Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Diabetic Retinopathy_Shamsul Ola_2012

retinopathy: association with retinal photocoagulation. Diabetologia. 2000; 43(11): 1404-7.

[55]Meyer-Schwickerath R, Pfeiffer A, Blum WF, Freyberger H, Klein M, Losche C, et al. Vitreous levels of the insulin-like growth factors I and II, and the insulin-like growth factor binding proteins 2 and 3, increase in neovascular eye disease. Studies in nondiabetic and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest. 1993; 92(6): 2620-5.

[56]Taniwaki T, Hirashima N, Becerra SP, Chader GJ, Etcheberrigaray R, Schwartz JP. Pigment epithelium-derived factor protects cultured cerebellar granule cells against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. J Neurochem. 1997; 68(1): 26-32.

[57]Pignolo RJ, Cristofalo VJ, Rotenberg MO. Senescent WI-38 cells fail to express EPC-1, a gene induced in young cells upon entry into the G0 state. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268(12): 8949-57.

[58]Stellmach V, Crawford SE, Zhou W, Bouck N. Prevention of ischemia-induced retinopathy by the natural ocular antiangiogenic agent pigment epithelium-derived factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2001; 98(5): 2593-7.

[59]Zheng Z, Chen H, Ke G, Fan Y, Zou H, Sun X, et al. Protective effect of perindopril on diabetic retinopathy is associated with decreased vascular endothelial growth factor-to-pigment epithelium-derived factor ratio: involvement of a mitochondriareactive oxygen species pathway. Diabetes. 2009; 58(4): 954-64.

[60]Kato K, Osawa H, Ochi M, Kusunoki Y, Ebisui O, Ohno K, et al. Serum total and high molecular weight adiponectin levels are correlated with the severity of diabetic retinopathy and nephropathy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2008; 68(3): 442-9.

[61]Higuchi A, Ohashi K, Shibata R, Sono-Romanelli S, Walsh K, Ouchi N. Thiazolidinediones reduce pathological neovascularization in ischemic retina via an adiponectin-dependent mechanism. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010; 30(1): 46-53.

[62]Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Nishida M, Matsuyama A, Okamoto Y, et al. Adipocytederived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation and class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation. 2001; 103(8): 1057-63.

[63]Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y, Maeda K, Kuriyama H, Okamoto Y, et al. Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation. 1999; 100(25): 2473-6.

[64]Sheetz MJ, King GL. Molecular understanding of hyperglycemia's adverse effects for diabetic complications. JAMA. 2002; 288(20): 2579-88.

[65]Spranger J, Pfeiffer AF. New concepts in pathogenesis and treatment of diabetic retinopathy. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes. 2001; 109 Suppl 2: S438-50.

[66]Gariano RF, Gardner TW. Retinal angiogenesis in development and disease. Nature. 2005; 438(7070): 960-6.

[67]Ouchi N, Kihara S, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Walsh K. Obesity, adiponectin and vascular inflammatory disease. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2003; 14(6): 561-6.

[68]Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF. A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem. 1995; 270(45): 26746-9.

[69]Shibata R, Sato K, Pimentel DR, Takemura Y, Kihara S, Ohashi K, et al. Adiponectin protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through AMPKand COX- 2-dependent mechanisms. Nat Med. 2005; 11(10): 1096-103.

[70]Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K, Nishizawa H, Matsuda M, Nagaretani H, et al. Dietinduced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med. 2002; 8(7): 731-7.

[71]Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T, Kubota T, Moroi M, Matsui J, et al. Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem. 2002; 277(29): 25863-6.

[72]Sharma K, Ramachandrarao S, Qiu G, Usui HK, Zhu Y, Dunn SR, et al. Adiponectin regulates albuminuria and podocyte function in mice. J Clin Invest. 2008; 118(5): 1645-56.

[73]Shibata R, Ouchi N, Kihara S, Sato K, Funahashi T, Walsh K. Adiponectin stimulates angiogenesis in response to tissue ischemia through stimulation of amp-activated protein kinase signaling. J Biol Chem. 2004; 279(27): 28670-4.

