Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Diabetes and Ocular Disease Past, Present, and Future Therapies 2nd edition_Scott, Flynn, Smiddy_2009
.pdf
224 Diabetes and Ocular Disease
59% to 83% with a final visual acuity of ≥20/200 in 40% to 62%. The Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study (DRVS) demonstrated that early vitrectomy (1–6 months after the onset of severe vitreous hemorrhage) for type 1 diabetics yields final visual acuity ≥20/40 at two years in 36% of this subgroup compared to only 12% with conventional management defi ned by the DRVS as deferral of vitrectomy until 12 months of hemorrhage (p = 0.001) [37]. The larger treatment differential is postulated to be due to the tendency for type 1 diabetic patients to have more extensive and aggressive NV at an earlier stage. However, the rate of no light perception, ≥5/200, and ≥20/200 were similar for both groups. Eyes with especially dense vitreous hemorrhage, particularly without previous PRP, are usually operated after a shorter waiting period [13].
Excellent surgical results have been reported for subhyaloid hemorrhage removal [105,106]. All patients with preoperative visual acuity ≥20/100 achieved a visual acuity of ≥20/40 after vitrectomy.
Combined cataract removal, vitrectomy, and endolaser has been studied in relatively small series with the finding that removal of the cataract does not increase the risk of rubeosis iridis or compromise the anatomic objectives [40–42].
Vitreoretinal Traction. The first report of the DRVS showed that observation over a year for patients with progressive FVP involved a nearly 50% rate of severe visual loss [107]. Those results justified a prospective study of 370 patients with severe NV randomized to early (within a few weeks) vitrectomy or conventional management (deferral of vitrectomy to 1 year unless tractional detachment involved the macula). The rate of final vision ≥20/40 was 44% for the early vitrectomy group compared to 28% in the conventional group with 4 years of follow-up (p = <0.05) [18]. Other investigators have found that preoperative factors indicating a more favorable postoperative result include age less than 40 years, preoperative vision ≥5/200, absence of iris NV, and application of preoperative photocoagulation [24]. One study involving a series of 50 eyes, many with relatively good visual acuity, reported that 72% had improvement and only 10% lost vision after vitrectomy [108]. Thus, vitrectomy can be considered even with only moderate visual loss (20/40–20/80 range) caused by progressive FVP [105,109].
The outcomes of vitrectomy for macula-involving tractional retinal detachment are, as expected, worse than those for vitreous hemorrhage. Visual improvement of greater than or equal to two lines or more has been reported in 59% to 80% of cases, but postoperative visual acuity of ≥20/200 results in only 21% to 58% [19,25,65,110–116].
The outcomes of vitrectomy for combined tractional and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment are generally worse. Visual improvement is reported in 32% to 53% and ≥20/200 final vision in 25% to 36% [22,115,116,117,118].
All too often, final visual acuity is limited despite successful achievement of the surgical and anatomic objectives. This outcome is usually attributable to generalized retinal ischemia, which may be evident as attenuated arterioles, capillary nonperfusion, and retinal thinning (featureless) (Fig. 11.13).
Vitrectomy for Diabetic Retinopathy |
225 |
A
B
Figure 11.13. (A) This patient presented with vision of 20/400 and tractional elevation extending from the disc and inferotemporal arcade into the macula. Even preoperatively, marked vascular sclerosis extending into the macula is evident. (B) Postoperative appearance demonstrates a total removal of preretinal components and supplementary panretinal photocoagulation. However, the vascular sclerosis is now more evident and is the probable cause of the limited vision (postoperative vision was 20/200).
Complications of Previous Vitrectomy. The outcomes of repeat vitrectomy for complications after initial vitrectomy are often poor but visual acuity can be maintained or improved in many patients. A report of 41 reoperated eyes found that the reason for reoperation determined the visual prognosis, with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment carrying the worst prognosis [119]. Overall, 56% had a final visual acuity of light perception or no light perception, including 32% with phthisis and 94% with rubeosis iridis. It is this group that most frequently requires silicone oil to achieve even modest degrees of success [94–98].
