Acarbose, 359 Acetohexamide, 359

Actions to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) Study, 174, 346 Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in

Diabetes Eye Study (ACCORD-EYE), 273 Acute optic disc edema, 327–328

Advanced glycosylation end products (AGEs), 26–27, 57

African Americans diabetes, 4

prevalence rate of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, 78

African Caribbean Eye Survey, 324 Aiello, Lloyd M., 106, 111 Albumin, 348

Albuminuria, 60 Alcohol, 330

Alcohol consumption and diabetes retinopathy, 86 Aldose reductase, 57

Aldose-reductase inhibitors, 57, 174, 278, 323 All-PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) implants,

312

Alpha-2 agonists, 326 Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, 359 Amalric, Pierre, 106

American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO), 16 American Telemedicine Association (ATA), 385 Amphotericin B, 332

Amylin analogs, 359, 362 Anemia, 60–61, 348 Angiography, 130

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, 174, 344, 363

Angle-closure glaucoma (ACG), 324 Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes

Trial-Lipid Lowering Arm (ASCOT-LLA), 365

Anisocoria, 331

Anosmia, 329

Anterior chamber surgery, 40

Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), 328 Antiangiogenic therapy, 424–425 Anticonvulsants, 330

Antiplatelet agents, 274 Anti-VEGF agents, 242–245

Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes (ABCD) trial, 84, 270

Argon-blue laser light, 196

Argon laser scatter photocoagulation, 162–164, 194–202, 480

Arterioles, 51

A-scan ultrasound, 132, 134 Asians, prevalence rate of diabetes

and diabetic retinopathy, 79 Aspirin, 166, 169, 274, 366, 447–448 Astrocytes, 50–51, 54, 58, 61

Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study, 88

Atorvastatin, 274

Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Endpoints in NIDDM (ASPEN), 274

Autofluorescence, 125

Baltimore Eye Survey, 323

Barbados Eye Survey, 323 Basal encephaloceles, 330

Basement membrane thickening, 25, 29, 55 Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), 63, 402 Beaver Dam Eye Study, 324

Beetham, William, 106 Beta-adrenergic blocking agents, 326

Bevacizumab, 218, 244–245, 258, 287, 424 Biguanides, 359, 360, 362

Bile acid sequestrants, 359, 362 Binocular indirect operating microscope

(BIOM) noncontact lenses, 322 Blood-associated glaucoma, 326 Blood–retina barrier, 124 Blue-green laser, 190, 196

Blue Mountains Eye Study, 324 Blue wavelengths, 189

488 Index

Bruch’s membrane, 143, 202

B-scan ultrasound, 132, 134

Buettner, Helmut, 113

Candesartan, 273 Capillary closure, 25, 55 Capsulorhexis, 312

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, 326 Cataract formation, risk of, 327 Cataract management, 301–319

age factor affecting visual outcome, 309 choice of intraocular lens, 311–312 combined surgery with vitrectomy, 307–308 extracapsular cataract extraction vs

phacoemulsification, 307 eyes that have active PDR, 306

eyes that have quiescent PDR, 306

gender factor affecting visual outcome, 309 methods of surgery, 307

and nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 303–304

and nonproliferative retinopathy with macular edema, 304–306

posterior synechiae in diabetic eye, 302 predictor of visual and anatomic

outcomes, 303

preoperative severity of retinopathy, 303–307 previous surgery and visual outcome, 309 and proliferative retinopathy, 306–307

risk of surgery, with IOL placement, 306 role of posterior capsulotomy, 310 surgical treatment impairment, 308 treatment of macular edema, 310–311 visual acuity outcome, 307–308

visual acuity outcomes and management decisions, for diabetic patients, 313

Charles, Steven T., 115

Chlorpropamide, 359

Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) trial, 364

Choriocapillaris, 143 Chorioretinal scar, 41 Cigarette smoking and diabetes

retinopathy, 86

Clinically significant macular edema (CSME), 129–130, 187–193, 199, 238, 254, 305, 385

