Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Development of the Ocular Lens_Lovicu, Lee Robinson_2004

2NI-36, 305, 310

α2-macroglobulin, 288

α-actinin, 256, 257 αCE1, 136

αCE2, 136, 139 αCE3, 136

acid phosphatase, 94

actin, 184, 226, 233, 257, 258, 310 cytoskeleton, 185

isoforms, 185

α−smooth muscle, 185, 243, 255, 286, 287

Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, 9 adenomatous polposis coli (APC), 183, 184

adherens junction, 183, 185, 186, 215, 228, 230, 257, 259

α-enolase, 124, 144 α-helix, 120

AIM1, 123

ak. See aphakia

Alcmaeon, 4

aldehyde dehydrogenase, 127, 145 ALDH1/2. See aldehyde dehydrogenase Alexander’s disease, 122

Alexander the Great, 4

Alk3, 43

Alk6, 46, 281

alkaline phosphatase, 292 Alports syndrome, 247

alternate translational initiation, 122, 140 Ammar, 6

aniridia, 41, 265

annular pad, 21, 22, 217, 282 anophthalmia, 266

anterior chamber, 25, 217, 297 anterior pad, 21

anterior vascular capsule see pupillary membrane antioxidant responsive element. See ARE

AP1, 133, 134, 140, 141, 144–145, 146, 148 AP2, 67, 269–270, 285

APC. See adenomatous polposis coli

APC (anaphase promoting complex). See ubiquitin, enzymes

aphakia, 61, 245

apoptosis, 93–94, 121, 123, 195, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 236, 237, 238, 239, 240, 255, 286

Appendix Repetitas Auctasque De ovo Incubato Observationes Continens, 11

apterous, 62

AQP. See aquaporin AQP0. See MIP AQP1, 154 aquaporin, 163 aquaporin0. See MIP

aqueous humour, 25, 85, 199, 217, 247, 272–273, 276–279, 284

ARE (antioxidant responsive element), 144 arginosuccinate lyase, 124, 142

Aristotle, 4

ATF, 134 axons, 181

β-sheet, 120, 122

Baer, Karl Ernst von, 12–13 BAP37, 234

Bartisch, Georg, 7–8 basal lamina, 293

basal membrane complex (BMC), 186, 226, 227, 228, 229, 257, 259

basal promoter, 129

basal transcriptional machinery, 129 basement membrane, 245, 253, 285 basic helix-loop-helix, 135, 143

basic region/leucine zipper genes, 65–66, 134, 140 BAX, 206, 207

beaded filament, 105, 173, 273

beaded filament structural protein 2. See intermediate filament, CP49

Beitrage¨ zur Gewebelehre des Kristallkorpers¨, 13 BM40. See SPARC

BMC. See basal membrane complex BMP. See bone morphogenetic proteins Boc-D-FMK, 238

bone morphogenetic proteins, 270, 281, 282 BMP 4, 45, 46, 57, 267–269

BMP 7, 45, 46, 57, 266, 267, 270 receptor, 281

Bonnet, C, 290

bow region, 26, 55, 60 Brachio-Oto-Renal syndrome, 67 BrdU, 209, 216

bZIP domain, 65, 66

bZIP genes. See basic region/leucine zipper genes

388 Index

c-fos, 66, 67 c-met, 284 CAAT, 145

Cadherin, 184, 186, 187, 229, 257

B-cadherin, 170, 186, 257, 259 E-cadherin, 60, 187, 257

N-cadherin, 170, 179, 186, 227, 228, 229, 257, 258, 259

caldesmon, 227 calmodulin, 171 calpain, 123, 158 cAMP, 282 casein kinase, 158

caspase, 236, 237, 238, 240 cataract

abnormal suture development, 84 aculeiform, 124

aftercataract. See cataract, posterior subcapsular opacification

age-related, 118

anterior subcapsular, 169, 175, 185 apoptosis, 94

associated with muscular dystrophy, 248

associated with mutations in β/γ -crystallins, 124 Catelo, 223

Cat2nop, 123

Cat2ns, 123

Cat Fraser mutation, 247

caused by capsule thinning/rupture, 247, 249, 253

caused by disruption of calcium homeostasis, 123 caused by Sox1 mutations, 64

cell globulization, 156 cerulean blue dot, 124 congenital, 160, 232 Coppock-like, 124 Cortical, 242 couching, 4, 6, 12