COMPLICATIONS
The principal complications of vitrectomy in diabetic patients include recurrent vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment, and rubeosis irides [120–123]. Postoperative vitreous hemorrhage occurs to some degree in virtually all cases, but
226 Diabetes and Ocular Disease
is severe in up to 30% of cases [121]. Management options include office-based fluid–gas exchange [54,124] or vitreous lavage. Before reoperation, a waiting period ranging from weeks to months is generally recommended to allow spontaneous clearing. The rates of postoperative retinal detachment and neovascular glaucoma vary with the preoperative diagnoses, and occur in up to 20% of cases. In severe cases with uncontrollable glaucoma, combined procedures such as pars plana vitrectomy, endolaser PRP, and Baerveldt glaucoma implants may be considered, since standard glaucoma filtering surgery is usually unsuccessful in such cases [123,124]. The risk of endophthalmitis after vitrectomy is higher in diabetic compared to nondiabetic patients [123,124], but is still very low. Other potential vitrectomy complications such as lens touch, peripheral retinal breaks or detachment, and choroidal hemorrhage are not unique to diabetic cases.
Public Health Considerations. As the technical upper limits in treating certain conditions are asymptotically approached, much attention has been directed toward optimal application of preventive therapies [2,3,125]. Javitt and associates have shown the cost-effectiveness of proper application of subsequent collaborative laser studies sponsored by the National Eye Institute to the diabetic population at risk [126]. With appropriate and timely laser photocoagulation, disability and associated expenses can be minimized.
Currently, medical care expenditures are being increasingly examined. The high costs for complex surgical cases, such as pars plana vitrectomy, have come under particular scrutiny and, indeed, have been a target of significant reimbursement reductions. The field of evidence-based medicine has emerged to evaluate the effectiveness of various treatment resources. These studies have been mostly focused on the functional outcomes of patients undergoing cataract surgery [127]. Outcomes research relies heavily on “patient satisfaction” and patients’ perceptions of their functional status, which are difficult to quantify because of their subjective nature.
Objective measures of functional status were developed and studied in a series of 213 diabetic patients who underwent vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy [128]. In this series, the operated eye became the betterseeing eye in 32% of patients and equal to the fellow eye in 16%. These patients had an average of 61% disability of the visual system preoperatively (as determined by guidelines of the American Medical Association) because of the high frequency of disease in the fellow eye, but improved postoperatively to 50% disability. Improvements were greater in eyes without preoperative retinal detachment. Similar outcomes were found in analyses of nondiabetic vitreoretinal procedures [129] and in the same study, cohort outcomes were found to be worthwhile as measured by patient satisfaction surveys [130–132].
CONCLUSION
The indications and timing of pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy continue to evolve but have not changed conceptually. The thresholds for doing
Vitrectomy for Diabetic Retinopathy |
227 |
surgery for established indications have generally been lowered and a few additional indications have been established. The lowered threshold is attributable to improvements in both instrumentation and surgical techniques. Accordingly, more difficult cases are now being considered and postoperative recovery of vision is more consistent.
Although the postoperative visual prognosis is favorable compared to the natural history, it is still poor compared to the potential efficacy of preventative measures, such as tight control of blood glucose, and timely application of laser treatment. Despite optimal medical and ophthalmological management, substantial numbers of eyes will have progressive retinopathy leading to the need for laser treatment and pars plana vitrectomy [16]. Since the long-term stability of initially successful treatment is good [133], and the life expectancy following diabetic vitrectomy is relatively favorable [134], pars plana vitrectomy remains an essential tool in the management of complications from diabetic retinopathy. Most recently, the increased understanding of the biochemical mediators of NV have led to preliminary reports of success with adjunctive pharmacotherapy for eyes undergoing vitrectomy, an area that is likely to be further developed in future years [77–79].
REFERENCES
1.Aiello LP, Gardner TW, King GL, et al. Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 1998;21:143–156.