Colesevelam, 359

Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study (CARDS), 274, 364

Collagen cross-linking, 57

Color fundus photos, 124, 142, 144,

151–152, 154

Comparison of Amlodipine vs Enalapril to Limit Occurrences of Thrombosis (CAMELOT) study, 363

Congenital intracranial tumors, 330 Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), 61 Corneal diseases, 321–323

Corneal epithelial problems, 170 Coronary heart disease (CHD), 5, 9

Corticosteroids, 310 dosage, 239 efficacy, 238–239

evidence-based review, 286–287 history of usage, 235–236 impact on retinal thickness, 238

and infectious endophthalmitis, 240–241 and intraocular pressure (IOP) rise, 240 Intravitreal Steroid Injection Study (ISIS), 238 and noninfectious endophthalmitis with

pseudohypopyon, 241 preclinical evaluation, 237

purpose of intravitreal injection, 237 rationale for use, 236–237

safety, 240

Cotton-wool spots, 25, 56, 61 C-peptide levels, 85

Cranial nerve abnormalities, 330–331 CSME (clinically significant macular edema),

129–130, 187–193, 199, 238, 254, 305, 385

Cystoid macular edema (CME), 255

Davis, Matthew, 109, 111 Delamination, 219 Delphi technique, 17 Dexamethasone, 424

Dexamethasone extended-release implant, 260–261, 287

Diabetes

acute complications, 9 chronic complications, 8–9 cost of treatment, 8–11, 9

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 9

Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) study, 8, 8

diagnostic criteria, 6

fasting plasma glucose level for, 6 global prevalence, 4, 4

and impaired glucose tolerance, 6–7 incidence of type 2, 6

incidence of type 2 mellitus, 6 interventions, 7, 10–11 management recommendations for

patients with, 187 mellitus, WHO definition, 3

mellitus, WHO estimates, 3, 13 as metabolic syndrome, 5–6 microvascular complications, 8 myocardial infarction (MI) in, 8 neuropathy, 8, 10

pre-diabetic, 6–8

renal impairment and failure, 8 retinopathy, 8, 10

risk factors, 6–7

sensitive testing methods for, 53 undiagnosed vs diagnosed group, 7

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), 10, 10

in United States, 4

Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), 80–82, 81, 171–173, 172, 252, 340–342

color photography vs fluorescein angiography, 460–461

early worsening of diabetic retinopathy, 464–465

effect of intensive treatment on diabetes, 461–463

progression of retinopathy with intensive vs conventional treatment, 463–464

relationship of glycemic exposure (HbA1C) to the risk of development and progression of retinopathy, 464

Diabetes in Early Pregnancy Study, 87 Diabetes insipidus, 329

Diabetic macular edema (DME), 13, 59, 59–61, 60, 284–285

algorithm for managing, 262 anti-VEGF agents, 258 complete ocular evaluation, 252

due to other systemic diseases, 254 evidence for secondary interventions, 291 follow-up and reassessment, 256

laser photocoagulation, 256, 472, 477, 478 optical coherence tomography (OCT), 141,

146–149, 478

optimal metabolic control, 252–254 re-treatment with laser, 256 steroids, 258–261

surgical vitrectomy for, 286 vitreoretinal tractional abnormalities,

153–155

Diabetic papillopathy, 328, 328–329 Diabetic retinopathy

barriers to treatment, 14 basic mechanisms and targets in, 410–413

classification, 16–22

Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), 14 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study

(ETDRS), 14

ETDRS grading scale, 15–16 historical perspectives, 396–398 natural history of, 14

need for effective communication, 14 risk factors, 13–14, 17

role of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, 420–424

screening, 15–22

severity level, 19, 19–22, 22 in United States, 13

visual morbidity and blindness, 14 Diabetic Retinopathy Candesartan Trial

(DIRECT), 273

Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network (DRCRnet), 239, 258–259, 377, 471–482

agreement between clinician and reading center gradings of diabetic retinopathy severity level, 475–476

