Index

A

AAP. See American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) Acetylcholine, 92

AF. See Auto-fluorescence (AF)

Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS), 33 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), 34, 158, 164 Airlie House classification, 33, 118

Allen Stereo technique, 32

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) detection. See Retinal screening, AD detection

AMD. See Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), 177 American Indian Diabetes Teleophthalmology Grant

Program, 27–28

American Telemedicine Association (ATA), 138, 139, 217

American University of Beirut Medical Center, 35 Anatomic structure segmentation

image query, 54

lesion population description, 54 lesion segmentation, 52–54 macula, 52

optic nerve detection, 51–52 Angle-closure glaucoma, 119 Antihypertensive therapy, 101, 103

AREDS. See Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS)

ARIC study. See Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study

Arterio-venous nicking (AVN), 79, 80 Arterio-venous ratio (AVR), 80, 81, 109, 111

ATA. See American Telemedicine Association (ATA) Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study,

79, 80

Audio video interleave (AVI) format, 38 Auto-fluorescence (AF), 97

Automated computer-aided analysis, 65 Automated glaucoma detection, 73 Automated image analysis and diagnostic

algorithms

anatomic structure segmentation image query, 54

lesion population description, 54 lesion segmentation, 52–54 macula, 52

optic nerve detection, 51–52

design requirements architecture, 45–46 performance evaluation, 48

security, reliability, and integrity, 45 work flow, 46–48

overview

functional modules, 48–49 quality assessment module, 49–50 quality evaluation, 50–51 vascular tree segmentation, 50

retinal diseases analysis, 44 telehealth, 44–45

WHO, 43–44

AVI format. See Audio video interleave (AVI) format AVN. See Arterio-venous nicking (AVN)

AVR. See Arterio-venous ratio (AVR)

B

BDES. See Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES) Beaver Dam Eye Study (BDES), 83 Beta-amyloid (Ab) plaques, 91, 92

Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy (BIO), 170, 172–174 Blood-retinal barrier alteration, 64

Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES), 81, 84, 85 Brachytherapy plaques, 184, 185

C

California HealthCare Foundation, 147

California’s Medicaid program (Medi-Cal), 151–152 California Telemedicine and eHealth Center (CTEC), 26 Canon DGi, 26

Capillary closure, 64

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk prediction. See Retinal vascular imaging

Cardio-Vascular-Prevention-Plan (CVPP), 105–108 Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor, 33

CBIR technology. See Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) technology

Central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE), 80 Central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE), 80 Central Valley EyePACS Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Project, 28–29

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 92

CHD. See Coronary heart disease (CHD)

CINAHL, 4

Clarity Pathfinder, 24

CLBM. See Contact lens biomicroscopy (CLBM) ClearCanvas DICOM visualizer, 161–162

Clinically significant macular oedema (CSME), 33, 34, 62–63 Computer-aided detection, DR progression

automated monitoring and microaneurysm turnover counting of, 61–62

CSME and, 62–63 RetmarkerDR, 61

visual function loss and co-registration, 60 complications, 59

fundus digital photographs, 65 non-invasive procedures

blood-retinal barrier alteration, 64 capillary closure, 64 microaneurysms, 63–64

risk profiles developing, 64–65 OCT, 63, 64

stages and NPDR phenotypes, 60 Contact lens biomicroscopy (CLBM), 34

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) technology, 45 Co-registration algorithm, 65

Coronary heart disease (CHD), 102 retinal microvascular signs, 82–83 retinal vessel biometry, 85

CRAE. See Central retinal artery equivalent (CRAE) CRT monitor. See Cathode ray tube (CRT) monitor CRVE. See Central retinal vein equivalent (CRVE) CRYO-ROP. See Cryotherapy for ROP (CRYO-ROP) Cryotherapy for ROP (CRYO-ROP), 170

CSF. See Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

CSME. See Clinically significant macular oedema (CSME)