expression of collagen type I, 250 hypochyma, 6

inactivation of pRb, 211 in ancient Egypt, 3–4 in Elo mice, 123

in mice lacking αA-crystallin, 121

in mice lacking connexins, 159, 160, 167 in mice lacking SPARC, 249

in mice overexpressing PDGF-A, 281

in patients with αA-crystallin mutations, 122 in patients with EYA1 mutations, 67

in patients with FOXE3 mutations, 65 in patients with PITX3 mutations, 61 in Opj mice, 124

in Philly mice, 124 in Sey mice, 57

in Six5 mutant mice, 60 integrins, 187

lens depolarization, 156 loss of transparency, 211 misexpression of TGFß, 185 models, 250

nuclear, 159, 160, 242 osmotic, 167, 168

posterior subcapsular, 212, 214, 242

posterior subcapsular opacification (PCO), 212, 214, 243, 255, 287, 289

role of actin, 184 role of Pax6, 187

secondary. See posterior subcapsular opacification subcapsular, 287, 289

variable zonular pulverulent, 124 catenin

α−, 186, 257, 259 β−, 186, 257, 259, 285

γ −(plakoglobin), 170, 186, 257 CBP, 147

Cdc42, 249

Cdx-2, 135

C/EBPs, 208 cell adhesion, 67

cell adhesion molecules (CAM). See also neural cell adhesion molecule

L-CAM, 186

cell cycle, 26, 128, 192, 193, 293 G0 phase, 195, 199

G1 phase, 192, 193, 195, 196 G1/S transition, 193, 195, 196, 205 S phase, 192, 193, 195, 205, 209 G2 phase, 192, 193, 195, 196 G2/M transition, 193

M phase (mitosis), 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 216, 217

metaphase, 196 prophase, 196

restriction point, 192, 193, 205 cell theory, 13

Celsus, Aulus Cornelius, 4–5 central sulcus, 84

central zone. See lens epithelium, central zone centrosome. See microtubules

chaperone, 121, 122

Choice of Eye Diseases, 6 choroid fissure

discovery of, 11 formation of, 13

chromatin, 129–130, 149, 291 ciliary body, 12, 199, 275, 283

αB-crystallin expression in, 136 invertebrate, 17

muscle, 19, 22, 121 of birds, 22

of reptiles, 21, 22 Pax6 expression in, 55

ciliary zonule. See zonular fibers cis-regulatory element, 129, 130, 145 cis-regulatory site, 141

clathrin coated vesicles, 97 ClC. See Cl− channel

Cl− channel, 156 blockers, 157 inhibition, 165, 167

cochlea, 181 coilin, 240

colchicine, 180, 220 collagen, 246, 248, 251, 310

type I, 243, 250, 251, 255, 285, 286, 287, 310 type II, 310

type III, 286, 287

type IV, 245, 246, 247, 250, 251, 285 increased synthesis, 247

mutations, 247 subunits, 247

Collucci, V. L., 290, 294 Conductance

K+, 154, 155

Na+, 154, 155

Cl−, 154, 157

connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), 287 connexins, 236

connexin (43), 94, 157, 158, 159, 287 connexin (44), 157

connexin (45.6), 157, 158

connexin (46), 108, 156, 157, 158, 160 knockout, 159

connexin (49), 157, 158

connexin [50 (α8)], 108, 157, 158, 160, 236 connexin (56), 157, 158, 259

consensus DNA binding sequence, 55, 65 core promoter. See basal promoter

core promoter element, 129 cornea, 13, 19, 245, 272, 275

αB-crystallin expression in, 136 clarity, 71

δ-crystallin expression in, 142 discovery of layers, 12 endothelium, 121

epithelium, 23, 24, 216, 265 in lens regeneration, 304, 305 of amphibians, 20–21

of cephalopods, 126 of cyclostomes, 20 of fish, 20

Pax6 expression in, 55 S-crystallin expression in, 126

Coulombre, Jane and Chris, 241 CP49. See intermediate filament, CP49 CRABP, 269, 285

