Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Development of the Ocular Lens_Lovicu, Lee Robinson_2004
.pdf
DEVELOPMENT OF THE OCULAR LENS
Development of the Ocular Lens provides a current view of research in lens developmental biology, emphasizing recent technical and molecular breakthroughs. Elucidation of the mechanisms that govern lens development has enabled us to understand how the normal lens forms and how developmental processes, namely, cell proliferation and differentiation, are involved in the maintenance of its normal structure, function, and growth throughout life. This knowledge is fundamental to our understanding of many lens disorders. The ocular lens has also become a model for understanding the developmental biology of more complex organ systems. In this book, leading experts in lens cell biology and development discuss lens evolution, induction, and morphology; the regulation of the lens cell cycle and fiber cell differentiation; and lens regeneration. This book is a broad and authoritative treatment of the subject that will serve as a reference for graduate students and research scientists in developmental biology and the visual sciences as well as for ophthalmologists.
Frank J. Lovicu is Senior Lecturer at the Save Sight Institute and in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, Institute for Biomedical Research, at the University of Sydney, Australia. He currently heads the Lens Research Laboratory in the Department of Anatomy and Histology, where he studies the role of growth factors in regulating normal and aberrant lens cell behavior.
Michael L. Robinson is Assistant Professor in the Department of Pediatrics at The Ohio State University, USA. He also heads the Transgenic and Embryonic Stem Cell Core Facility at Columbus Children’s Research Institute. Dr. Robinson’s research is focused on the role of FGF receptor signaling during lens fiber cell differentiation.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE OCULAR LENS
Edited by
FRANK J. LOVICU
University of Sydney
MICHAEL L. ROBINSON
Ohio State University and Columbus Children’s Research Institute
PUBLISHED BY THE PRESS SYNDICATE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE
The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK 40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA
477 Williamstown Road, Port Melbourne, VIC 3207, Australia Ruiz de Alarcon´ 13, 28014 Madrid, Spain
Dock House, The Waterfront, Cape Town 8001, South Africa
http://www.cambridge.org
C Cambridge University Press 2004
This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception
and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without
the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published 2004
Printed in the United States of America
Typeface Times 10/12 pt. |
System LTEX 2ε [TB] |
|
A |
A catalog record for this book is available from the British Library.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Development of the ocular lens / edited by Frank J. Lovicu, Michael L. Robinson.
p.; cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-521-83819-3 (HB)
1. Crystalline lens – Molecular aspects. 2. Crystalline lens – Cytology. I. Lovicu, Frank J. (Frank James), 1966– II. Robinson, Michael L., (Michael Lee), 1965–
[DNLM: 1. Lens, Crystalline – cytology. 2. Developmental Biology. WW 260 D489 2004]
QP478.D485 2004 |
|
612.8 44–dc22 |
2004040411 |
ISBN 0 521 83819 3 hardback
Contents
List of Contributors |
|
page ix |
Preface |
|
xiii |
Acknowledgments |
|
xv |
Part 1. Early Lens Development |
|
|
1 The Lens: Historical and Comparative Perspectives |
03 |
|