CTEC. See California Telemedicine and eHealth Center (CTEC)

Cure4Kids website, 186

CVPP. See Cardio-Vascular-Prevention-Plan (CVPP) Cycloplegia, 19

D

Data models images

ClearCanvas DICOM visualizer, 161–162 fundus camera VISUCAM Pro NM,

160–161 model, 160 PACS server, 161

patient-related information, 159 schemes, 159

Diabetes mellitus (DM), 37

Diabetic retinal screening dataset (DRSD), 134 Diabetic retinopathy (DR), 5–6

computer-aided detection (see Computer-aided detection, DR progression)cost-effectiveness,

148–150 EADRSI, 147–148

follow-up care access, 150 fundus camera, 118–119

GP2DRS, 134 grant funding, 147 imaging procedure

DigiScoper imaging, 119, 120 opthalmologist referral criteria, 121 reading center procedure, 120–121

implementation, 122–123

macular edema detection, 121–122 models, 13–14

model setting up

agreement evaluation, 158 implementation, 158–159 phases, 157

training, 157–158 need for, 11–12 NPDR, 12, 29

patient sensitivity, 154–155 PDR, 12, 29

policies and procedures DRS, 17–19

photography review, 20–21 pupil dilation, 19–20 recommendations, 17

prevalence, 164–165

program personnel and operations administrators, 16

CEOs, operations directors, and clinic managers, 17

clinical consultants, 16 organizational features, 14 photographers, 15–16 primary care providers, 14–15

providers, 153–154 quality evaluation, 165

referring patients guidelines, 12 results

agreement evaluation, 162–163 implementation, 163

SAF, 11

screening feedback, 12

screening model evaluation, 163–164 screening network, 152–153

State benefits, 150–151 State support, 151–152 system requirements, 117 technical requirements, 26

American Indian Diabetes Teleophthalmology Grant Program, 27–28

Central Valley EyePACS Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Project, 28–29

color, 24 compression, 25–26 enhancement, 26 format, 22

pupil dilation, 26 resolution, 23–24 stereopsis, 24–25 technologic requirements

data management, 159 data models (see Data models)

teleophthalmology terms

ADA guidelines terms, 29–30 diabetic retinopathy, 29 vitrectomy, 30

unreadable images challenges, 125

compliance with recommendations, 124–125 impact on, 123–124

reasons and incidence, 123 validation, 13

video imaging technology (see Video imaging technology, DR screening)workflow, 14

Diabetic retinopathy screening (DRS) services, 17–19 DICOM. See Digital imaging communication in

medicine (DICOM)

Digital imaging communication in medicine (DICOM), 46, 159, 162

Digital retinal photography, 15 DM. See Diabetes mellitus (DM) DR. See Diabetic retinopathy (DR)

DRSD. See Diabetic Retinal Screening Dataset (DRSD)

E

EADRSI. See Expanding Access to Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Initiative (EADRSI)

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), 30, 33, 38, 79, 118

Early Treatment for ROP (ETROP), 170

Economics, DR screening. See Diabetic retinopathy (DR) Electronic Annual Reporting System (EARS), 134 EMBASE, 4

European School of Oncology, 188

Expanding Access to Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Initiative (EADRSI), 147–148

External quality assurance (EQA), 133–134 EyePACS, 28

EyePACS screening network, 147, 152–153

F

FAN. See Focal arteriolar narrowing (FAN)

Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS), 45, 46 Fluorescein angiography, 64

Focal arteriolar narrowing (FAN), 79, 80 Framingham risk score, 78

Fundus camera VISUCAM Pro NM, 160–161 Fundus digital photographs, 65

G

GA. See Gestational age (GA)

General Practice to Diabetic Retinopathy Screening (GP2DRS), 134

General practitioners (GPs), nonmydriatic retinography. See Diabetic retinopathy (DR)

