–121

of esophoria, 86 of exophoria, 86 of glaucoma, 123

of hyperopia, 52–53, 54, 55t

for low vision patients, 225–226 of macular degeneration, 122–123

of meibomian gland dysfunction, 121 of myopia, 52, 54, 55t

of presbyopia, 91. See also Presbyopic prescriptions/lens design

routing slips, 15, 18f, 27 two-prong approach, 4 uncertainty, reasons for, 3–4 of vertical phoria, 86

Trichiasis, 118b

Trifocal lenses for presbyopes, 105

Ultraviolet (UV) coatings, 106–107

VDTs. See Computer displays Vergence

convergence. See Convergence dark, 77–79

ranges of, 81–82 Sheard’s criterion, 82

Vertical phoria, 83 diagnostic criteria for, 85f treatment of, 86

Video display terminals (VDTs). See Computer displays

Video graphics card, 164–165 Virtual displays, 177–179

children and, 223–224

Vision-Ease CRT DataLite lenses, 105t Vision-Ease FD lenses, 105t

Vision symptoms, 36–38 Vision training

amplitude of accommodation, 74–75 for binocular conditions/disorders,

84, 86, 87f–88f for convergence, 87f–88f

Visually impaired patients, 224–225 computer-based devices for, 227b treatment options for, 225–226

Viva-Drops, 121

von Graefe technique, 81, 83

Watery eyes, 38, 115 Web site, 9, 10f, 262 Workplace environment

evaluation of. See Workplace evaluations

glare in. See Glare

humidity in, dry eyes and, 117–118 workstations in. See Workstations

Workplace evaluations, 205 consultant report, 214–216

of employees at workstations, 210– 214, 218–219

Index 281

general office evaluation, 208–209, 217

of indoor air quality, 209–210 in initial meetings, 205–208

Workstations, 199–200

body posture at, 197–199, 213 chair, 197–198

children, adjustment for, 199, 222 computer displays in. See Computer

displays copyholders, 198

evaluation of employees at, 210–214, 218–219

furniture and equipment in, 197– 198, 213

keyboard and wrists in, 198 lighting at, 140–141. See Glare;

Lighting mouse, 198

office design, 10–12

presbyopic prescription/lens design considerations, 92–96

recommendations for, 202–203 reference documents, location of,

196–197

Wrists, keyboard and, 198

X-Cel Acclaim 61 lenses, 105t X-Cel CRT Trifocal lenses, 105t

Zeiss Gradal RD lenses, 97t, 101f