Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Dry Eye and Ocular Surface Disorders_Pflugfelder, Beuerman, Elliot Stern_2004
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5
The Conjunctiva and Tear Film Maintenance
Margarita Calonge
University of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
Michael E. Stern
Allergan, Inc., Irvine, California, U.S.A.
I.INTRODUCTION
The conjunctiva constitutes the mucous membrane of the eye and, along with the cornea and limbus, forms the epithelium of the ocular surface. Conjunctival function is essential to the health of the ocular surface, because of its contributions to the tear film and its highly committed local immune defense system. Before describing this important tissue in more detail, it seems useful to define its place within the eye and the visual system.
The visual system can be subdivided into three subsystems. The principal system includes all structures derived from the central nervous system (retina, visual pathways, and brain centers). The accessory visual system or optic system comprises transparent elements traversed by light on its way to the retina (tear film, cornea, aqueous humor, pupil, lens, and vitreous body), and includes the intraand extraocular muscles, which adjust pupil size, lens accommodation, and the targeting of the eye. Finally, the maintenance system provides nutrition, protection, and defense of the above-mentioned structures. This system includes the ocular adnexa (lids, lacrimal system, and conjunctiva), the orbit and its content, the uvea, the sclera, the aqueous humor, and the vitreous body.
The conjunctiva is the mucosa of the eye and belongs to the maintenance system, responsible for nutrition, protection, and defense. The conjunctiva is also part of the ocular surface, comprising tissues exposed to the environment. The
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