Index

action potential, 13–16, 18, 20, 23 adaptive, 47–49

advanced encryption standard, 321 ambient temperature, 357, 358 amblyopia, 101, 117–119 anesthesia, 148, 165, 172 angiography, 280, 282 angle-closure glaucoma, 208, 209 ANN, 301, 311, 312

ANOVA, 159, 160

anterior, 382–384, 387, 392–401, 407, 411 anterior chamber depth, 395, 398, 399 artifacts, 40, 42, 57–60, 80

artificial intelligence, 209 asymmetry, 227, 246, 249–252, 261 automated, 104

backpropagation, 310, 311

BCH code, 323, 329, 331, 332, 336–340, 345, 346

binary image, 54, 55, 57, 59, 63 bioheat, 227, 229, 233, 236 bird flu, 228

bit error rate, 323 blepharitis, 101, 110, 113 blood pressure, 148, 172

blood vessel, 207, 209–211, 213–217, 221, 223, 224

blurring, 43

boundary, 40, 53–58, 60, 64, 65, 71, 72 BW morph, 107

Canny edge, 56, 57 capillary system, 4 carotid artery stenosis, 189

cataract, 93, 96, 97, 101, 106, 107, 110, 114

central nervous system, 3

central retinal vein occlusion, 273 centroid, 71, 75

charged coupled device, 135 choroidal melanoma, 230, 231, 250 classifier, 40

clustering, 99, 100, 110, 112, 113 coagulation, 353, 364–369, 372–375 coefficients, 48, 54, 77, 78, 80, 82 compactness, 72

compression, 320, 322, 323, 326–328, 336, 338, 345, 346

conductivity, 233, 235–237, 244, 245, 248, 252, 254, 260

cones, 5–9, 20–25 confocal, 127

contrast, 40–42, 44–51, 62, 73, 74, 303, 307–310, 312

convection, 233–235, 251–256, 259 convolution, 47, 48, 56, 59, 69 cornea, 2–5, 7, 8

cortical, 9, 10, 24, 27–29, 32–35 cotton-wool spots, 281 cryptographic, 320, 321, 324 cup area, 210, 211, 213, 214

cyclic guanidine monophosphate, 20

Index

data mining, 99, 101 decision tree, 92–98, 116

decoder, 328, 334, 335, 338, 341–344 decrypt, 324

deform, 196 depolarization, 15, 17, 20 diabetes retinopathy, 39, 71

diagnostic, 89, 90, 92, 98, 113, 117, 119 dilation, 42, 59, 60, 68

disc-shaped, 213, 214

discrete cosine transforms, 321 discrete Fourier transform, 321 doppler imaging, 273

dry eyes, 101, 110

emissivity, 357, 358 emmetropization, 381 encryption, 319, 321, 323, 324

enhancement, 41, 45, 47–49, 52, 58–60 entropy, 370, 371

erosion, 59, 60

error control codes, 319, 320, 323 Euclidean, 106, 108, 115

euler number, 71

evaporation rate, 235, 251–253, 255, 256, 259

evidence-based medicine, 90 exudates, 301, 303, 306–308, 310,

312–315

eye, 1–9, 21, 26–28

eye tumor, 227–230, 232–237, 239–257, 259–261

false negative, 222 false positive, 222

feature, 39–42, 44–46, 51, 53, 57, 59–61, 64–66, 70, 71, 73–80, 82–84

film grain, 99

fluorescein, 279, 280, 282–285, 287, 290, 292–295

Fourier descriptors, 77, 78 fovea, 7, 8, 21, 22 fundus, 39, 40, 43, 45, 46 fuzzy C-means, 303

Gabor filter, 304

ganglion cells, 5–10, 22–27

Gaussian, 48, 49, 55–58, 68, 69, 79, 80, 83 Gaussian mixture model, 207

gaussian noise, 99

genetic algorithm, 192, 195, 196, 200 glaucoma, 101, 108–112, 114 gradient, 53, 54, 57–59, 67, 84 gradient vector flow, 192 gradient-based, 287

graphical user interface, 98, 101

Hamming code, 329–331, 336–340, 345, 346

Harilick, 74 healthcare, 303 heat loss, 357, 358 hemodynamics, 273

hemorrhages, 301, 303, 306–310, 312, 314, 315

histogram, 49–51 homogeneity, 107 Hough transform, 60–62 hue, 45, 46

Huffman, 323, 326–328, 336, 338 hyperspectral, 123, 124, 133–138,

140–148, 151–159, 174

image processing, 2, 33

image registration, 280, 283, 291, 293, 295 imager, 267, 272–274

infrared, 187 interleaving, 338 interpolation, 199

intraocular pressure, 124, 134, 141, 161–165, 168

invariant moments, 75, 76 ion, 11–18

IOP, 124, 134, 136, 138, 140, 141, 143–149, 151–153, 155, 156, 158–173

keratoconus, 401 keratometer, 383

kernel, 47–49, 54–58, 68, 69, 82, 83

Laplacian, 54–56, 83, 289 Laser-Thermokeratoplasty, 349 least significant bit, 321

