Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Diabetes and Ocular Disease Past, Present, and Future Therapies 2nd edition_Scott, Flynn, Smiddy_2009

494 Index

Panretinal photocoagulation (PRP), 104, 208, 278–282, 306, 325, 480

Parel, Jean Marie, 113

Pars plana vitreous surgery, 115 instrument, 113

Pathogenesis, of diabetic retinopathy axonal transparency, loss of, 56 b-wave of electroretinogram (ERG), 53

degenerative processes of neural tissue, 53–54 diabetic macular edema, 59–61

focal depressions, 56, 56 glucose metabolism, 57 glutamate excitotoxicity, 54 hypertensive retinopathy, 52 insulin deficiency/resistance, 58

migration of bone marrow-derived immune cells into retina, impacts, 51

neovascularization, 61, 63 neural cell injury, 53

nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 54–59 preclinical phase, 52–54

proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 61–64 retinal arteriolar narrowing, 51–52 vascular changes, 54, 57, 60

venous tortuosity and dilation, 60 vision loss, 64

Patz, Arnall, 108 Pegaptanib, 258, 287, 424

Pericyte loss, 25, 28–29, 55–56, 61 Perindopril-indapamide combination, 273 Peripheral and autonomic neuropathy, 8 Photocoagulation

Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCRnet), 471–482

Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), 162, 162–164, 163–164

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), 165, 165–169, 166–169

estimated percentages of eye with harmful effects, 164

and vitrectomy, 169–171 Phthisis, 170

Pioglitazone, 359, 361 Pioglitazone-Glimiperide (Duetact), 360 Pioglitazone-Metformin (ActoPlus Met), 360 Poiseuille’s law, 60

Polylactic–glycolic acid, 242

Posterior vitreous detachment (PVD), 133, 210 Posurdex implant, 242

PPARΓ-Activators (Glitazones), 359, 362 Pramlintide, 359

Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection Therapy-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (PROVE-IT) trial, 365

Precapillary arterioles, 51 Pregnancy

and diabetic retinopathy, 254

and progression of diabetic retinopathy, 346–347

Prevention strategies, for risk of blindness Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in

Diabetes (ACCORD) study, 174 aldose-reductase inhibitors, 174 antiangiogenic activity drugs, 175 blood pressure lowering, 174 control of blood glucose, 171

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 171–173

recommended eye examination schedule, 176 serum lipid lowering, 173

Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial (SRT), 175, 175

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), 174

Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), 323–324

Progressive anterior hyaloid FVP, 217 Progressive FVP, 212

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), 13, 26, 34–37, 61, 61–64, 62–63, 126–129, 236,

283

blindness from, 162

candidate mediators of intraocular, 400–403 clinical associations of VEGF, 403

evidence for secondary interventions, 288 optical coherence tomography (OCT),

155–156

photocoagulation for, 41, 162–164 Protein Kinase C Beta Inhibitor Diabetic Retinopathy Study (PKC-DRS)

patients with diabetic macular edema, effect of ruboxistaurin on, 469–470

visual acuity decline, effect of ruboxistaurin on, 470–471

visual loss, effect of ruboxistaurin on, 469 Protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, 58, 175,

274–278, 420–424 Proteinuria, 85 Pseudohypopyon, 241

Puberty and progression of diabetic retinopathy, 347

Quinine, 330

Ranibizumab, 242–243, 258, 287, 424 Recrudescence, of macular edema, 152–153 Red wavelengths, 196

Refractive error, 327 Repaglinide, 359

Retinal anatomy and physiology, 50 arterial vessels, 51

blood vessels, 51–52 cellular elements, 49 electrical inputs, 50 glial cells, 50–51 glutamate handling, 51 microcirculation, 51, 52 microglial cells, 50–51 neurons, 50

pressure of the oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide (pCO2), impact, 51

retinal metabolism, 50–51 vascular circuit, 51

Retinal hypoxia, 61

Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), 143, 256 Retinal vein occlusion, 260

Retisert implant, 241, 257 Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, 217 Risk factors, of diabetic retinopathy

cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, 86 duration of diabetes, 79–80

endogenous and exogenous insulin, 85 exercise and physical activity, 86–87 hyperglycemia, 80–82 hyperlipidemia, 84

hypertension, 82–84 inflammation, 87–88 obesity, 86

pregnancy and reproductive measures, 87 proteinuria and nephropathy, 85

Rosiglitazone, 359, 361 Rosiglitazone-Glimiperide (Avandaryl), 360 Rotterdam Study, 324

Rubeosis iridis, 210, 210, 224, 324–326 Ruboxistaurin, 58, 424, 469–471

Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study, 364 Scatter photocoagulation, 196–197

complications, 202 Scleral buckling, 219 Scotomas, 167 Segmentation, 219 SELEX technology, 243

Severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (SNPDR), 162

Silicone oil, 217, 221

Silicone posterior chamber IOLs, 312 Sitagliptin, 359 Sitagliptin–Metformin (Janumet), 360 Slit-lamp biomicroscopy, 57

Slit-lamp photocoagulation, 312 “Snowflake” cataract, 327 Sodium fluorescein, 124–125 Sodium-potassium-ATPase, 57 Sorbinil, 57

Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial (SRT), 175, 175 randomized trial of sorbinil, 465–466

Sorbitol, 57, 327

Staphylococcus epidermidis endophthalmitis, 332

Starling’s equilibria, 60 Steno-2 Study, 84

Stratus OCT. See Optical coherence tomography (OCT)