[74]Nishimura M, Izumiya Y, Higuchi A, Shibata R, Qiu J, Kudo C, et al. Adiponectin prevents cerebral ischemic injury through endothelial nitric oxide synthase dependent mechanisms. Circulation. 2008; 117(2): 216-23.

[75]Matsushita K, Yatsuya H, Tamakoshi K, Wada K, Otsuka R, Zhang H, et al. Inverse association between adiponectin and C-reactive protein in substantially healthy Japanese men. Atherosclerosis. 2006; 188(1): 184-9.

[76]Engeli S, Feldpausch M, Gorzelniak K, Hartwig F, Heintze U, Janke J, et al. Association between adiponectin and mediators of inflammation in obese women. Diabetes. 2003; 52(4): 942-7.

[77]Kumada M, Kihara S, Sumitsuji S, Kawamoto T, Matsumoto S, Ouchi N, et al. Association of hypoadiponectinemia with coronary artery disease in men. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003; 23(1): 85-9.

[78]Matsuda M, Kawasaki F, Yamada K, Kanda Y, Saito M, Eto M, et al. Impact of adiposity and plasma adipocytokines on diabetic angiopathies in Japanese Type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabet Med. 2004; 21(8): 881-8.

[79]Yilmaz MI, Sonmez A, Acikel C, Celik T, Bingol N, Pinar M, et al. Adiponectin may play a part in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Endocrinol. 2004; 151(1): 135-40.

[80]Higuchi A, Ohashi K, Kihara S, Walsh K, Ouchi N. Adiponectin suppresses pathological microvessel formation in retina through modulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression. Circ Res. 2009; 104(9): 1058-65.

[81]Matsuzawa Y, Funahashi T, Nakamura T. Molecular mechanism of metabolic syndrome X: contribution of adipocytokines adipocyte-derived bioactive substances. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1999; 892: 146-54.

[82]Friedman JM, Halaas JL. Leptin and the regulation of body weight in mammals. Nature. 1998; 395(6704): 763-70.

[83]Mantzoros CS. The role of leptin in human obesity and disease: a review of current evidence. Ann Intern Med. 1999; 130(8): 671-80.

[84]Sierra-Honigmann MR, Nath AK, Murakami C, Garcia-Cardena G, Papapetropoulos A, Sessa WC, et al. Biological action of leptin as an angiogenic factor. Science. 1998; 281(5383): 1683-6.

[85]Bouloumie A, Drexler HC, Lafontan M, Busse R. Leptin, the product of Ob gene, promotes angiogenesis. Circ Res. 1998; 83(10): 1059-66.

[86]Uckaya G, Ozata M, Bayraktar Z, Erten V, Bingol N, Ozdemir IC. Is leptin associated with diabetic retinopathy? Diabetes Care. 2000; 23(3): 371-6.

[87]Gariano RF, Nath AK, D'Amico DJ, Lee T, Sierra-Honigmann MR. Elevation of vitreous leptin in diabetic retinopathy and retinal detachment. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41(11): 3576-81.

[88]Suganami E, Takagi H, Ohashi H, Suzuma K, Suzuma I, Oh H, et al. Leptin stimulates ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization: possible role of vascular endothelial growth factor expressed in retinal endothelial cells. Diabetes. 2004; 53(9): 2443-8.

[89]Yano K, Bauchat JR, Liimatta MB, Clemmons DR, Duan C. Down-regulation of protein kinase C inhibits insulin-like growth factor I-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, migration, and gene expression. Endocrinology. 1999; 140(10): 4622-32.

[90]Matsuzawa Y. Therapy Insight: adipocytokines in metabolic syndrome and related cardiovascular disease. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006; 3(1): 35-42.

[91]DeBosch BJ, Baur E, Deo BK, Hiraoka M, Kumagai AK. Effects of insulin-like growth factor-1 on retinal endothelial cell glucose transport and proliferation. J Neurochem. 2001; 77(4): 1157-67.

[92]Sharp PS, Fallon TJ, Brazier OJ, Sandler L, Joplin GF, Kohner EM. Long-term follow-up of patients who underwent yttrium-90 pituitary implantation for treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia. 1987; 30(4): 199-207.

[93]Growth Hormone Antagonist for Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group.The effect of a growth hormone receptor antagonist drug on proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2001; 108(12): 2266-72.