lens thickness, 395, 400

linear discriminant analysis, 438, 442 localization, 40, 45, 53, 71, 79, 84 lossless, 326–328, 336

macular degeneration, 39 magnetic resonance imaging, 29 Mahalanobis distance, 44 mask, 48, 54, 59, 69

maximum likelihood, 218 median filtering, 42 membrane, 12–18, 20, 21 metastasis, 230 metastasize, 230 microaneurysm, 40, 60, 71 microarray, 125

minima, 202

modeling, 381–386, 389–394, 398–402, 404, 405, 407, 408, 414

moment, 72, 73, 75–77, 82 myopia, 399, 410

Naïve Bayes, 101, 116 neovascularization, 125 nerve fiber layer, 124

neural network, 101–104, 107 neuro-fuzzy, 209

neuron, 3, 5–7, 9–20, 22, 27, 28, 32, 33 neuropathy, 123

neurotransmitter, 11, 17, 18 nonlinear, 42, 43, 45 nonproliferative, 281, 283 normalization, 40, 41, 45, 51, 64, 78 NPDR, 301–305, 312–315 numerical model, 239

ocular melanoma, 230

ocular surface temperature, 188 operators, 54–56

ophthalmology, 89, 98–100, 102, 108 ophthalmoscope, 127

optic nerve, 3, 5–9

Index

optic nerve head, 123, 134–146, 152–157, 159, 161–165, 168, 176–178

optical coherence tomography, 98 optical opacity, 407

optimization, 227, 229, 251, 252, 256, 261 oxygen, 123–149, 151–157, 159–179

pathological, 39, 40, 53 PDR, 301, 303, 305, 312–315 peak-to-valley, 391

perfusion rate, 228, 229, 233–237, 244, 245, 248, 250, 252, 254, 260

perturbation, 124, 147, 148 phosphorescence, 125, 126 photocoagulation, 125 photoreceptor cells, 3 pigment, 4, 6, 9, 20, 21 pigmentation, 41, 45 Planck constant, 370, 371

posterior, 382–384, 392, 399–401 potassium, 12

preprocessing, 39–41, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 84

primary open-angle glaucoma, 208 principal component analysis, 78 probability, 93–95, 97, 98, 108 probability density function, 45, 51 pupil, 382, 384, 386, 388, 391, 396, 397,

399, 402–405, 408, 409, 411–413 pupillary axis, 231, 239, 241–244,

246–249

Purkinje images, 383, 384

quantization noise, 99

radial distance, 352 radiation, 265, 267, 268, 275

receiver operating characteristic, 210 recognition, 1, 25, 32, 35

recursive, 66

redundancy, 322, 326–328, 330 refractive power, 349, 350 region of interest, 44, 53, 70, 73 region-growing, 65, 66

relative oxygen saturation, 125, 136–138

Index

retina, 3–10, 19, 21–25, 28, 33 retinal detachment, 101 rheumatism, 228

rods, 5, 6, 8, 9, 20–24 rosacea, 101, 110

RS code, 323, 329, 334–340, 344–347

SARS, 228

segmentation, 40–42, 46, 48, 51, 53, 54, 57–71, 84

semi-automated, 190 sensitivity, 207, 210, 222, 224 signal to noise ratio, 257

simulation, 229, 236, 250, 254, 260 Sjögren, 101, 110

slit-lamp, 98, 101, 114 smoothing, 43, 47–49, 54–57

snake, 187, 190, 192, 193, 196–199, 202, 203

sodium, 12

spatial resolution, 4, 10, 22, 26 specificity, 207, 210, 222, 224 Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 357, 358 Subband, 327

support vector machine, 303 SVM, 101, 116

symbol error rate, 323

synapse, 6–10, 13, 16–19, 22, 23, 26

target-tracing, 187, 190, 192, 195–197, 200, 202–204

tear film, 406, 407

telehealth, 417, 421–425, 427, 444, 445, 447

texture, 70, 73, 74, 80, 82, 83, 301, 310, 314, 315

thermogram, 187–193, 198–200, 203 thermography, 228, 250–252, 261

thermometry, 228 three-dimensional, 2

threshold, 44, 54, 57, 58, 62–65, 69 tonometry, 209

top-hat transform, 283, 286, 295 topography, 383, 392, 394, 395, 409, 413 training, 40, 79

transmission, 319–323, 328–330, 334, 336, 338, 340, 341, 344–346

true negative, 222 true positive, 222

turbo code, 323, 329, 335, 336, 340–342, 344–347

ultrasound, 383, 394

universal gas constant, 370, 371

value-based medicine, 90 variance, 428, 446

variance projection function, 203 vascular tree, 431–433, 435–438, 447 vasculature, 280, 283

vision, 1–8, 11, 13, 19, 21, 24, 26, 29–34 visual acuity, 384, 402

visual zone, 387, 388

watermarking, 319–321, 323–325, 336, 338, 344, 346

watershed transform, 68

wavefront, 381, 384, 390, 391, 396, 397, 407

wavelength, 77 wavelet, 80–82, 84 weight, 94–98 Wiener filtering, 310

Zernike polynomial, 390, 397