2.American Diabetes Association (Position Statement) Diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(suppl.):84–87.
3.Patz A, Smith RE. The ETDRS and Diabetes 2000. Ophthalmology. 1991;98: 739–740.
4.The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med. 1993;329:977–986.
5.The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group. The effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the progression of diabetic retinopathy in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:36–51.
6.Aiello LM, Beetham WP, Balodimos MC, et al. Ruby laser photocoagulation in treatment of diabetic proliferating retinopathy: preliminary report. In: Goldberg MI, Fine SL, eds. Symposium on the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy. US Public Health Service publication No. 1890. Washington DC: US Government Printing Office; 1968.
7.The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Preliminary report on effects of photocoagulation therapy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;81:383–396.
8.The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: the second report of the Diabetic Retinopathy Study findings. Ophthalmology. 1978;85:82–106.
9.The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Four risk factors for severe visual loss in diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:654–655.
10.The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: Relationship of adverse treatment effects to retinopathy severity. The Diabetic Retinopathy Study report No. 5. Dev Ophthalmol. 1981;2:248–261.
228 Diabetes and Ocular Disease
11.L’Esperance FA. The treatment of ophthalmic vascular disease by argon laser photocoagulation. Ophthalmology. 1968;72:1077–1096.
12.Doft BH, Metz DJ, Kelsey SF. Augmentation laser for proliferative diabetic retinopathy that fails to respond to initial panretinal photocoagulation. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1728–1735.
13.Chew EY, Chair, Macula Society and Retina Society Representative, Benson WE, MD, Blodi BA. Diabetic retinopathy. Preferred Practice Pattern. San Francisco American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2008.
14.Vine AK. The efficacy of additional argon laser photocoagulation for persistent, severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:1532–1537.
15.Javitt JC, Aiello LP, Bassi LJ, et al. Detecting and treating retinopathy in patients with Type 1 diabetes mellitus: savings associated with improved implementation of current guidelines. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1565–1574.
16.Flynn HW Jr, Chew EY, Simons BD, et al. Pars plana vitrectomy in the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study. Ophthalmology. 1992;99:1351–1357.
17.The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy: two-year results of randomized trial. DRVS report No. 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;03:1644–1652.
18.The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in eyes with useful vision: results of a randomized trial. DRVS report No. 3. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:1307–1320.
19.Aaberg TM. Pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachment. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:639–642.
20.Michels RG, Rice TA, Rice EF. Vitrectomy for diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;95:12–21.
21.Blankenship GW. Preoperative prognostic factors in diabetic pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:1246–1249.
22.Sigurdsson H, Baines PS, Roxburgh STD. Vitrectomy for diabetic eye disease. Eye. 1988;2:418–423.
23.Rice TA, Michels RG, Rice EF. Vitrectomy for diabetic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;95:34–44.
24.de Bustros S, Thompson JT, Michels RG, Rice TA. Vitrectomy for progressive proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:196–199.
25.Hutton WL, Bernstein I, Fuller DG. Diabetic traction retinal detachment. Ophthalmology. 1980;87:1071–1077.
26.Machemer R, Norton EWD. A new concept for vitreous surgery, 3. Indications and results. Am J Ophthalmol. 1972;74:1034–1055.
27.Michels RG. Vitrectomy for complications of diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1978;96:237–246.
28.Ho T, Smiddy WE, Flynn HW Jr. Vitrectomy in the management of diabetic eye disease. Surv Ophthalmol. 1992;37:190–202.
29.Lewis H, Abrams GW, Blumenkranz MS, Campo RV. Resolution of diabetic macular edema associated with a thickened and taut premacular posterior hyaloid after vitrectomy. Ophthalmology. 1991;98(S):146.
30.Harbour W, Smiddy WE, Flynn HW Jr, Rubsamen PE. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema associated with posterior hyaloid thickening and contraction. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:405–413.
31.Hartley KL, Smiddy WE, Flynn HW Jr, Murray TG. Pars plana vitrectomy with internal limiting membrane peeling for diabetic macular edema. Retina. 2008;28:410–419.