Gestational age (GA), 177 Glaucoma risk index (GRI), 73, 74

Glaucomatous optic nerve atrophy, 70–72

GP2DRS. See General Practice to Diabetic Retinopathy Screening (GP2DRS)

Grayscale sensors, 24

GRI. See Glaucoma risk index (GRI)

H

Hamilton Eye Institute, 182, 188–189 HDL. See High-density lipoprotein (HDL)

Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), 117

Heart disease. See Retina screening, heart disease/stroke High-density lipoprotein (HDL), 93

HIPAA. See Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA)

HIS. See Hospital information system (HIS) Hold-one-out (HOO) procedure, 54 Hospital information system (HIS), 159 Hypertension, 83–84

I

IDF. See International Diabetes Federation (IDF) IHE. See Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE) Information Standards Board (ISB), 134

Inoveon diabetic retinopathy-3DT system, 34 Integrating the Healthcare Enterprise (IHE), 159 International Classification of Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy

and Macular Edema Severity Scale, 121 International Clinical Diabetic Retinopathy Severity

Scales, 38

International Diabetes Federation (IDF), 137 International outreach telemedicine services, 185, 187 Intraocular pressure (IOP), 68

Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA), 30, 68

ISB. See Information Standards Board (ISB)

J

Joslin Vision Network (JVN), 33, 35

JPEG format, 25, 26

K

k-nearest neighbor (k-NN) method, 54

L

LCD. See Liquid crystal display (LCD) Lesion segmentation, 52–54

Linear discriminant analysis (LDA), 52, 54 Lipofuscin, 97

Liquid crystal display (LCD), 33 Logistic regression models, 69, 70

M

Macular edema, 29

Macular edema detection, 121–122

Macular oedema, 59

MCI. See Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) Medi-Cal. See California’s Medicaid program

(Medi-Cal) Medline database, 3 Microaneurysms, 53

Microaneurysm turnover. See Computer-aided detection, DR progression

Mild cognitive impairment (MCI), 91 Mydriatic imaging, 32–33

N

National Screening Committee, 128

Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), 170, 174, 178 Neovascularization, 118

Nerve fiber layer (NFL), 54 Neurofibrillary tau tangles (NFT), 91 Newman’s Markov model, 150, 151

NICU. See Neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) Nidak-AFC 230r nonmydriatic fundus camera,

143–144 Nidek 3DX, 24 Nidek NM-200D, 180

Non-invasive procedures. See Computer-aided detection, DR progression

Nonlinear least-squares algorithm, 52 Non-mydriatic imaging, 32–33 Nonmydriatic retinography. See Diabetic

retinopathy (DR)

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 12, 29, 59–60

Non-simultaneous photography. See Sequential photography

NPDR. See Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR)

O

OAG. See Openangle glaucoma (OAG)

OCT. See Optical coherence tomography (OCT) Ocular telehealth network. See Automated image

analysis and diagnostic algorithms Official Journal of the European Union (OJEU), 134 OIS EyeScan, 180

ONH. See Optic nerve head (ONH) Openangle glaucoma (OAG), 67, 72

Operational ROP telemedicine systems, 173–174 Ophthalmologist-led model, 138

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 63, 95 Optic nerve (ON) centers, 51

Optic nerve detection, 51–52 Optic nerve head (ONH), 67 ORBISr International, 182

P

PACS. See Picture archiving and communication system (PACS)

PAD. See Peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Parr-Hubbard formulae, 80

PCA. See Principal component analysis (PCA) PCP. See Primary care physician (PCP)

PDF. See Probability density function (PDF) PDR. See Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) Peripheral artery disease (PAD), 85

Photophobia, 19

Picture archiving and communication system (PACS), 159–162

Polaroid retinal photography, 128 p53 pathway, 182

Premature babies, retinal examination. See Retinal examination, premature babies

Premature infant pain profile (PIPP), 177

Primary care environment, DR assessment. See Diabetic retinopathy (DR)