Streptokinase, 218

Subhyaloid macular hemorrhage (SHMH), 210–211

Sulfonylureas, 359, 360, 362 Systemic conditions

Index 495

albumin level, 348 anemia, 348

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 171–173, 340–342

diabetic retinopathy, 348 effect of puberty, 347

effects of pregnancy, 346–347 fibrinogen level, 348 glycemic control, 340 hypertension, 343–344

lipid levels, 344–346 type-1 diabetes, 340–342 type-2 diabetes, 342–343

Systolic Hypertension in Europe (Syst-Eur) trials, 363

Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP), 363

Telemedicine

ARIS (Automated Retinal Imaging System), 384, 384

clinical research, 377

comparison of sample teleophthalmology imaging systems, 378–379

considerations in implementation, 386–388 diabetic retinopathy telemedicine programs,

374–377 DigiScope, 384, 384

emerging technologies, 388–389 EyeTel-Wilmer Reading Center, 376 future prospects, 389–390

Joslin Diabetes Center’s Joslin Vision Network (JVN), 376

mass screening telemedicine programs, 376 nonmydriatic retinal camera telemedicine

systems, 381–383 overview, 374 Panoramic 200, 383, 383

photography protocol, 375

practical recommendations, 385, 386 summary for clinician, 390 teleophthalmology reimbursement code, 374 validation studies, 377–380

Tenon’s injection, 258–259 Tent-like detachment, 133 Ticlodipine, 274

Tissue debridement therapy, 332 Tissue plasminogen activator, 218 Tolazamide, 359

Tolbutamide, 359 Tolrestat, 57

Tractional retinal detachment, 215 Transconjunctival 23or 25-gauge

instrumentation system, 222

Treatment, for macular edema and PDR, 40–41 Treatment, of diabetic retinopathy

controlling methods, 102 fluorescein angiography, 109 fundus photography, 109

laser photocoagulation, 104–111

496 Index

Treatment, of diabetic retinopathy (continued) photocoagulation, 102, 103–104

vitreous surgery, 111–116 Triamcinolone, 218

Triamcinolone acetonide, 239, 259–260, 473, 477, 481

Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research network study, 239

dosage, 239 efficacy, 238–239

history of usage, 235–236 impact on retinal thickness, 238

and infectious endophthalmitis, 240–241 and intraocular pressure (IOP) rise, 240 Intravitreal Steroid Injection Study (ISIS), 238 and noninfectious endophthalmitis with

pseudohypopyon, 241 preclinical evaluation, 237

purpose of intravitreal injection, 237 rationale for use, 236–237

safety, 240 Triescence, 237 Trivaris, 237 Trypsin, 55

Tumor necrosis factor-α, 51 Type-1 diabetes, 340–342 Type-2 diabetes, 342–343 Type-2 diabetes mellitus, 3–4

Ultrasonography

clinical indications, 132–134 overview, 132

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes

Study (UKPDS), 80–82, 81, 84, 174, 253, 254, 270, 288

blood pressure control and risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes, 467–468

comparison of beta-blockers and ACE inhibitors, 344

glycemic control with diet, sulfonylurea, metformin, or insulin, 468–469

hypertensive patients, 343–344 intensive blood-glucose control with

sulfonylureas or insulin, 466–467 prevention strategies, for risk of blindness, 174 type 2 diabetes, 342–343, 343

Uveitis, 170, 260

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), 51, 58, 175, 196, 236, 402–403

as causal mediator of ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization, 407–410

challenges in therapies, 424–425

induction of diabetes-like retinal pathology, 403–407

in nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 406–407

in proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 403

Vascular permeability factor (VPF), 58 VEGF165, 243

VEGF-Trap, 258 Venous beading (VB), 17

Venous caliber abnormalities, 25 Venules, 51

Vision loss, in diabetic retinopathy, 64, 64 Visual acuity loss, 167

Visual acuity outcomes and management decisions, for diabetic patients, 313 Visual disability. See Diabetic retinopathy

Vitrectomy, 169–171, 261, 282, 286 complications from previous

surgery, 217–218 complications of PDR, 331

echographic monitoring for retinal detachment, 210

initial indications and surgical rationale, 208, 208

intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, 211 management of severe conditions, 222

media opacities, 209–212, 218–219, 223–224 multifunction intraocular instruments, 222,

222–223, 223

and public health, 226 surgical objectives, 218–223 timing, 208

treatment complications, 225–226 treatment outcomes, 223–225 vitreoretinal traction, 212–216, 219, 224 vitreous hemorrhage, 209, 209

Vitreomacular interface abnormalities, 254 Vitreomacular traction (VMT), 254 Vitreopapillary traction, 143

Vitreoretinal traction, 212–216, 219, 224 Vitreous collagen cross-linking, 64 Vitreous hemorrhage, 133, 209, 209 Vitreous infusion suction cutter (VISC), 114 Vitreous surgery, 111–116

Wetzig, Paul, 106 WFS1 gene, 329

Wide-angle fluorescein angiography, 126 Wide-field viewing systems, 223 Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic

Retinopathy (WESDR), 16–17, 82–87 Wolframin, 329

Wolfram syndrome, 329 Women

incidence of obesity, 5

prevalence rate of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, 78

Xenon arc light, 196

Xenon scatter photocoagulation, 164

Yellow wavelengths, 189, 196

Zweng, Christopher, 107