Vitrectomy for Diabetic Retinopathy |
229 |
32.Machemer R, Blankenship G. Vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy associated with vitreous hemorrhage. Ophthalmology. 1981;88:643–646.
33.Aaberg TM, Abrams GW. Changing indications and techniques for vitrectomy in management of complications of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:775–779.
34.Machemer R. Pathogenesis of proliferative neovascular retinopathies and the role of vitrectomies: a hypothesis. Int Ophthalmol. 1978;1:1–3.
35.Davis MD. Vitreous contraction in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1965;74:741.
36.Fallborn J, Bowald S. Micro-proliferations in proliferative diabetic retinopathy and their relationship to the vitreous: corresponding light and electron microscopic studies. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1985;223:130–136.
37.The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe vitreous hemorrhage in diabetic retinopathy. Four-year results of a randomized trial: the Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report No. 5. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990;108:958–964.
38.Blankenship GW. The lens influence on diabetic vitrectomy results. Report of a prospective randomized study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:2196–2198.
39.Aiello RC, Wand M, Liang G. Neovascular glaucoma and vitreous hemorrhage following cataract surgery in patients with diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmology. 1983;90: 814–820.
40.Blankenship GW, Cortez R, Machemer R. The lens and pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy complications. Arch Ophthalmol. 1979;97:1263–1267.
41.Rice TA, Michels RG, Maguire MG, Rice EF. The effect of lensectomy on the incidence of iris neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;95:1–11.
42.Blankenship GW, Flynn HW Jr, Kokame G. Posterior chamber intraocular lens insertion during pars plana lensectomy and vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108:1–5.
43.Kokame GT, Flynn HW Jr, Blankenship GW. Posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation during diabetic pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:603–610.
44.Benson WE, Brown GC, Tasman W, McNamara JA. Extracapsular cataract extraction, posterior chamber lens insertion, and pars plana vitrectomy in one operation. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:918–921.
45.Küchle M, Händel A, Naumann GOH. Cataract extraction in eyes with diabetic iris neovascularization. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 1998;29(1):28–32.
46.Sato Y, Hiroyuki S, Shinichi A, Matsui M. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular heterotopia. Ophthalmology. 1994;101(1):63–67.
47.Charles S, Flinn CE. The natural history of diabetic extramacular traction retinal detachment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:66–68.
48.Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. ETDRS report No. 1. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:1796–1806.
49.Campbell DG, Simmons RJ, Tolentino FI, McMeel JW. Glaucoma occurring after closed vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1977;83:63–69.
50.Campbell DG, Simmons RJ, Grant WM. Ghost cells as a cause of glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 1976;81:441–450.
51.Han DP, Lewis H, Lambrou FH Jr, et al. Mechanisms of intraocular pressure elevation after pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:1357–1362.
52.Weinberg RS, Peyman GA, Huamonte FJ. Elevation of intraocular pressure after pars plana vitrectomy. Albrecht von Graefes Arch Klin Exp Ophthalmol. 1976;200: 157–161.
230 Diabetes and Ocular Disease
53.Singh H, Grand MG. Treatment of blood-induced glaucoma by trans plana vitrectomy. Retina. 1981;1:255.
54.Miller JA, Chandra SR, Stevens TS. A modified technique for performing outpatient fluid-air exchange following vitrectomy surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;101: 116–117.
55.Blankenship GW. Management of vitreous cavity hemorrhage following pars plana vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:39–44.
56.Lewis H, Abrams GW, Williams GA. Anterior hyaloidal fibrovascular proliferation after diabetic vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;104:607–613.
57.Chen E, Park CH. Use of intravitreal bevacizumab as a preoperative adjunct for tractional retinal detachment repair in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Retina. 2006;26:699–700.
58.Avery RL, Pearlman J, Pieramici DJ, et al. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in the treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2006;113:1695, e1–e15.
59.Arevalo, JF, Maia, M, Flynn HW Jr, et al. Traction retinal detachment following intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) in patients with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2008;92:213–216.