[94]The effect of a growth hormone receptor antagonist drug on proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology. 2001; 108(12): 2266-72.

[95]Grant MB, Mames RN, Fitzgerald C, Hazariwala KM, Cooper-DeHoff R, Caballero S, et al. The efficacy of octreotide in the therapy of severe nonproliferative and early proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a randomized controlled study. Diabetes Care. 2000; 23(4): 504-9.

[96]Vincent JA, Mohr S. Inhibition of caspase-1/interleukin-1beta signaling prevents degeneration of retinal capillaries in diabetes and galactosemia. Diabetes. 2007; 56(1): 224-30.

[97]Krady JK, Basu A, Allen CM, Xu Y, LaNoue KF, Gardner TW, et al. Minocycline reduces proinflammatory cytokine expression, microglial activation, and caspase-3 activation in a rodent model of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2005; 54(5): 1559-65.

[98]Kowluru RA, Odenbach S. Role of interleukin-1beta in the development of retinopathy in rats: effect of antioxidants. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2004; 45(11): 4161-6.

[99]Kowluru RA, Odenbach S. Role of interleukin-1beta in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004; 88(10): 1343-7.

[100]Mohr S, Xi X, Tang J, Kern TS. Caspase activation in retinas of diabetic and galactosemic mice and diabetic patients. Diabetes. 2002; 51(4): 1172-9.

[101]Fan F, Stoeltzing O, Liu W, McCarty MF, Jung YD, Reinmuth N, et al. Interleukin1beta regulates angiopoietin-1 expression in human endothelial cells. Cancer Res. 2004; 64(9): 3186-90.

[102]Romeo G, Liu WH, Asnaghi V, Kern TS, Lorenzi M. Activation of nuclear factorkappaB induced by diabetes and high glucose regulates a proapoptotic program in retinal pericytes. Diabetes. 2002; 51(7): 2241-8.

[103]Dinarello CA, Donath MY, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Role of IL-1beta in type 2 diabetes. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2010; 17(4): 314-21.

[104]Yu JG, Javorschi S, Hevener AL, Kruszynska YT, Norman RA, Sinha M, et al. The effect of thiazolidinediones on plasma adiponectin levels in normal, obese, and type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes. 2002; 51(10): 2968-74.

[105]Zhou L, Sun H, Xu J, Kang J. [Level of vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin-6 in aqueous humor in diabetic retinopathy patients.]. Yan Ke Xue Bao. 2010; 25(1): 26-30.

[106]Lee JH, Lee W, Kwon OH, Kim JH, Kwon OW, Kim KH, et al. Cytokine profile of peripheral blood in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with diabetic retinopathy. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2008; 38(4): 361-7.

[107]Rojas M, Zhang W, Lee DL, Romero MJ, Nguyen DT, Al-Shabrawey M, et al. Role of IL-6 in angiotensin II-induced retinal vascular inflammation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010; 51(3): 1709-18.

[108]Nakazawa T, Hisatomi T, Nakazawa C, Noda K, Maruyama K, She H, et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 mediates retinal detachment-induced photoreceptor apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2007; 104(7): 2425-30.

[109]Oh IK, Kim SW, Oh J, Lee TS, Huh K. Inflammatory and angiogenic factors in the aqueous humor and the relationship to diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res. 2010; 35(12): 1116-27.

[110]Tang S, Le-Ruppert KC, Gabel VP. Expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) on proliferating vascular endothelial cells in diabetic epiretinal membranes. Br J Ophthalmol. 1994; 78(5): 370-6.

[111]Limb GA, Chignell AH, Green W, LeRoy F, Dumonde DC. Distribution of TNF alpha and its reactive vascular adhesion molecules in fibrovascular membranes of proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 1996; 80(2): 168-73.

[112]Ferrara N. Leukocyte adhesion. Missing link in angiogenesis. Nature. 1995; 376(6540): 467.

[113]Koch AE, Halloran MM, Haskell CJ, Shah MR, Polverini PJ. Angiogenesis mediated by soluble forms of E-selectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. Nature. 1995; 376(6540): 517-9.