Index 489

association of DME with visual acuity, 481–482

comparison of modified-ETDRS and mild macular grid laser photocoagulation strategies, 472–473

comparison of optical coherence

tomography retinal thickness measurements, 479–480

comparison of time-domain OCT and fundus photographic assessments of retinal thickening, 476

diabetic macular edema, 479

diurnal variation in retinal thickening measurement by OCT, 471

effects of dilation on electronic-ETDRS, 482 effects of focal/grid photocoagulation on

visual activity, 482

follow-up study of focal/grid photocoagulation and intravitreal triamcinolone, 480–481

observational study of the development of diabetic macular edema following PRP, 480–481

optical coherence tomography measurements and analysis methods, 478–479

phase II randomized clinical trial of intravitreal bevacizumab, 475

randomized trial comparing intravitreal triamcinolone and focal/grid photocoagulation, 477–478

randomized trial of peribulbar triamcinolone acetonide with and without focal photocoagulation, 473

relationship between OCT-measured central retinal thickness and visual acuity, 471–472

reproducibility of macular thickness and volume using Zeiss optical coherence tomography, 473–474

retinal thickness on Stratus optical coherence tomography, 476–477

risk of endophthalmitis following intravitreal triamcinolone injection, 474–475

Diabetic retinopathy severity scale, 16

Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS), 14, 111, 128 Airlie House classification of diabetic

retinopathy, 440

analyses of late treatment effects, 440–441 design, methods, and baseline results, 439–440 effects of photocoagulation, 162, 162–164,

163–164, 437

factors associated with visual outcome after photocoagulation, 442

indications for photocoagulation treatment, 442–443

intraocular pressure following panretinal photocoagulation for diabetic retinopathy, 441–442

laser photocoagulation, 194

macular edema in Diabetic Retinopathy Study patients, 442

photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 438–440

490 Index

Diabetic Retinopathy Study (DRS) (continued) risk factors for severe visual loss in diabetic

retinopathy, 438, 441

Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study (DRVS), 169–171, 224, 282

course of visual acuity in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 459

early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 459–460

early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage, 459–460

Diffuse diabetic maculopathy, 130 Digital retinal photography, 124 Direct ophthalmoscopy, 124

DME Disease Severity Scale, 20, 22 Dyslipidemia, 5, 174

Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS), 83, 111, 165–169, 216,

443–458

accommodative amplitudes in, 454–455 association of elevated serum lipid levels with retinal hard exudate in diabetic

retinopathy, 455

benefits of laser photocoagulation, 195 case reports to accompany Early Treatment

Diabetic Retinopathy Study, 444–446 causes of severe visual loss in, 456–457 cholesterol level, 344

classification using fluorescein angiograms, 449

C-peptide in the classification of diabetes mellitus patients, 446–447

definitional criteria for CSME, 186–187 design and baseline patient characteristics,

447

development of subretinal fibrosis, 346 early photocoagulation therapy, 448 edema characteristics, definition, 129 effects of, 165, 165–169, 166–169 effects of aspirin treatment, 447–448,

450–452, 454

fluorescein angiographic risk factors, 450 focal photocoagulation treatment of diabetic

macular edema, 453

fundus photographic risk factors, 449–450 grading diabetic retinopathy from

stereoscopic color fundus photographs, 448–449

impaired color vision associated with diabetic retinopathy, 451

laser photocoagulation techniques, 186 long-term effects of laser photocoagulation

treatment, 458 parameters for focal (direct)

photocoagulation, 190, 190–191 parameters for grid

photocoagulation, 191, 192 pars plana vitrectomy, 452

photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema, 443–444

results after lens extraction in patients with diabetic retinopathy, 457–458

retinal hard exudates, 344

risk factors for high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 452–453

risk of developing high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 348

risk of development of proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 348

scale, 15, 15, 16

subretinal fibrosis in diabetic macular edema, 346, 455–456

treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation, 443–444

visual acuity, 344, 345 ECV304, 237

“En bloc” technique, 219, 221 Endogenous insulin, 85 Endoillumination, 218 Endolaser PRP, 221, 222 Endophthalmitis, 170, 331