60.Sebestyen JG. Fibrinoid syndrome: a severe complication of vitrectomy in diabetics. Ann Ophthalmol. 1982;14:853–856.
61.Williams GA, Lambrou FH, Jaffe GA, et al. Treatment of post-vitrectomy fibrin formation with intraocular tissue plasminogen activator. Arch Ophthalmol. 1988;106:1055–1058.
62.Cherfan GM, Maghraby AE, Tabbara KF, et al. Dissolution of intraocular fibrinous exudate by streptokinase. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:870–874.
63.Michels RG. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: pathophysiology of extraretinal complications and principles of vitreous surgery. Retina. 1981;1:1–17.
64.Meredith TA, Kaplan HJ, Aaberg TM. Pars plana vitrectomy techniques for relief of epiretinal traction by membrane segmentation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;89: 408–413.
65.Charles S. Vitreous Microsurgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1981:107–120.
66.Meredith TA. Epiretinal membrane delamination with a diamond knife. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1598–1599.
67.Abrams GW, Williams GA: “En bloc” excision of diabetic membranes. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:302–308.
68.McCuen BW II, Hickingbotham D. Fiberoptic diathermy tissue manipulator for use in vitreous surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;98:803–804.
69.Abrams GW. Dissection methods in vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. In: Franklin RM, editor. Retina and Vitreous. Amsterdam/New York: Kugler Publication; 1993:101–113.
70.Williams DF, Williams GA, Hartz A, et al. Results of vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachments using the en bloc excision technique. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:752–758.
71.Han DP, Murphy ML, Mieler WF. A modified en bloc excision technique during vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachment. Ophthalmology. 1994;101: 803–808.
72.Fujii GY, de Juan E Jr, Humayun MS, et al. Initial experience using the transconjunctival sutureless vitrectomy system for vitreoretinal surgery. Ophthalmology. 2002;109:1814–1820.
Vitrectomy for Diabetic Retinopathy |
231 |
73.Ibarra MS, Hermel M, Prenner JL, Hassan TS. Longer-term outcomes of transconjunctival sutureless 25-gauge vitrectomy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;139:831–836.
74.Han DP, Pulido JS, Mieler WF, Johnson MW. Vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy with severe equatorial fibrovascular proliferation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:563–570.
75.de Bustros S, Glaser BM, Johnson MA. Thrombin infusion for the control of intraocular bleeding during vitreous surgery. Arch Ophthalmol. 1985;103:837–839.
76.Thompson JT, Glaser BM, Michels RG, de Bustros S. The use of intravitreal thrombin to control hemorrhage during vitrectomy. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:279–282.
77.Spaide RF, Fisher YL. Intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy complicated by vitreous hemorrhage. Retina. March 2006;26(3):275–278.
78.Avery RL. Regression of retinal and iris neovascularization after intravitreal bevacizumab (Avastin) treatment. Retina. March 2006;26(3):352–354.
79.Bakri SJ, Donaldson MJ, Link TP. Rapid regression of disc neovascularization in a patient with proliferative diabetic retinopathy following adjunctive intravitreal bevacizumab. Eye. December 2006;20(12):1474–1475.
80.Charles S. Endophotocoagulation. Retina. 1981;1:117–120.
81.Fleischman JA, Swartz M, Dixon JA. Argon laser endophotocoagulation, an intraoperative trans-pars plana technique. Arch Ophthalmol. 1981;99:1610–1612.
82.Liggett PE, Lean JS, Barlow WE, Ryan SJ. Intraoperative argon endophotocoagulation for recurrent vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1987;103:146–149.
83.Landers MB III, Trese MT, Stefansson E, Bessler M. Argon laser intraocular photocoagulation. Ophthalmology. 1982;89:785–788.
84.Parke DW III, Aaberg TM. Intraocular argon laser photocoagulation in the management of severe proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1984;97: 434–443.
85.Friberg TR. Clinical experience with a binocular indirect ophthalmoscope laser delivery system. Retina. 1987;7:28–31.