Primary care physician (PCP), 18

Principal component analysis (PCA), 52, 73 Probability density function (PDF), 51, 63, 64 PROCAM-index, 109, 112

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), 12, 29 Pupil dilation, 19–20

Q

Quality assessment (QA) metric, 45

R

Radon Cliff operator, 53 Randomised controlled trial (RCT), 6 Reading center procedure, 120–121 Real-time imaging, 139

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, 74 Resolution, 23–24

RetCamr, 183, 184 Retinal biomarkers

Ab levels, 94–95 future studies, 97–98 optic disc cupping, 97 retinal changes, 93, 95 RNFL thickness, 95–96 vascular topography, 97 venular calibre, 93–94

Retinal examination, premature babies examination techniques stress effects, 179 future of, 180

neonatal stress and pain, 177

ROP screening technique, 178–179 Retinal ganglion cells (RGC), 96 Retinal microangiopathy, 109

Retinal microvascular signs CHD, 82–83

list of, 81, 83 pre-clinical CVD, 81 stroke, 81–82

Retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL), 93, 95–96 Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, 97 Retinal screening, AD detection

diagnosis, 92

MCI and NFT, 91 retinal biomarkers

Ab levels, 94–95 future studies, 97–98 optic disc cupping, 97 retinal changes, 93, 95 RNFL thickness, 95–96 vascular topography, 97 venular calibre, 93–94

treatments, 91–92 visual deficits, 92–93

Retinal vascular imaging advancements, 86 advantages, 79

need for, 78

newer morphologic features, 85–86 retinal and systemic microvasculature

homology, 78

retinal microvascular signs CHD, 82–83

list of, 81, 83 pre-clinical CVD, 81 stroke, 81–82

retinal vascular signs microvascular signs, 79, 80 newer imaging, 81, 82

retinal vessel biometry, 79–81 retinal vessel biometry

associations, 83, 84 CHD and PAD, 85 hypertension, 83–84 stroke, 84–85

systemic diseases, 77–78

Retinal vessel biometry. See Retinal vascular imaging Retina screening, heart disease/stroke

arteriovenous ratio, 102–103 heart disease, 102

medical approach

automatically generated medical report, 105, 106 electronic form, 103, 105

medical steps, 103

non-mydriatic fundus camera, 103, 104 medical data output, 107–108

mortality rate and prevention, 101 patients, 108–109

retinal vessels telemedical evaluation, 109 risk factors, 101–102

stroke

hypertensive retinopathy and, 102 risk estimation, 110–112

technical approach, 105–106 Retinoblastoma

causes and treatment research, 182 centers of excellence, 182, 183 diagnosis, 181–182

history

brachytherapy plaques, 184, 185 international ophthalmology telehealth

symposium, 184, 186 Panama center, 183, 184

SJCRH, 182

UTHSC, 183 impact

additional accomplishments, 187–189 future goals, 188–189

survival rates, 186, 187 management and loss ot sight, 181 telehealth technologies, 185–187

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), 5–6, 178–179 classification, 169–170

definition, 169

examination and treatment, 170 future directions, 174 limitations, 170–171 telemedicine and

accuracy and reliability, 172–173 operational, 173–174

potential barriers, 174 potential benefits, 171–172

RetmarkerDR, 61

RGC. See Retinal ganglion cells (RGC) RNFL. See Retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL)

ROC curves. See Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves

ROP. See Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) Rotterdam scan study, 84, 85

S

Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO), 97 Scheie Eye Institute, 34

SCP. See Service class provider (SCP) SCU. See Service class user (SCU) Secure file transfer protocol (SFTP), 46 Secure socket layer (SSL) encryption, 22 Sequential photography, 32

Service class provider (SCP), 161 Service class user (SCU), 161 Severely sight impaired (SSI), 135

SFTP. See Secure file transfer protocol (SFTP) Simultaneous photography, 32

SLO. See Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) Sonic foundry mediasite system, 188