CRE, 133, 134, 135, 146

CREB, 134, 135–136, 140, 145, 148

CREB-2, 66 CREM, 134, 135, 148

Cruetzfeldt-Jacob disease, 122

Crx, 61

crystallins, 119–150, 199, 208, 218, 269, 299, 303, 308

as markers of lens differentiation, 120, 128, 138, 271

as markers of lens induction, 30, 32, 33, 34, 35, 42, 43

α-crystallin, 119, 120–122, 123, 142, 147, 148, 199, 219, 222, 223, 271, 287, 292

αA-crystallin, 56, 61, 65, 120, 121–122, 130–136, 137, 139, 145, 147, 148, 149–150, 203, 273, 281, 284, 292, 308

αA-CRYBP1, 133, 134, 135

αB-crystallin, 56, 120, 121–122, 136–138, 147, 150, 269, 281, 285, 303

β-crystallin, 43, 57, 120, 122–124, 130, 138–140, 142, 147, 148, 199, 203, 208, 223, 236, 271, 275, 279, 292

βA1-crystallin, 122, 123, 124, 140, 144, 308 βA2-crystallin, 122, 123

βA3-crystallin, 122, 123, 124, 140, 144, 308 βA4-crystallin, 119, 122

βB1-crystallin, 122, 138–139, 145, 149, 292, 308

βB2-crystallin, 122, 123, 124, 140, 148, 308 βB3-crystallin, 122, 123

βHigh, 122, 123 βLow, 122, 123

proteolysis, 123

-crystallin, 124, 127

enzyme-crystallins, 124–125, 126, 127, 142 δ-crystallin, 30, 42, 45, 56, 63, 65, 120, 124, 130,

142–144, 147, 148, 150, 221, 241, 268, 273, 285, 308

drosocrystallin, 127–128, 146

γ -crystallin, 66, 119, 122–124, 125, 140–142, 147, 148, 199, 203, 208, 223, 271, 292, 308

γA-crystallin, 122, 124, 140, 141

γB-crystallin, 60, 122, 123, 124, 140, 141–142, 148

γC-crystallin, 122, 124, 140

γD-crystallin, 60, 122, 124, 140, 141–142

γE-crystallin, 122, 123, 124, 140, 303

γF-crystallin, 44, 63, 66, 122, 140, 141, 147, 285, 303

γG-crystallin, 140

γS-crystallin, 122, 124, 142, 148

J-crystallins, 127, 145 L-crystallin, 127

invertebrate crystallins, 125–128-crystallin, 126–127, 145 refractive index, 104, 120, 128 regulation by Maf genes, 65–66 regulation by Pax6, 56–57

regulation by retinoic acid receptors, 68 regulation by Sox genes, 44, 63, 268 S-crystallins, 125–126, 144–145

τ -crystallin, 124, 144

taxon-specific, 119, 124, 128, 142, 144 transcriptional regulation, 120, 128, 129–150 ζ -crystallin, 56, 144, 150

crystallin cone. See lens, crystallin cone CTGF. See connective tissue growth factor cup eye. See eye, cupulate

cyclins, 192, 202, 205, 211, 218 A-type, 193, 195, 200

B-type, 193, 195, 196, 200, 201

D-type, 192, 193, 196, 197, 200, 201, 208, 209 E-type, 192, 193, 195, 196, 197, 200, 205, 206,