[114]Olson JA, Whitelaw CM, McHardy KC, Pearson DW, Forrester JV. Soluble leucocyte adhesion molecules in diabetic retinopathy stimulate retinal capillary endothelial cell migration. Diabetologia. 1997; 40(10): 1166-71.

[115]Barile GR, Chang SS, Park LS, Reppucci VS, Schiff WM, Schmidt AM. Soluble cellular adhesion molecules in proliferative vitreoretinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Curr Eye Res. 1999; 19(3): 219-27.

[116]Bradham DM, Igarashi A, Potter RL, Grotendorst GR. Connective tissue growth factor: a cysteine-rich mitogen secreted by human vascular endothelial cells is related to the SRC-induced immediate early gene product CEF-10. J Cell Biol. 1991; 114(6): 1285-94.

[117]Grotendorst GR. Connective tissue growth factor: a mediator of TGF-beta action on fibroblasts. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 1997; 8(3): 171-9.

[118]Blom IE, Goldschmeding R, Leask A. Gene regulation of connective tissue growth factor: new targets for antifibrotic therapy? Matrix Biol. 2002; 21(6): 473-82.

[119]Leask A, Holmes A, Abraham DJ. Connective tissue growth factor: a new and important player in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2002; 4(2): 136-42.

[120]Hinton DR, Spee C, He S, Weitz S, Usinger W, LaBree L, et al. Accumulation of NH2terminal fragment of connective tissue growth factor in the vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(3): 758-64.

[121]Kita T, Hata Y, Kano K, Miura M, Nakao S, Noda Y, et al. Transforming growth factorbeta2 and connective tissue growth factor in proliferative vitreoretinal diseases: possible involvement of hyalocytes and therapeutic potential of Rho kinase inhibitor. Diabetes. 2007; 56(1): 231-8.

[122]Kireeva ML, Latinkic BV, Kolesnikova TV, Chen CC, Yang GP, Abler AS, et al. Cyr61 and Fisp12 are both ECM-associated signaling molecules: activities, metabolism, and localization during development. Exp Cell Res. 1997; 233(1): 63-77.

[123]Shimo T, Nakanishi T, Kimura Y, Nishida T, Ishizeki K, Matsumura T, et al. Inhibition of endogenous expression of connective tissue growth factor by its antisense oligonucleotide and antisense RNA suppresses proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. J Biochem. 1998; 124(1): 130-40.

[124]Babic AM, Chen CC, Lau LF. Fisp12/mouse connective tissue growth factor mediates endothelial cell adhesion and migration through integrin alphavbeta3, promotes endothelial cell survival, and induces angiogenesis in vivo. Mol Cell Biol. 1999; 19(4): 2958-66.

[125]Shimo T, Nakanishi T, Nishida T, Asano M, Sasaki A, Kanyama M, et al. Involvement of CTGF, a hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific gene product, in tumor angiogenesis. Oncology. 2001; 61(4): 315-22.

[126]He S, Jin ML, Worpel V, Hinton DR. A role for connective tissue growth factor in the pathogenesis of choroidal neovascularization. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003; 121(9): 1283-8.

[127]Watanabe D, Takagi H, Suzuma K, Oh H, Ohashi H, Honda Y. Expression of connective tissue growth factor and its potential role in choroidal neovascularization. Retina. 2005; 25(7): 911-8.

[128]Kita T, Hata Y, Miura M, Kawahara S, Nakao S, Ishibashi T. Functional characteristics of connective tissue growth factor on vitreoretinal cells. Diabetes. 2007; 56(5): 1421-8.

[129]McLeod DS, Lefer DJ, Merges C, Lutty GA. Enhanced expression of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and P-selectin in the diabetic human retina and choroid. Am J Pathol. 1995; 147(3): 642-53.

[130]Schroder S, Palinski W, Schmid-Schonbein GW. Activated monocytes and granulocytes, capillary nonperfusion, and neovascularization in diabetic retinopathy. Am J Pathol. 1991; 139(1): 81-100.

[131]Miyamoto K, Hiroshiba N, Tsujikawa A, Ogura Y. In vivo demonstration of increased leukocyte entrapment in retinal microcirculation of diabetic rats. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1998; 39(11): 2190-4.