SPSS software, 69

SSD. See Sum of squared differences (SSD) SSI. See Severely sight impaired (SSI)

SSL encryption. See Secure socket layer (SSL) encryption

Stereo base, 32 Stereopsis, 24–25

history, 31–32

stereoscopic teleophthalmology systems American University of Beirut Medical

Center, 35

Inoveon diabetic retinopathy-3DT system, 34 JVN, 35

University of Alberta, 34 technology and photography

image compression, 33–34

imaging fields and image viewing techniques, 33

mydriatic vs. non-mydriatic imaging, 32–33 non-simultaneous vs. simultaneous, 32

uses, 31

St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital (SJCRH), 182 Store-and-forward (SAF), 11, 22, 139

Stroke. See also Retina screening, heart disease/ strokeretinal microvascular signs, 81–82

retinal vessel biometry, 84–85 Sum of squared differences (SSD), 63 Support vector machines (SVM), 73 Systematic DR screening, England

background, 127

cameras and software for use, 129 core ingredients, 129

database development, 134 diabetes epidemics, 135 EQA development, 133–134

expected blindness reduction, 135 failsafe, 134–135

grading form, 129–130 historical perspective, 128 implementation, 130–131 IT developments, 134 programme aim, 128–129 quality assurance

criteria, 132–133

20 QA standards, 131–132 staff accreditation, 131

WHO principles, 127

T

Tagged image file format (TIFF), 40

Talkingeyes®. See Retina screening, heart disease/stroke Tele-glaucoma, experiences and perspectives

automated glaucoma detection, 73 glaucomatous optic nerve atrophy

prevalence, 70–72

image evaluation reliability, 69–70 methods, 68–69

OAG, 67 participants, 68 ROC curves, 74 stastistics, 69 women and, 72

Telehealth, 44–45. See also Automated image analysis and diagnostic algorithms

Teleophthalmology

aims and objectives, 3–4 discussion, 6

future prospects, 146 method

classification questionnaire, 5 databases and keywords, 4 definition, 3

inclusion and exclusion criteria, 4 paper selection process, 4–5

methods

Nidak-AFC 230r nonmydriatic fundus camera, 143–144

sample fundus photo, 144–145 obstacles encountered, 146 results

subspecialty, 5–6

telemedicine type and study design, 6 stereopsis (see Stereopsis)

Telescreening, DR ATA categories, 139 burden of, 137–138 DM prevalence, 137 fields, 139–140 future of, 141 guidelines, 138–139 need for, 138

screening models, 138 validation studies

accuracy and patient satisfaction, 140 cost effectivity, 140–141

yield and checklist, 139

TIFF. See Tagged image file format (TIFF) Tilganga Eye Center, 143, 145

Topcon NW-200, 26 Trachoma, 6 Tropicamide, 26

U

University of Alberta, 34

University of Tennessee Health Science Center

(UTHSC), 182

University of Wisconsin Fundus Photograph Reading

Center, 16

V

VA loss. See Visual acuity (VA) loss Vascular event-risk index, 104 Vascular topography, 97

Vascular tree segmentation, 50 Video compression analysis, 39–40

Video imaging technology, DR screening advantages, 40–41

DM and routine screening methods, 37 methods

grading system, 38

main outcome measures, 39

retinal video recording vs. retinal still photography, 39 severity levels, 39

video compression analysis, 39–40 View-Master disc, 33

Visual acuity (VA) loss, 158 Visual Pathways ARIS, 24 VisuCam Pro NM camera, 47 Vitrectomy, 30

W

White matter lesions (WMLs), 78

WHO. See World Health Organization (WHO) Wide-angle contact camera, 178–19 Wilmer-EyeTel Reading Center, 120

Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy (WESDR), 85

WMLs. See White matter lesions (WMLs)

World Health Organization (WHO), 43, 127, 135, 137

X

Xilisoft Video Converter Ultimate 6.0, 39