MICHAEL L. ROBINSON AND FRANK J. LOVICU |
|
|
1.1. Lens Anatomy and Development (Pre-1900) |
03 |
|
1.2. Comparative Ocular Anatomy |
15 |
|
1.3. Development of the Vertebrate Lens |
23 |
|
2 Lens Induction and Determination |
27 |
|
MARILYN fiSHER AND ROBERT M. GRAINGER |
|
|
2.1. Introduction |
|
27 |
2.2. Historical Overview |
|
29 |
2.3. Current Model of Lens Determination |
36 |
|
2.4. Inducing Signals |
|
45 |
2.5. Conclusions and Future Directions |
47 |
|
3 Transcription Factors in Early Lens Development |
48 |
|
GUY GOUDREAU, NICOLE BAUMER¨ |
, AND PETER GRUSS |
|
3.1. Introduction |
|
48 |
3.2. The Key Transcriptional Regulators Involved in Eye Development |
|
|
Are Conserved in Different Species |
49 |
|
3.3. Transcription Factors from Different Classes Are Involved |
|
|
in Lens Development |
|
51 |
3.4. Concluding Remarks |
|
68 |
Part 2. The Lens |
|
|
4 The Structure of the Vertebrate Lens |
71 |
|
JER R. KUSZAK AND M. JOSEPH COSTELLO |
|
|
4.1. Introduction |
|
71 |
4.2. Lens Development |
|
71 |
4.3. Different Types of Lenses as a Function of Suture Patterns |
75 |
|
4.4. Lens Gross Anatomy |
|
86 |
v
vi Contents
|
4.5. Lens Ultrastructure |
94 |
|
4.6. Summary |
115 |
5 |
Lens Crystallins |
119 |
|
MELINDA K. DUNCAN, ALES CVEKL, MARC KANTOROW, |
|
|
AND JORAM PIATIGORSKY |
|
|
5.1. Introduction |
119 |
|
5.2. Structure and Function of Crystallins |
120 |
|
5.3. Control of Crystallin Gene Expression |
128 |
|
5.4. Lessons from Transcriptional Control of Diverse Crystallin |
|
|
Genes: A Common Regulatory Mechanism? |
146 |
|
5.5. Current Questions |
148 |
|
5.6. Conclusion |
150 |
6 |
Lens Cell Membranes |
151 |
|
JOERG KISTLER, REINER ECKERT, AND PAUL DONALDSON |
|
|
6.1. Introduction |
151 |
|
6.2. An Internal Circulation Is Generated by Spatial Differences |
|
|
in Membrane Proteins |
152 |
|
6.3. Membrane Conductances Vary between Lens Regions |
154 |
|
6.4. Lens Cells Are Connected by Gap Junction Channels |
157 |
|
6.5. Na+ Pump Activity Is Greatest at the Lens Equator |
160 |
|
6.6. Water Flow across Lens Cell Membranes Is Enhanced |
|
|
by Aquaporins |
161 |
|
6.7. Specialized Transporters Serve Nutrient Uptake |
163 |
|
6.8. Changes in Membrane Channelor Transporter-Activity |
|
|
May Result in Cataract |
165 |
|
6.9. Some Membrane Receptors Have the Potential to Regulate |
|
|
Lens Homeostasis |
168 |
|
6.10. Multiple Membrane Receptors May Control the Highly |
|
|
Organized Lens Tissue Architecture |
169 |
|
6.11. Proteins with Adhesive Properties Further Support the Crystalline |
|
|
Lens Architecture |
170 |
|
6.12. Conclusion |
172 |
7 |
Lens Cell Cytoskeleton |
173 |
|
ROY QUINLAN AND ALAN PRESCOTT |
|
|
7.1. Introduction |
173 |
|
7.2. Major Components of the Lenticular Cytoskeleton |
173 |
|
7.3. Microtubule Networks in the Lens |
179 |
|
7.4. Actin in the Lens |
183 |
|
7.5. Conclusion |
187 |
|
Part 3. Lens Development and Growth |
|
8 Lens Cell Proliferation: The Cell Cycle |
191 |
|
|
ANNE E. GRIEP AND PUMIN ZHANG |
|
|
8.1. Introduction |
191 |
|
8.2. Regulation of the Cell Cycle |
191 |
|
8.3. Cellular Proliferation in the Lens |
197 |
|
Contents |
vii |
|
8.4. Expression Patterns of Cell Cycle Regulatory Genes in the |
|
|
Developing Lens |
200 |
|
8.5. Cell Cycle Regulation during Fiber Cell Differentiation |
202 |
|
8.6. Regulation of Proliferation in the Lens Epithelium |
210 |
|
8.7. Significance of Understanding Cell Cycle Control for |
|
|
Clinical Issues |
211 |
|
8.8. Key Questions for Future Investigation |
212 |
9 |
Lens Fiber Differentiation |
214 |
|
STEVEN BASSNETT AND DAVID BEEBE |
|
|
9.1. Introduction |
214 |
|