[132]Joussen AM, Murata T, Tsujikawa A, Kirchhof B, Bursell SE, Adamis AP. Leukocytemediated endothelial cell injury and death in the diabetic retina. Am J Pathol. 2001; 158(1): 147-52.

[133]Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Mitsiades N, Cai WY, Suzuma I, Pak J, et al. Suppression of Fas- FasL-induced endothelial cell apoptosis prevents diabetic blood-retinal barrier breakdown in a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. FASEB J. 2003; 17(1): 76-8.

[134]Kohner EM, Henkind P. Correlation of fluorescein angiogram and retinal digest in diabetic retinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 1970; 69(3): 403-14.

[135]Barouch FC, Miyamoto K, Allport JR, Fujita K, Bursell SE, Aiello LP, et al. Integrinmediated neutrophil adhesion and retinal leukostasis in diabetes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41(5): 1153-8.

[136]Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Le ML, Koizumi K, Esser C, Janicki H, et al. A central role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. FASEB J. 2004; 18(12): 1450-2.

[137]Harris AG, Skalak TC, Hatchell DL. Leukocyte-capillary plugging and network resistance are increased in skeletal muscle of rats with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. Int J Microcirc Clin Exp. 1994; 14(3): 159-66.

[138]Kelly LW, Barden CA, Tiedeman JS, Hatchell DL. Alterations in viscosity and filterability of whole blood and blood cell subpopulations in diabetic cats. Exp Eye Res. 1993; 56(3): 341-7.

[139]Zheng L, Szabo C, Kern TS. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase is involved in the development of diabetic retinopathy via regulation of nuclear factor-kappaB. Diabetes. 2004; 53(11): 2960-7.

[140]Lu M, Perez VL, Ma N, Miyamoto K, Peng HB, Liao JK, et al. VEGF increases retinal vascular ICAM-1 expression in vivo. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999; 40(8): 1808-12.

[141]Hubbard AK, Rothlein R. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression and cell signaling cascades. Free Radic Biol Med. 2000; 28(9): 1379-86.

[142]Chen W, Jump DB, Grant MB, Esselman WJ, Busik JV. Dyslipidemia, but not hyperglycemia, induces inflammatory adhesion molecules in human retinal vascular endothelial cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2003; 44(11): 5016-22.

[143]Zheng L, Howell SJ, Hatala DA, Huang K, Kern TS. Salicylate-based antiinflammatory drugs inhibit the early lesion of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2007; 56(2): 337-45.

[144]Kowluru RA, Tang J, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes and experimental galactosemia. VII. Effect of long-term administration of antioxidants on the development of retinopathy. Diabetes. 2001; 50(8): 1938-42.

[145]Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, Case GL, Kern TS. Retinal glutamate in diabetes and effect of antioxidants. Neurochem Int. 2001; 38(5): 385-90.

[146]Du Y, Smith MA, Miller CM, Kern TS. Diabetes-induced nitrative stress in the retina, and correction by aminoguanidine. J Neurochem. 2002; 80(5): 771-9.

[147]Abu El-Asrar AM, Desmet S, Meersschaert A, Dralands L, Missotten L, Geboes K. Expression of the inducible isoform of nitric oxide synthase in the retinas of human subjects with diabetes mellitus. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001; 132(4): 551-6.

[148]Du Y, Sarthy VP, Kern TS. Interaction between NO and COX pathways in retinal cells exposed to elevated glucose and retina of diabetic rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004; 287(4): R735-41.

[149]Carmo A, Cunha-Vaz JG, Carvalho AP, Lopes MC. Nitric oxide synthase activity in retinas from non-insulin-dependent diabetic Goto-Kakizaki rats: correlation with blood-retinal barrier permeability. Nitric Oxide. 2000; 4(6): 590-6.

[150]do Carmo A, Lopes C, Santos M, Proenca R, Cunha-Vaz J, Carvalho AP. Nitric oxide synthase activity and L-arginine metabolism in the retinas from streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Gen Pharmacol. 1998; 30(3): 319-24.

[151]Kowluru RA. Retinal metabolic abnormalities in diabetic mouse: comparison with diabetic rat. Curr Eye Res. 2002; 24(2): 123-8.