209

Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), 192, 205, 208, 218

Cdc2, 193, 195, 196, 200, 201 Cdk1. See Cdc2

Cdk2, 193, 195, 200, 209 Cdk3, 193

Cdk4, 193, 196, 200, 201, 209 Cdk5, 201

Cdk6, 209

Cdk7, 201

Cdk8, 201

390 Index

Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs), 196, 208 p21CIP1 family, 196

p21, 196, 201

p27 (Kip1), 60, 196, 197, 201, 202, 209, 218,

259

p57 (Kip2), 60, 129, 196, 201, 202, 208, 209, 218, 259

p16INK4 family, 196, 206 p15, 196

p16, 196, 201 p18, 196 p19, 196

cyclopic monster, 27 cytochalasin, 185 cytochrome C, 240 cytoplasmic shedding, 292 cytoskeleton

lens epithelium, 94

cz. See lens epithelium, central zone

δEF1, 143

δEF2, 143 δEF3, 63, 143

dac. See dachshund dachshund, 49–51 dark cells, 93 Daviel, Jacques, 6

da Vinci, Leonardo, 6–7 DC5, 143

DE1, 133, 134, 135 decapentaplegic, 185

De Corporis Humani Structura et Usu, 8 De Humani Corporis Fabrica, 7

De Medicina, 4

De Formatione Pulli in Ovo, 11 dedifferentiation, 290, 292, 293, 294, 299, 300,

308–309, 310 depigmentation, 291, 292, 295 dermatitis, atopic, 287 dermis, 34

Descartes, Rene,´ 119

Descripto, 12 desmin, 286

desmin-related myopathy, 122 desmoglein/desmocollin complex, 179 desmoplakin, 179

desmosome, 94, 179 dextran, 230

DFF, 238 DFF40, 238

DFF45, 237, 238 Dickkopf, 285

dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), 193 DiOC6, 234

Dioptrice, 9 Disheveled, 285 disulfiram, 303 DLG, 211

Dlx3/dll2, 41 DNAse. See nuclease

DNAseI hypersensitive region, 129 donnan forces, 152

Duke-Elder, Stewart, 15

dynein, 180, 228 glued, 181

dysgenetic lens, 45, 65, 265

E6, 207, 211

E7, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 211 E-box, 133

EBS. See Epidermolysis, Bullosa Simplex ECM. See extracellular matrix

ectoderm, 306 animal cap, 37, 39

head, 27, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 46, 246, 299

nasal, 40

neural, 23, 35, 55, 59, 299 placodal, 34–35

presumptive lens, 27, 147, 261, 262–263, 265, 267, 270

surface, 17, 23, 24, 25 trunk, 32, 33–34

ectodermal enhancer, 265, 266, 267 ectopic eye, 263

ectopic lens, 58, 59, 64, 263, 300, 304

E2F, 193, 195, 197, 202, 205, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210

DP partner, 193, 195

EE. See ectodermal enhancer efi. See epithelial-fiber interface

EGF. See epidermal growth factor Eguchi, G., 292, 295, 304, 305 elb-B, 308

Elo, 123

Elschnig’s Pearls, 243 embryonic induction, 15, 27 EMT, 255, 285, 287

endoplasmic reticulum, 214, 234, 241 end point definition, 29–30 Engrailed, 54

enhancer, 55, 61, 63, 65, 129, 141, 142, 143–144, 146, 150, 264

Entwickelungsgeschichte der Thiere, 13 EP37, 123

epidermal growth factor (EGF), 200, 282, 284, 289, 309

receptor, 170, 284

Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex (EBS), 174, 178 epithelial-fiber interface, 97–103, 183, 185, 251

gap junctions, 99 role in transport, 97

epithelial-mesenchymal transition. See EMT equatorial zone, 249, 251, 292

ERK, 174, 255, 275–276 inhibitor, 175

EST. See expressed sequence tag estrogen, 288

exon shuffling, 126 expressed sequence tag, 123

extracellular matrix, 245, 261, 285, 286, 293, 310 extracellular signal-regulated kinase. See ERK ey. See eyeless

eya. See eyes absent Eya genes, 67 Eya1, 44, 67

eye

camera-like, 17, 19 compound, 16, 18–19 cupulate, 17 eye-spot, 15, 16

faceted. See, eye compound flat, 16

pinhole camera, 17, 19 simple, 15, 16 structural diversity, 15 vesicular, 16, 17–18

eyeless, 41, 49–51, 55, 263 eyes absent, 49–51, 67

FAC. See focal adhesion complex FAK. See focal adhesion kinase fasciae adherens, 185