Endophthalmitis Vitrectomy Study, 331 Endothelial cells, 40

apoptosis of, 55

Epidemiology, of diabetic retinopathy age differences and prevalence, 77 demographic variations, 77–79 gender differences and prevalence, 78 incidence and progression, 74–75

in non-diabetic persons, 76–77 prevalence in Asia, 74 prevalence in Australia, 73–74

prevalence in England and Europe, 73 prevalence in United States, 72

racial and ethnic differences and prevalence, 78–79

time trends, 75–76

Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) trial, 171, 342

Epiretinal membrane (ERM), 254 Erythropoietin, 60

Escherichia coli, 242

EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (EUCLID), 270

EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study, 87

EURODIAB Study, 83 Evidence-based systematic review

Action in Diabetes and Vascular Disease (ADVANCE) study, 273

aldose reductase inhibitors, 278 antiplatelet agents, 274

Appropriate Blood Pressure Control in Diabetes (ABCD) trial, 270

Atorvastatin Study for Prevention of Coronary Endpoints in NIDDM (ASPEN), 274

blood pressure control, 270–273, 271–272 Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study

(CARDS), 274

corticosteroids, 286–287 Delphi consensus criteria, 266

Diabetic Retinopathy Candesartan Trial (DIRECT), 273

EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (EUCLID), 270

Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, 274

glycemic control, 267–270, 268–269 growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor

inhibitors, 278

intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents, 287

laser and surgical interventions, 278–286,

283–285

lipid-lowering therapy, 273–274 literature search, 266

medical interventions, 274–287, 275–277 methodology and data sources, 266–274 panretinal laser photocoagulation (PRP),

278–282

protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors, 274–278 summary of evidence, 288–291

United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), 270

Exenatide, 359

Exercise and diabetic retinopathy, 86–87 Exogenous insulin, 85

Exudates, 25

Felodipine, 362

Fenofibrate, 84

Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study, 84, 274

Ferris, Frederick, 110, 111 Fibrinogen, 348

Fibrinoid syndrome, 218 Fibrovascular proliferation, 214 Fine, Stuart, 110

Fluctuating myopia, 327 Fluocinolone acetonide, 241, 424 Fluocinolone implants, 257, 261 Fluorescein angiogram, 127–128

Fluorescein angiography, 109, 147–148, 327 clinical indications, 125

for macular edema, 129–131

for nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 125–126

overview, 124–125

for proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 126–129 Fluorescein angioscopy, 131

5-fluorouracil, 325

5-fluorouracil (5-FU)-based chemotherapy, 244

Focal diabetic maculopathy, 130 Focal (direct) photocoagulation, 185,

190–191, 282 complications, 201

Fundus photography, 109, 123–124, 253, 255

Index 491

Ghost-cell glaucoma, 326 Glaucoma, 323–326

Glaucoma drainage devices, 325

Glial (“glue”) cells, of the retina, 50–51 Glimiperide, 359

Glinides (Meglitinides), 359, 362 Glipizide, 359

Glipizide-GITS, 359 Glipizide-Metformin (Metaglip), 359 Glitazones, 360

Global Diabetic Retinopathy Project Group, 17

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor, 361

α-glucosidase inhibitors, 361, 362 Glutamate, 50, 54

Glyburide, 359

Glyburide-Metformin (Glucovance), 359 Glyburide-(Micronized), 359

Glycemia, 252–254

Glycemic control, indicator of, 10 Glycolic acid, 242

Glycosylated hemoglobin, 210 Gonadal dysfunction, 329 Green-only laser, 196

Grid photocoagulation, 191, 192, 256 Growth hormone (GH), 402

Growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor inhibitors, 278

Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study, 363

Heart Protection Study (HPS), 364 Hemoglobin A1C (HgbA1C), 10, 171,

253, 304, 340 Hemolytic glaucoma, 326 Hemorrhage, 25

Hemorrhages/microaneurysms (H/MA), 17 Hemosiderotic glaucoma, 326

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), 402 Histopathologic changes, in diabetic retinopathy,