[152]Kowluru RA, Engerman RL, Kern TS. Abnormalities of retinal metabolism in diabetes or experimental galactosemia VIII. Prevention by aminoguanidine. Curr Eye Res. 2000; 21(4): 814-9.

[153]Kowluru RA. Effect of reinstitution of good glycemic control on retinal oxidative stress and nitrative stress in diabetic rats. Diabetes. 2003; 52(3): 818-23.

[154]Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Qin W, Kirchhof B, Mitsiades N, Wiegand SJ, et al. Retinal vascular endothelial growth factor induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression and initiates early diabetic retinal leukocyte adhesion in vivo. Am J Pathol. 2002; 160(2): 501-9.

[155]Park JW, Park SJ, Park SH, Kim KY, Chung JW, Chun MH, et al. Up-regulated expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in experimental diabetic retina. Neurobiol Dis. 2006; 21(1): 43-9.

[156]Tilton RG, Pugliese G, LaRose LS, Faller AM, Chang K, Province MA, et al. Discordant effects of the aldose reductase inhibitor, sorbinil, on vascular structure and function in chronically diabetic and galactosemic rats. J Diabet Complications. 1991; 5(4): 230-7.

[157]Corbett JA, Tilton RG, Chang K, Hasan KS, Ido Y, Wang JL, et al. Aminoguanidine, a novel inhibitor of nitric oxide formation, prevents diabetic vascular dysfunction. Diabetes. 1992; 41(4): 552-6.

[158]Hasan K, Heesen BJ, Corbett JA, McDaniel ML, Chang K, Allison W, et al. Inhibition of nitric oxide formation by guanidines. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993; 249(1): 101-6.

[159]Misko TP, Moore WM, Kasten TP, Nickols GA, Corbett JA, Tilton RG, et al. Selective inhibition of the inducible nitric oxide synthase by aminoguanidine. Eur J Pharmacol. 1993; 233(1): 119-25.

[160]Kern TS, Engerman RL. Pharmacological inhibition of diabetic retinopathy: aminoguanidine and aspirin. Diabetes. 2001; 50(7): 1636-42.

[161]Kern TS, Tang J, Mizutani M, Kowluru RA, Nagaraj RH, Romeo G, et al. Response of capillary cell death to aminoguanidine predicts the development of retinopathy: comparison of diabetes and galactosemia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41(12): 3972-8.

[162]Zheng L, Du Y, Miller C, Gubitosi-Klug RA, Ball S, Berkowitz BA, et al. Critical role of inducible nitric oxide synthase in degeneration of retinal capillaries in mice with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Diabetologia. 2007; 50(9): 1987-96.

[163]Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Mitsiades N, Kirchhof B, Koizumi K, Dohmen S, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevent early diabetic retinopathy via TNFalpha suppression. FASEB J. 2002; 16(3): 438-40.

[164]Gamble JR, Drew J, Trezise L, Underwood A, Parsons M, Kasminkas L, et al. Angiopoietin-1 is an antipermeability and anti-inflammatory agent in vitro and targets cell junctions. Circ Res. 2000; 87(7): 603-7.

[165]Joussen AM, Poulaki V, Tsujikawa A, Qin W, Qaum T, Xu Q, et al. Suppression of diabetic retinopathy with angiopoietin-1. Am J Pathol. 2002; 160(5): 1683-93.

[166]Nishimura M, Ikeda T, Ushiyama M, Nanbu A, Kinoshita S, Yoshimura M. Increased vitreous concentrations of human hepatocyte growth factor in proliferative diabetic retinopathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1999; 84(2): 659-62.

[167]Katsura Y, Okano T, Noritake M, Kosano H, Nishigori H, Kado S, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor in vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy and other retinal disorders. Diabetes Care. 1998; 21(10): 1759-63.

[168]Canton A, Burgos R, Hernandez C, Mateo C, Segura RM, Mesa J, et al. Hepatocyte growth factor in vitreous and serum from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Br J Ophthalmol. 2000; 84(7): 732-5.

[169]Umeda N, Ozaki H, Hayashi H, Kondo H, Uchida H, Oshima K. Non-paralleled increase of hepatocyte growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor in the eyes with angiogenic and nonangiogenic fibroproliferation. Ophthalmic Res. 2002; 34(1): 43-7.