F-box, 196, 197

SKP2, 197

fetal calf serum, 219, 220, 221 FGF. See fibroblast growth factor

FGFR. See fibroblast growth factor receptor Fabricius ab Aquapendente, Falloppio Hieronymus, 8 fibrillarin, 240

fibronectin, 286, 287

fibroblast growth factor, 129, 149, 200, 217, 222, 267, 270, 273, 289, 309

as a lens competence factor, 39 association with HSPG, 248

FGF-1, 274–275, 277, 279, 280, 300, 305, 309 FGF-2 (bFGF), 149, 274–275, 277, 279, 280, 309 FGF-3, 275, 277, 279

FGF-4, 279, 305 FGF-5, 275, 277, 279 FGF-7, 279

FGF-8, 45, 275, 277, 279

FGF-9, 275, 277, 279, 280 FGF-11, 275

FGF-12, 275, 277 FGF-13, 275 FGF-15, 275, 277 FGF-19, 275

gradient, 217, 276–279, 282, 299 induced proliferation, 217, 283–284 induced migration, 217, 219

induced fiber differentiation, 219, 273–280, 282 in regeneration, 294, 295, 299–300

modulation by syndecan, 246 overexpression, 217 transgenic mice, 45

fibroblast growth factor receptor, 169, 267, 276, 279, 294, 295, 299–300, 305

dominant negative, 267, 279 secreted, 279

fibronectin, 169, 171, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249, 250, 252, 255, 293

filensin. See intermediate filaments, filensin fixatives, first use of, 12

Fleshes, 4

focal adhesion complex (FAC), 250, 251, 256, 257 focal adhesion kinase (FAK), 256, 257, 310 follistatin, 45

forgut endoderm, 34–35, 45

forkhead, 64, 265 forkhead genes, 64–65

FoxE3, 45, 57, 64–65, 265–266, 267, 270 frameshift mutation, 123

frizzled. See Wnt, receptor

galectin-3, 171, 259 Galen, Claudius, 5–6, 7, 12

gap junction, 154, 157, 158, 228, 230, 259, 292 gene duplication, 120, 124–125, 126

gene sharing, 124–125, 128 geodome, 94

germinative zone. See lens epithelium, germinative zone

GFP. See green fluorescent protein

Gli2, 42 glucagon, 135 glucose

lens homeostasis, 163 levels in aqueous, 163, 164 transport, 163 transporters, 163, 165

glucose facilitated transporter. See GLUT GLUT, 164

absence of, 164 expression, 164

glutathione S-transferase, 125–126, 144 glutathione transporter, 165

glycolysis, 180, 239 glycoprotein, 305 glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), 245

chondroitin sulfate, 246 heparan sulfate, 246, 279

G-protein receptors beta-andrenergic, 168 muscarinic acetylcholine, 168 purinergic, 168

Grb2, 255

Greek key motif, 122, 123, 124 green fluorescent protein, 230, 241 GRIFIN, 172, 259

growth shell, 73

GST. See glutathione S-transferase

gz. See lens epithelium, germinative zone

haemolytic anemia, 183 Haller, Albrecht von, 12 Harvey, William, 8 HAT, 147

Hayashi, T., 294

HDAC. See histone deacetylase head mesenchyme, 42, 45 heart mesoderm, 34

heat shock element, 137 heat shock factors, 137, 148 hedgehog signaling, 42, 43 hemi-channel, 155, 156 hemidesmosome, 178, 248

hepatocyte growth factor, 284, 289 receptor. See c-met

HGF. See hepatocyte growth factor high mobility group. See HMG box Hippocrates, 4

392 Index

histone acetyltransferase. See HAT histone deacetylase (HDAC), 193 HNK-1, 42

HMG box, 62–63, 268 homeobox gene, 45, 51, 270, 299

paired-type, 41

homeodomain, 51, 55, 59, 60, 134, 142, 143, 263, 265

paired-type, 54, 55, 62 bicoid-like, 61

homothorax, 265 hornblatt, 14

host/donor marking, 29, 30

HPV16. See human papillomavirus type 16 HS. See glycosmainoglycans, heparan sulfate HSB2, 121, 136, 138