9.2. The Stages of Fiber Cell Differentiation |
214 |
|
9.3. Organization of Cells at the Lens Equator |
216 |
|
9.4. The Initial Events in Lens Fiber Cell Differentiation |
219 |
|
9.5. The Elongating Fiber Cell |
225 |
|
9.6. The Maturing Fiber Cell |
228 |
|
9.7. The Mature Fiber Cell |
231 |
|
9.8. How Is the Process of Fiber Cell Differentiation Related |
|
|
to the Overall Shape of the Lens? |
241 |
|
9.9. Lens Pathology: Cataracts Caused by Abnormal Fiber |
|
|
Cell Differentiation |
242 |
|
9.10. Concluding Remarks |
244 |
10 Role of Matrix and Cell Adhesion Molecules in Lens Differentiation |
245 |
|
|
A. SUE MENKO AND JANICE L. WALKER |
|
|
10.1. Extracellular Matrix |
245 |
|
10.2. Integrin Receptors |
250 |
|
10.3. Cadherins |
257 |
|
10.4. Other Lens Cell Adhesion Molecules |
259 |
|
10.5. Summary |
260 |
11 Growth Factors in Lens Development |
261 |
|
|
RICHARD A. LANG AND JOHN W. MCAVOY |
|
|
11.1. Lens Induction and Morphogenesis |
261 |
|
11.2. Lens Differentiation and Growth |
271 |
|
11.3. Overview |
289 |
12 |
Lens Regeneration |
290 |
|
KATIA DEL RIO-TSONIS AND GORO EGUCHI |
|
|
12.1. Introduction |
290 |
|
12.2. General Background on the Process of Lens Regeneration |
290 |
|
12.3. Problems Involved in the Study of Lens Regeneration |
293 |
|
12.4. Classic Approaches to the Problems |
294 |
|
12.5. Modern Approaches to Lens Regeneration |
297 |
|
12.6. Lens Regenerative Capacity of Vertebrates |
305 |
|
12.7. Transdifferentiation of PECs as the Basis of Lens Regeneration |
306 |
|
12.8. Future Prospects |
311 |
|
Bibliography |
313 |
|
Index |
387 |
Contributors
Bassnett, Steven, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB 8096, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA, phone: (1-314) 362-1604, fax: (1-314) 362-3638, e-mail: bassnett@vision.wustl.edu
B¨aumer, Nicole, Department of Medicine, Hematology and Oncology, University of Munster,¨ Domagstr. 3, 48129 Munster,¨ Germany, phone: (49-251) 8357147, fax: (49-251) 8352673, e-mail: nbaeumer@uni-muenster.de
Beebe, David, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S. Euclid Ave. CB 8096, St. Louis, MO 63110-1093, USA, phone: (1-314) 362-1621, fax: (1-314) 747-1405, e-mail: beebe@wustl.edu
Costello, M. Joseph, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB7090, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7090, USA, phone: (1-919) 966-6981, fax: (1-919) 966-1856, e-mail: mjc@med.unc.edu
Cvekl, Ales, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 713 Ullmann, 1300 Morris Park, Bronx, NY 10467-2490, USA, phone: (1-718) 430-3217, fax: (1-718) 430-8778, e-mail: cvekl@aecom.yu.edu
Del Rio-Tsonis, Katia, Department of Zoology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 450561400, USA, phone: (1-513) 529-3128, fax: (1-513) 529-6900, e-mail: delriok@muohio.edu
Donaldson, Paul, Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand, phone: (64-9) 3737599 ext. 84625, fax: (64-9) 3737499, e-mail: p.donaldson@auckland.ac.nz
Duncan, Melinda K., Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, 327 Wolf Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA, phone: (1-302) 831-0533, fax: (1-302) 831-2281, e-mail: duncanm@udel.edu
Eckert, Reiner, Department of Biophysics, Institute of Biology, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, D-70550 Stuttgart, Germany, phone: (49-711) 685 5028, fax: (49-711) 685 5096, e-mail: reiner.eckert@po.uni-stuttgart.de
Eguchi, Goro, Chairman and President, Shokei Educational Institution, 2-6-78, Kuhonji, Kumamoto, 862-8678, Japan, phone: (81-96) 364 0116, fax: (81-96) 363-6520, e-mail: shokei@shokei-gakuen.ac.jp
ix