[170]Mitamura Y, Takeuchi S, Matsuda A, Tagawa Y, Mizue Y, Nishihira J. Hepatocyte growth factor levels in the vitreous of patients with proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol. 2000; 129(5): 678-80.

[171]Simo R, Lecube A, Garcia-Arumi J, Carrasco E, Hernandez C. Hepatocyte growth factor in the vitreous fluid of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy: its relationship with vascular endothelial growth factor and retinopathy activity. Diabetes Care. 2004; 27(1): 287-8.

[172]Risau W. Mechanisms of angiogenesis. Nature. 1997; 386(6626): 671-4.

[173]Hanahan D. Signaling vascular morphogenesis and maintenance. Science. 1997; 277(5322): 48-50.

[174]Millauer B, Wizigmann-Voos S, Schnurch H, Martinez R, Moller NP, Risau W, et al. High affinity VEGF binding and developmental expression suggest Flk-1 as a major regulator of vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. Cell. 1993; 72(6): 835-46.

[175]Joukov V, Pajusola K, Kaipainen A, Chilov D, Lahtinen I, Kukk E, et al. A novel vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF-C, is a ligand for the Flt4 (VEGFR-3) and KDR (VEGFR-2) receptor tyrosine kinases. EMBO J. 1996; 15(7): 1751.

[176]de Vries C, Escobedo JA, Ueno H, Houck K, Ferrara N, Williams LT. The fms-like tyrosine kinase, a receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor. Science. 1992; 255(5047): 989-91.

[177]Sato TN, Qin Y, Kozak CA, Audus KL. Tie-1 and tie-2 define another class of putative receptor tyrosine kinase genes expressed in early embryonic vascular system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1993; 90(20): 9355-8.

[178]Puri MC, Rossant J, Alitalo K, Bernstein A, Partanen J. The receptor tyrosine kinase TIE is required for integrity and survival of vascular endothelial cells. EMBO J. 1995; 14(23): 5884-91.

[179]Sato TN, Tozawa Y, Deutsch U, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Fujiwara Y, Gendron-Maguire M, et al. Distinct roles of the receptor tyrosine kinases Tie-1 and Tie-2 in blood vessel formation. Nature. 1995; 376(6535): 70-4.

[180]Dumont DJ, Gradwohl G, Fong GH, Puri MC, Gertsenstein M, Auerbach A, et al. Dominant-negative and targeted null mutations in the endothelial receptor tyrosine kinase, tek, reveal a critical role in vasculogenesis of the embryo. Genes Dev. 1994; 8(16): 1897-909.

[181]Shalaby F, Rossant J, Yamaguchi TP, Gertsenstein M, Wu XF, Breitman ML, et al. Failure of blood-island formation and vasculogenesis in Flk-1-deficient mice. Nature. 1995; 376(6535): 62-6.

[182]Vikkula M, Boon LM, Carraway KL, 3rd, Calvert JT, Diamonti AJ, Goumnerov B, et al. Vascular dysmorphogenesis caused by an activating mutation in the receptor tyrosine kinase TIE2. Cell. 1996; 87(7): 1181-90.

[183]Davis S, Aldrich TH, Jones PF, Acheson A, Compton DL, Jain V, et al. Isolation of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, by secretion-trap expression cloning. Cell. 1996; 87(7): 1161-9.

[184]Maisonpierre PC, Suri C, Jones PF, Bartunkova S, Wiegand SJ, Radziejewski C, et al. Angiopoietin-2, a natural antagonist for Tie2 that disrupts in vivo angiogenesis. Science. 1997; 277(5322): 55-60.

[185]Oh SJ, Jeltsch MM, Birkenhager R, McCarthy JE, Weich HA, Christ B, et al. VEGF and VEGF-C: specific induction of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in the differentiated avian chorioallantoic membrane. Dev Biol. 1997; 188(1): 96-109.

[186]Suri C, Jones PF, Patan S, Bartunkova S, Maisonpierre PC, Davis S, et al. Requisite role of angiopoietin-1, a ligand for the TIE2 receptor, during embryonic angiogenesis. Cell. 1996; 87(7): 1171-80.