HSF. See heat shock factor hsp27, 150

hsp29, 150

HSPG. See proteoglycans, heparan sulfate proteoglycan

human dissection, 4, 6–12 human genome project, 123

human papillomavirus type 16, 203, 207 Huntington’s disease, 122

Huschke, Emil, 13 hyaloid artery, 24 hyaluronidase, 293 hypoblast, 34

IGF. See Insulin-like growth factor Immunoglobulin (IgG), 241, 249 Imokawa, Y., 305

In Ovo et Pullo Observationes, 11 initiator element, 129, 133, 135, 137 Innocent XII, pope, 11

Inr. See initiator element

insulin, 135, 174, 219, 220, 273, 284, 289 receptor, 219

insulin-like growth factor (IGF), 174, 200, 211, 273, 282, 284, 289

IGF-1, 149, 217, 220 receptor, 170, 219, 255

integrin, 149, 170, 178, 226, 229, 245, 249, 250, 251, 255, 310

isoforms, 170

α1β1, 251

α2β1, 251

α3, 310

α3β1, 253, 256

α5, 255, 257

α5β1, 252, 253, 256

α6, 253, 255, 310

α6A, 253

α6B, 253

α6β1, 226, 253, 255

α6β4, 178, 186, 253, 255

α8, 310

αV, 255

αVβ3, 249, 255

β1, 251, 253, 310

β3, 255

β4, 253

intermediate filaments, 94, 105, 174, 180, 183 associated proteins (IFAPs)

adducin, 179 ankyrin, 179, 184 band 3, 179

band 4.1, 179, 185, 186 band 4.9, 179 caldesman, 179 α-crystallin, 174 IFAP300. See plectin plakoglobin, 179, 186 plectin, 178

mutations, 178

spectrin, 179, 184, 186, 236, 237, 238 tropomodulin, 179, 186 tropomyosin, 179

CP115. See filensin CP49, 174, 176, 233, 236

expression, 174, 175, 176, 177, 273 mutations, 174, 176, 178 phosphorylation, 177

CP49ins, 175

CP49/filensin network, 176, 177 desmin, 175

expression in different species, 175 filensin, 174, 176

expression, 174, 175, 177, 282 proteolytic processing, 177, 232

GFAP, 175 nestin, 175, 176

overexpression, 178 phakinin. See CP49

iris, 275, 283

dorsal, 290, 292, 294–295, 297, 299, 303, 305, 306–311

epithelium, 291, 293 invertebrate, 17 papillary margin, 19, 291

ventral, 292, 294, 295, 297, 299, 300, 304–305, 306–311

Jun, 145

c-jun, 66, 208

K+-channel. See potassium channel

KB, 91–93

KL, 91–93

Kepler, Johannes, 9, 119 keratin, 174, 176

keratin (14), 174, 211 Kessler, Paul Leonhard, 14 kinesin, 180, 182, 183, 228

Kreisler. See MafB

L’Occhio della Mossca, 10 lacrimal gland, 265

lactate dehydrogenase, 124 lamellipodia, 226

Lamin B, 237, 238

Laminin, 171, 245, 246, 247, 250, 251, 253, 255, 293 Laminin-1, 248, 253

Laminin-5, 248, 253

Laminin-10/11, 253 Merosin, 248

Lectin, 259

LDL-related proteins. See LRP Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 12

LEDGF. See lens epithelium-derived growth factor lens

accommodation, 10, 17, 19, 21, 22, 105, 183, 217, 226, 230

adult nucleus, 90

as center of eye, 4, 7

as center of visual function, 4, 5, 9 as liquid, 4, 13

as stratified epithelium, 72, 73 calcite, 19

capsule, 12, 13, 14, 20, 24, 71, 94, 128, 149, 226, 229, 246, 271, 274, 279, 292

abnormalities, 247, 249, 253 components, 246, 247, 248, 249 detachment from, 257

cell membranes, 151

cell migration, 217, 226, 243, 248 circulating current, 151, 153, 154, 255, 259 comparison to skin, 23, 73