25–48

alteration of macroglial and neuronal cells, 40

basement membrane thickening, 29, 40 cataractous changes, 37 choriocapillaris, 37

color vision and contrast sensitivity, 40 corneal sensitivity and corneal epithelium, 37 cotton-wool spots (soft exudates), 32–33 earliest changes in retinal vasculature, 28 formation of advanced glycosylation

end products (AGEs), 26–27

glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) production, 40

intraretinal hemorrhages, 32 intraretinal microvascular abnormalities

(IRMAs), 30

lacy vacuolization, 39–40 macular edema, 31 microaneurysms, 29–30

492 Index

Histopathologic changes (continued) neovascularization, 36, 38–39, 39 nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 27–28 panretinal photocoagulation scars, 39 pathological activation of protein kinase C

(PKC), 27 pericyte loss, 28–29 polyol pathway, 26

proliferative diabetic retinopathy, 34–37 venous caliber abnormalities, 33–34

Hoorn study, 87

Hyperglycemia, 3, 9, 25, 80–82, 85, 171, 253 Hyperlipidemia, 61, 84

Hypertension, 5, 14, 59, 61, 82–84, 254, 343–344

Hypertension Optimal Treatment (HOT) Study, 362

Hypoalbuminemia, 61 Hypoglycemia, 9

Incretin enhancers (DPP-4 inhibitors), 359, 362 Incretin mimetics, 359, 362

Indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence angiography, 131–132

Inflammation and diabetic retinopathy, 87–88 Inner retinal boundary, 143

Inoveon Corporation, 375 Insulin aspart, 360 Insulin deficiency, 3 Insulin detemir, 360 Insulin glargine, 360 Insulin glulisine, 360

Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), 63 Insulin lispro, 360

Insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome, 5 Insulin therapy, 171

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), 236

Interleukin-1, 51

Internal ophthalmoplegia, 202 Intraluminal capillary plugging, 55 Intraocular neovascularization, disorders

associated with, 396 Intraoperative hemostasis, 219

Intra-retinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMA), 17, 126

Intravitreal anti-VEGF agents, 235, 242–245, 291, 294, 475

Intravitreal pharmacotherapies antiangiogenic agents, 242–245 corticosteroids, 235–241

sustained-release intravitreal corticosteroids, 241–242

Iris pigment epithelium, 36–37 Irvine–Gass syndrome, 130–131, 260, 311 Ischemic retina, 41, 51, 196, 309

β isoform of protein kinase C (PKC-β), 57–58

Kasner, David, 112

Kenalog, 237, 240, 258

Ketoacidosis, 332

Khaki-colored pseudohypopyon, 326 Krypton red, 190

Kupfer, Carl, 110

Lactic acid, 242 LaPlace’s law, 60

Laser photocoagulation, 40, 256, 257 complications of, 200–202

Laser photocoagulation, for macular edema development of macular edema, 184 DRCR modified ETDRS grid

laser, 186, 472

ETDRS technique, 191–192

focal (direct) photocoagulation, 185, 190–191 follow-up and re-treatment, 193

grid photocoagulation, 191 indications for treatment, 185–189 macular edema defined as hard

exudates, 188

macular edema defined as retinal thickening,

188

macular edema with a circinate ring of hard exudate, 189

mechanism of action, 189 prognosis, 193

wavelength considerations, 189–190 Laser photocoagulation, for PDR

follow-up and re-treatment, 200 indications for treatment, 194–196 local photocoagulation of

neovascularization, 197 mechanism of action, 196 prognosis, 200

PRP in 1 or 4 sittings (DRCR), 480–481 scatter photocoagulation, 196–197 special considerations, 198–199 wavelength considerations, 196

Lens abnormalities, 327 Lensectomy, 221

Lens opacities, 211 L’Esperance, Francis, 107

Lipid-associated risk, for CVD, 365 Lipid levels, in diabetes, 344–346 Lipid lowering therapy, 84 Lisinopril, 174, 270