[187]Wong AL, Haroon ZA, Werner S, Dewhirst MW, Greenberg CS, Peters KG. Tie2 expression and phosphorylation in angiogenic and quiescent adult tissues. Circ Res. 1997; 81(4): 567-74.

[188]Asahara T, Chen D, Takahashi T, Fujikawa K, Kearney M, Magner M, et al. Tie2 receptor ligands, angiopoietin-1 and angiopoietin-2, modulate VEGF-induced postnatal neovascularization. Circ Res. 1998; 83(3): 233-40.

[189]Dzau VJ. Molecular biology of angiotensin II biosynthesis and receptors. Can J Cardiol. 1995; 11 Suppl F: 21F-6F.

[190]Chaturvedi N, Sjolie AK, Stephenson JM, Abrahamian H, Keipes M, Castellarin A, et al. Effect of lisinopril on progression of retinopathy in normotensive people with type 1 diabetes. The EUCLID Study Group. EURODIAB Controlled Trial of Lisinopril in Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. Lancet. 1998; 351(9095): 28-31.

[191]Naftilan AJ, Pratt RE, Dzau VJ. Induction of platelet-derived growth factor A-chain and c-myc gene expressions by angiotensin II in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. J Clin Invest. 1989; 83(4): 1419-24.

[192]Delafontaine P, Lou H. Angiotensin II regulates insulin-like growth factor I gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. J Biol Chem. 1993; 268(22): 16866-70.

[193]Tomita H, Egashira K, Ohara Y, Takemoto M, Koyanagi M, Katoh M, et al. Early induction of transforming growth factor-beta via angiotensin II type 1 receptors contributes to cardiac fibrosis induced by long-term blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Hypertension. 1998; 32(2): 273-9.

[194]Otani A, Takagi H, Suzuma K, Honda Y. Angiotensin II potentiates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenic activity in retinal microcapillary endothelial cells. Circ Res. 1998; 82(5): 619-28.

[195]Otani A, Takagi H, Oh H, Suzuma K, Matsumura M, Ikeda E, et al. Angiotensin IIstimulated vascular endothelial growth factor expression in bovine retinal pericytes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000; 41(5): 1192-9.

[196]Otani A, Takagi H, Oh H, Koyama S, Honda Y. Angiotensin II induces expression of the Tie2 receptor ligand, angiopoietin-2, in bovine retinal endothelial cells. Diabetes. 2001; 50(4): 867-75.

[197]Sawada N, Murata M, Kikuchi K, Osanai M, Tobioka H, Kojima T, et al. Tight junctions and human diseases. Med Electron Microsc. 2003; 36(3): 147-56.

[198]Frank RN. Diabetic retinopathy. N Engl J Med. 2004; 350(1): 48-58.

[199]Ng EW, Shima DT, Calias P, Cunningham ET, Jr., Guyer DR, Adamis AP. Pegaptanib, a targeted anti-VEGF aptamer for ocular vascular disease. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006; 5(2): 123-32.

[200]Comer GM, Ciulla TA. Pharmacotherapy for diabetic retinopathy. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2004; 15(6): 508-18.

[201]Miyajima H, Osanai M, Chiba H, Nishikiori N, Kojima T, Ohtsuka K, et al. Glyceraldehyde-derived advanced glycation end-products preferentially induce VEGF expression and reduce GDNF expression in human astrocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005; 330(2): 361-6.

[202]Igarashi Y, Chiba H, Utsumi H, Miyajima H, Ishizaki T, Gotoh T, et al. Expression of receptors for glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and neurturin in the inner blood-retinal barrier of rats. Cell Struct Funct. 2000; 25(4): 237-41.

[203]Igarashi Y, Utsumi H, Chiba H, Yamada-Sasamori Y, Tobioka H, Kamimura Y, et al. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor induces barrier function of endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999; 261(1): 108-12.

[204]Thang SH, Kobayashi M, Matsuoka I. Regulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor responsiveness in developing rat sympathetic neurons by retinoic acid and bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Neurosci. 2000; 20(8): 2917-25.

[205]Nishikiori N, Osanai M, Chiba H, Kojima T, Mitamura Y, Ohguro H, et al. Glial cellderived cytokines attenuate the breakdown of vascular integrity in diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes. 2007; 56(5): 1333-40.