86.Whitacre MM, Manoukian N, Mainster MA. Argon indirect ophthalmoscopic photocoagulation: reduced potential phototoxicity with a fixed safety filter. Br J Ophthalmol. 1990;74:233–234.
87.McCuen BW II, Rinkoff JS Silicone oil for progressive anterior ocular neovascularization after failed diabetic vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:677–682.
88.Smiddy WE. Diode endolaser photocoagulation. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110: 1172–1176.
89.Sasoh M, Smiddy WE. Diode endolaser photocoagulation. Retina. 1995;15:388–393.
90.Smiddy WE, Rubsamen PE, Grajewski A. Vitrectomy for pars plana placement of Molteno implant tube. Ophthalmic Surg. 1994;25:532–535.
91.Lloyd MA, Heuer DK, Baerveldt G, et al. Combined Molteno implantation and pars plana vitrectomy for neovascular glaucomas. Ophthalmology. 1991;98: 1401–1405.
92.Varma R, Heuer DK, Lundy DC, et al. Pars plana Baerveldt tube insertion with vitrectomy in glaucomas associated with pseudophakia and aphakia. Am J Ophthalmol. 1995;119:401–407.
93.Oyakawa RT, Schachat AP, Michels RG, Rice TA. Complications of vitreous surgery for diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:517–521.
232Diabetes and Ocular Disease
94.Rinkoff JS, de Juan E Jr, McCuen BW. Silicone oil for retinal detachment with advanced proliferative vitreoretinopathy following failed vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1986;101:181–186.
95.Yeo JH, Glaser BM, Michels RG. Silicone oil in the treatment of complicated retinal detachments. Ophthalmology. 1987;94:1109–1113.
96.Heimann K, Dahl B, Dimopoulos S, Lemmen KD. Pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil injection in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1989;227:152–156.
97.Brourman ND, Blumenkranz MS, Cox MS, Trese MT. Silicone oil for the treatment of severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1989;96:759–764.
98.Douglas MJ, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr. Pars plana lensectomy, pars plana vitrectomy, and silicone oil tamponade as initial management of cataract and combined traction/ rhegmatogenous retinal detachment involving the macula associated with severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Surg. 2003;34:270–278.
99.Spitznas M. A binocular indirect ophthalmomicroscope (BIOM) for non-contact
wide-angle vitreous surgery. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1987;225:13–15.
100.Spitznas M, Reiner J. A stereoscopic diagonal inverter (SDI) for wide-angle vitreous surgery. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1987;225:9–12.
101.DeJuan E Jr, Hickingbotham D. Flexible iris retractor. Am J Ophthalmol. 1991; 111(6):776–777.
102.Arpa P. A new device for pupillary dilatation in vitreous surgery. Retina. 1992;12: S87–S89.
103.Blankenship GW. Proliferative diabetic retinopathy: Principles and techniques of surgical treatment. In: Ryan SJ, ed. Retina. St. Louis: CV Mosby Co.; 1989:51–539.
104.Peyman GA, Raichand M, Huamonte F, et al. Vitrectomy in 125 eyes with diabetic vitreous haemorrhage. Br J Ophthalmol. 1976;60:752–755.
105.The Diabetic Retinopathy Study Research Group. Early vitrectomy for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy in eyes with useful vision. Clinical application of results of a randomized trial. DRVS report No. 4. Ophthalmology. 1988;95:1321–1334.
106.Packer AJ. Vitrectomy for progressive macular traction associated with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:1679–1683.
107.The Diabetic Retinopathy Vitrectomy Study Research Group. Two-year course of visual acuity in severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy with conventional management. DRVS Report No. 1. Ophthalmology. 1985;92:492–502.
108.Rice TA, Michels RG. Long-term anatomic and functional results of vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1980;90:297–303.
109.Grewing R, Mester U. Early vitrectomy for progressive diabetic proliferations covering the macula. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994;78:433–436.