cortex, 26, 87, 90, 115, 120, 148, 161 crystallin cone, 18–19

cuticular, 17 diabetic, 167

embryonic nucleus, 26, 77, 87, 103, 115 fetal nucleus, 87, 89, 90, 115

fibers. See lens fibers free, 31, 34, 35, 40, 42, 44

gap junction, 86, 94, 97, 105–108 growth rate, 212

internal circulatory system, 86 invagination of surface ectoderm, 13 inversion, 272, 283

juvenile nucleus, 90, 115 membrane potential, 154, 155

nucleus, 87, 89, 90, 115, 120, 148, 161 opacification, 157

of amphibians, 20–21 of avians, 76

of bovines, 90

of cephalopods, 17, 126 of cyclostomes, 20

of fish, 20, 86 of mice, 90

of Peripatus, 17 of reptiles, 21, 76 of scallops, 127

polarity, 261, 272, 275, 279, 281, 295, 299, 300, 305 regeneration, 60, 290–311

structural diversity, 15, see also eye, structural diversity

transparency, 151, 152, 225 thickness, 86

volume, 103 width, 86

lens determination, 27 bias, 35, 36, 39–42, 262

competence, 35, 36, 37–39, 262 differentiation, 36, 37, 44–45 inhibition, 36, 37, 42–43 specification, 35, 37, 43

lens epithelium, 20, 25, 27, 261, 271–272, 306 α-crystallin expression in, 120, 136

cell density, 93 cell line

αTN4-1, 130, 133, 135 N/N1003a, 130, 133, 140

central zone, 72–73, 92–93 dependence on CREB-2, 66 dependence on FoxE3, 65 explantation, 32, 44

explants, 32, 130, 149, 199, 218, 219, 220, 222, 250, 273, 274, 275, 277, 282, 283, 286

gene expression restricted to, 45, 64, 66, 67, 283 germinative zone, 26, 72, 73, 92–93, 199, 215, 216,

217, 247, 251, 252, 261, 273, 283–284 homeostasis, 92–93, 283–289

of amphibians, 21 of fish, 21

of reptiles, 21

patch clamp, 154, 155, 157 pre-germinative zone, 72, 73 presumptive, 263 ultrastructure, 94

lens epithelium-derived growth factor, 285–286 lens fiber, 271–272

α-crystallin expression in, 120, 136 arrangement of, 20

ball and socket junctions, 108, 230, 233 compaction, 115

cortical fibers, 85, 87, 90, 124, 136, 140, 144, 148 cytoplasm, 103–105

cytoskeleton, 105, 121 differentiation, 201, 217, 242 discovery of, 12

early descriptions of, 13, 14

elongation, 73, 128, 215, 220, 221, 222, 223, 226, 273, 277, 279, 281, 292, 299

block to, 220, 222, 223, 274 fusion, 110–115 globulization, 154, 155, 156 homeostasis, 91

loss of organelles, 26, 73, 87 mature, 216, 231, 232 maturing, 216

membranes, 105–115, 121 apical, 227, 228

basal, 226, 228 lateral, 228, 230

membrane potential, 155

nuclear degradation, 158, 234, 236, 239, 257, 274 nuclear fibers, 85, 87, 90, 103, 108

juvenile, 89, 90 nucleus, 214

organelle degradation, 234, 236, 238, 239, 257, 274 patch clamp, 154

Pax6 expression in, 55, 139 polarization, 225, 228 precursors, 215

primary, 25, 72, 87, 123, 197, 232, 261, 271, 291, 292

secondary, 26, 72–73, 87, 89, 93, 130, 261, 291, 292–293

size and shape, 214, 225, 231

394 Index

lens fiber (cont.) S-shaped, 79 straight, 77

structure of primary fibers, 87, 103 structure of secondary fibers, 103 thickness, 87