Little, Hunter, 108

Lobular spotty (“salt and pepper”) hyperfluorescence, 132

Localized macular edema, 184

Losartan Intervention for Endpoint reduction in hypertension study (LIFE), 363

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 330

Machemer, Robert, 112, 113 Macrovascular complications, 3 Macugen, 243

Macular edema, 26, 129–131, 236 effects of photocoagulation, 174 efficacy of photocoagulation for, 41

Macular xanthrophyll, 190, 196

Major histocompatibility complex-II (MHC-II) antigen, 236

Media opacities, 209–212, 213, 218–219, 223–224

Medical management

anti-platelet (aspirin) therapy, 366 blood pressure control, 362–364 control of dyslipidemia, 364–366 glycemic control, 354–362

Metabolic syndrome, 5 Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), 236 Metformin, 359

Metformin-XR, 359 Meyer–Schwickerath, 103–104, 162 Michaelson interferometer, 140 Michels, Ronald G., 116 Microaneurysms (MAs), 25, 29–30, 61,

125–126 Microglia, 51

Microglial morphology, 236 Microvascular abnormalities, 3, 25 Miglitol, 359

Mild macular grid (MMG) laser technique, 192

Miotics, 326 Mitomycin C, 325 Morbidity, 88 Mortality, 88 Mucormycosis, 332, 333

Müller cells, 50–51, 54, 57–58 Multiport illumination system, 223

Mycobacterium chelonae endophthalmitis, 240

Mydriatic cameras, 380

Nateglinide, 359

National Eye Institute (NEI), 110, 162 Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy, 310 Neovascular glaucoma, 170, 308, 324–326 Neovascularization, 25, 61, 109

candidate mediators of intraocular, 400–403

growth factor hypothesis, 398–400 Neovascularization elsewhere

(NVE), 163, 196 Neovascularization of the disc

(NVD), 163, 194 Neovascularization of iris

(NVI), 196, 324–325 Nephropathy, 85

Nerve III palsy, 330 Nerve VI palsy, 330 Neurogenic bladder, 329 Neuropathy, 10

Neurosensory hearing loss, 329 Neurotransmission, 50 Nonenzymatic glycosylation, 57 Noninfectious endophthalmitis, 241 Nonmydriatic cameras, 124

Index 493

Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 25–26, 54–59, 55, 58, 125–126, 127, 195

evidence for secondary interventions, 288–291

optical coherence tomography (OCT), 141, 146–149

Nonretinal ocular abnormalities corneal diseases, 321–323

cranial nerve abnormalities, 330–331 glaucoma, 323–326

infectious diseases, 331–332 lens abnormalities, 327

optic nerve abnormalities, 327–330 ultrastructural abnormalities of the

corneal epithelial basement membrane complex, 323

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, 310

Norton, Edward W.D., 113 NPH human insulin, 360 Nystagmus, 329

Obesity, 5, 86

central or truncal, 5 in United States, 5

Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS), 324

Ocutome vitrectomy instrument, 115 Okun, Edward, 106

Ophthalmic ultrasonography, 132

Optical coherence tomography (OCT), 216, 238, 254–255, 385, 471–478

background, 140–143

diabetic macular edema (DME), 141, 146–149

false-color image of individual axial scans of the retina, 140

fast macular thickness map, 144–145 macular volume, 143

nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 141, 146–149

peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) analysis, 145–146

proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), 155–156

radial lines scan, 143–144

spectral domain OCT (SD-OCT), 148 thin/atrophic-appearing retina on, 148 treatment monitoring, 149–153 vertically oriented radial scan, 142–143 vitreoretinal tractional abnormalities,

153–155 Optic atrophy, 330

Optic nerve abnormalities, 327–330 Optic nerve hypoplasia, 330

Optimal clinical classification system, 16 Optimal intraoperative control, of systemic

blood pressure, 220 Orbital mucormycosis, 332