110.Thompson JT, de Bustros S, Michels RG, Rice TA, Glaser BM. Results of vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1986;93:1571–1574.
111.Miller SA, Butler JB, Myers FL, Bresnick GH. Pars plana vitrectomy. Treatment for tractional macular detachment secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1980;98:659–664.
112.Rice TA, Michels RG, Rice EF. Vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachment involving the macula. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;95:22–33.
113.Thompson JT, de Bustros S, Michels RG, Rice TA. Results and prognostic factors in vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachment of the macula. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:497–502.
Vitrectomy for Diabetic Retinopathy |
233 |
114.Tolentino FI, Freeman HM, Tolentino FL. Closed vitrectomy in the management of diabetic traction retinal detachment. Ophthalmology. 1980;87:1078–1089.
115.Nakae R, Saito Y, Nishikawa N, Ikeda T, Tano Y. Results of vitrectomy for diabetic traction retinal detachment involving the macula: A comparison of six-month and three-year postoperative findings. Nippon Ganka Gakkai Zasshi-Acta Societatis Ophthalmologicae Japonica. 1989;93:271–275.
116.Meier P, Weidemann P. Vitrectomy for traction macular detachment in diabetic retinopathy. Graefe’s Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 1997;235:569–574.
117.Rice TA, Michels RG, Rice EF. Vitrectomy for diabetic rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol. 1983;95:34–44.
118.Thompson JT, de Bustros S, Michels RG, Rice TA. Results and prognostic factors in vitrectomy for diabetic traction rhegmatogenous retinal detachment. Arch Ophthalmol. 1987;105:503–507.
119.Brown GC, Tasman WS, Benson WE, et al. Reoperation following diabetic vitrectomy. Arch Ophthalmol. 1992;110:506–510.
120.Aaberg TM, Van Horn DL. Late complications of pars plana vitreous surgery. Ophthalmology. 1978;85:126–140.
121.Schachat AP, Oyakawa RT, Michels RG, Rice TA. Complications of vitreous surgery for diabetic retinopathy. II. Postoperative complications. Ophthalmology. 1983;90:522–530.
122.Novak MA, Rice TA, Michels RG, Auer C. Vitreous hemorrhage after vitrectomy for diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 1984;91:1485–1489.
123.Wand M, Madigan JC, Gaudio AR, Sorokanich S. Neovascular glaucoma following pars plana vitrectomy for complications of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmic Surg. 1990;21:113–117.
124.Martin DF, McCuen BW II. Efficacy of fluid-air exchange for postvitrectomy diabetic vitreous hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;114:457–463.
125.Cohen SM, Flynn HW Jr, Murray TG, Smiddy WE. Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:705–712.
126.Eifrig CWM, Scott IU, Flynn HW Jr., Smiddy WE, Newton J. Endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy: incidence, causative organisms, and visual acuity outcomes. Am J Ophthalmol. 2005;138:183–184.
127.Chew EY, Chair, Macula Society and Retina Society Representative, Benson WE, MD, Blodi BA. Diabetic Retinopathy. Preferred Practice Pattern. San Francisco. American Academy of Ophthalmology; 2008.
128.Javitt JC, Aiello LP, Bassi LJ, et al. Detecting and treating retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus; savings associated with improved implementation of current guidelines. Ophthalmology. 1991;98:1565–1574.
129.Steinberg EP, Tielsch JM, Schein OD, et al. National study of cataract surgery outcomes: variation in 4-month postoperative outcomes as reflected in multiple outcome measures. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1131–1141.
130.Smiddy WE, Feuer W, Irvine WD, et al. Vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy: functional outcomes. Ophthalmology. 1995;102:1688–1695.
131.Scott IU, Smiddy WE, Merikansky A, Feuer W. Vitreoretinal surgery outcomes: impact on bilateral visual function. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1041–1048.
132.Scott IU, Smiddy WE, Feuer W, Merikansky A. Vitreoretinal surgery outcomes results of a patient satisfaction/functional status survey. Ophthalmology. 1998;105: 795–803.