ultrastructure, 103–115 uncoupling differentiation, 175 width, 87

lens pit, 23, 26, 59, 63, 130, 143, 147, 148, 197, 199, 246, 266, 267, 269, 271

lens placode, 14, 23, 27, 30, 32, 36, 41, 42, 45, 46, 55, 57, 58, 59, 60, 63, 65, 66, 67, 71, 120, 136, 137, 139, 142, 143, 147, 186, 246, 261, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 269, 270, 299

lens stalk, 23, 263, 265, 267

lens sutures, 20, 128, 223, 226, 227, 228, 229, 246, 248, 249

formed by human juvenile nuclear fibers, 89 in fetal nucleus, 89

line, 229

optical qualities of, 84–85 structure of, 77–79

of fish, 20

of reptiles, 21 star, 229

optical qualities of, 85 structure of, 79–84

suture patterns, 79, 90 umbilical, 228

optical qualities of, 84–85 structure of, 76–77

Y, 229

optical qualities of, 84–85 structure of, 77–79

lens vesicle, 187, 197, 232, 245, 249, 267, 271, 281, 291

α-crystallin expression in, 120, 130

abnormal separation from surface ectoderm, 45 βB1-crystallin expression in, 138

disruption, 251

early descriptions of, 13, 14 ectopic induction of, 34

embryology of, 23, 25, 27, 71–72, 148, 261 during regeneration, 292, 299, 300

FoxE3 expression in, 55

γ -crystallin expression in, 141 Maf gene expression in, 65–66 mitotic activity in, 26, 32 Pax6 expression in, 55, 139 Pitx3 expression in, 60

Prox1 expression in, 60 retinoid signaling in, 147 Six3 expression in, 59 Sox gene expression in, 63

lentigenic cells, 126, 145

lentoid, 33, 46, 136, 158, 218, 243, 282, 306, 308 lentropin, 273

leucine zipper. See basic region/leucine zipper genes Lewis, Warren, 3

Lhx2, 42, 62, 263 light organ, squid, 127 LIM domain, 62

locus control region, 129, 150 LRP, 285

Lrp6, 270

LRS1, 138, 150

LRS2, 138, 150

macrophage, 292

Maf, 63, 65–66, 136, 139, 140, 141, 142

c-Maf, 45, 65–66, 134, 135, 136, 138, 139, 140, 141–142, 143, 146, 148, 202, 208, 223

L-Maf, 45, 65, 135, 136, 139, 143, 148 MafB, 45, 66, 134, 143

NRL, 66, 140, 144, 148 v-maf, 65

Maˆıtre-Jan, Antoine, 12

major intrinsic polypeptide. See MIP Malpighi, Marcello, 10–11

MAPK, 39, 211, 275

MARE, 65, 133, 139, 144, 146 MDRI see multidrug resistance gene

maturation promoting factor (MPF), 195 Meis, 265, 269, 270

Melencephalic bleb (my), 245 Mencl, Ernst, 3

meridional rows, 26, 223, 271 merlin, 185

tumor suppressor gene, 242, 243 mesenchymal cells, 250

myofibroblasts, 243, 287 methylation, 142

MHL, 137

Microtubules, 179, 180, 184, 220, 228, 233 epithelial cells, 180

fiber cells, 180 function, 180, 181

organizing center (MTOC), 179, 180 centrosomes, 180, 181, 195

polarity, 179

microphthalmia, 57, 61, 64, 160, 171, 263, 266, 267 micropinocytosis, 97

microscope invention of, 10

Mikroskopische Untersuchungen uber¨ die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachsthum der Thiere und Pflanzen, 13

minimal lens-specific promoter, 129, 135, 136, 137 minimal promoter, 129, 130, 138, 140, 141, 149 MIP, 67, 90, 105, 108, 110, 161, 231, 236

activity, 162 function, 163 mutations, 163, 167 structure, 162, 163

mitochondria, 180, 214, 234, 240 mitogen-activated protein kinase. See MAPK mitosis. See cell cycle, M phase

MMP115, 308

MNNG. See N-methyl-N -nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine modulatory element, 129

morpholino, 294, 311 MP20, 171, 172, 259 MP70. See Connexin 50

MPF. See maturation promoting factor MTOC. See Mictrotubule organizing center