- •Corneal Disease
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •Contributors
- •Core Messages
- •Organisms
- •Detection
- •Acid Fast Smears
- •Culture Media
- •Molecular Tests
- •Nucleic Acid Hybridization Probes
- •Line Probes
- •DNA Sequencing
- •FISH (Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization) Assay
- •DNA Microarray
- •Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE)
- •Management
- •Clinical Diagnosis
- •Medical Therapy
- •Surgical Intervention
- •Penetrating Keratoplasty
- •Corneal Cross-Linking
- •Summary for the Clinician
- •References
- •Core Messages
- •Introduction
- •Epidemiology
- •Visual Morbidity
- •Documentation
- •Causative Factors
- •Causative Bacteria
- •Investigation of Keratitis
- •Laboratory Diagnosis: Susceptibility Testing
- •Susceptibility and Resistance of Bacterial Isolates
- •Treatment: Antimicrobials
- •Current Antimicrobials in Use
- •The Fluoroquinolones
- •Aminoglycosides
- •Cephalosporins
- •Other Antimicrobials Used
- •Development of Existing and New Classes of Drugs
- •Tigecycline
- •Linezolid
- •Meropenem
- •Combination Therapy
- •Drug Delivery to the Cornea
- •Novel Methods of Drug Delivery to the Cornea
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •3: Heredity of Keratoconus
- •Introduction
- •Is Keratoconus a Heritable or Genetic Disease?
- •Mutational Screening of Candidate Genes in Keratoconus
- •Visual System Homeobox Gene 1 (VSX1)
- •Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1)
- •Interleukin 1 (IL1) Superfamily
- •Collagen Genes
- •Genetic Mapping in Keratoconus
- •Genetics of Keratoconus – Mendelian or Complex?
- •References
- •4: Advance in Corneal Imaging
- •Introduction
- •In Vivo Confocal Microscopy (IVCM)
- •Principles of Confocal Microscopy
- •The Normal Cornea
- •Clinical Applications
- •Infectious Keratitis
- •Corneal Dystrophies
- •Refractive Surgery
- •Corneal Surgery
- •Other Clinical Applications
- •Limitations of IVCM
- •Anterior Segment Ocular Coherence Tomography (OCT)
- •Clinical Applications
- •Corneal Thickness Assessment
- •Refractive Surgery
- •Corneal Grafts
- •Limitations
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Core Messages
- •Introduction
- •“Angiogenic Privilege of the Cornea” or “How Does the Normal Corneal Maintain Its Avascularity?”
- •General Mechanisms
- •Corneal Hemangiogenesis After Low-Risk Keratoplasty
- •Corneal Hemangiogenesis After High-Risk Keratoplasty
- •Corneal Lymphangiogenesis: Essential for Corneal Graft Rejection
- •Corneal Lymphangiogenesis in Dry Eye
- •Imaging of Corneal Lymphatic Vessels
- •Novel Anti(lymph)Angiogenic Treatment Options at the Cornea
- •Current Treatment Options for Immature Corneal (Blood and Lymphatic) Vessels
- •Steroids
- •Anti-VEGFs (Bevazicumab, Ranibuzumab, Pegaptanib, VEGF Trap)
- •Anti-IRS 1-Strategies (Antisense Oligonucleotides Against IRS 1)
- •Treatment Options for Mature Corneal Vessels
- •Unmet Needs and Future Directions
- •References
- •Core Messages
- •Introduction
- •Retrieval of Donor Tissue
- •Technical Aspects
- •Microbiological Aspects
- •Tissue Evaluation Aspects
- •Corneal Storage
- •Moist Chamber Storage of the Donor Eye
- •Technical Aspects
- •Storage Period
- •Microbiological Safety
- •Tissue Evaluation
- •Hypothermic Storage of the Corneoscleral Button
- •Technical Aspects
- •Storage Period
- •Microbiological Safety
- •Tissue Evaluation
- •Organ Culture (Normothermic Storage) of the Corneoscleral Button
- •Technical Aspects
- •Storage Period
- •Microbiological Safety
- •Tissue Evaluation
- •Other Aspects
- •Pre-cutting of Corneal Tissue for Endothelial Keratoplasty (EK)
- •Microkeratome Cutting
- •Femtosecond Laser Cutting
- •Stripping of Descemet’s Membrane with Endothelium
- •Donor Considerations for EK
- •References
- •7: Infant Keratoplasty
- •Core Messages
- •Introduction
- •Indications for Surgery
- •Visual Outcome
- •Patient Selection
- •Patient Assessment
- •Ancillary Testing
- •Donor Tissue
- •Intraoperative Considerations
- •Concurrent Surgical Procedures
- •Postoperative Considerations
- •Suture Management
- •Optical Correction and Amblyopia Therapy
- •Postoperative Complications
- •Glaucoma
- •Graft Rejection
- •Graft Failure
- •Alternatives to Penetrating Keratoplasty
- •Conclusion
- •References
- •Index
Corneal Disease
Thomas Reinhard • Frank Larkin
Editors
Corneal Disease
Recent Developments in Diagnosis
and Therapy
Editors |
|
Prof. Dr. med. Thomas Reinhard |
Dr. Frank Larkin |
University Eye Hospital |
Moorfields Eye Hospital |
Freiburg |
London |
Germany |
UK |
ISBN 978-3-642-28746-6 ISBN 978-3-642-28747-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-28747-3
Springer Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London
Library of Congress Control Number: 2012943838
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.
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Preface
In this edition we have gathered a number of chapters on diagnosis and management of corneal disorders.
Miller, Girgis, Karp and Alfonso discuss mycobacterial keratitis, uncommon but increasingly encountered following ocular surgery or trauma. Diagnosis and medical therapy remain challenging for this infection.
Sueke, Horsburgh, Gilbert, Shankar, Neal and Kaye present a pragmatic approach to antibacterial chemotherapy in keratitis. Corneal specialists working in referral clinics will be particularly interested in their forward look to new antibacterial agents.
While familial keratoconus is very uncommon in Europe and North America, there is an increasing interest in information we can discover on keratoconus pathogenesis from apparently unaffected relatives with subclinical ectasia signs. Willoughby and Lechner review their own work and the recent published literature.
Imaging techniques have become a valuable component in diagnosis of corneal diseases, ranging from infections to corneal dystrophies. Labbé, Denoyer and Baudouin further show that confocal microscopy and ocular coherence tomography may facilitate clinical follow-up after corneal surgery.
Cursiefen and Bock discriminate between haemand lymph-angiogenesis. They demonstrate that novel anti-angiogenic agents directed at blood or lymph vessels can significantly improve allograft survival by regression of corneal vessels preas well as posttransplantation.
For keratoplasty it is vital that corneal surgeons have access to cornea banks with robust and effective quality and risk management systems. Pels and Pollock illustrate that this is especially true in respect to the increasing practice of eye bank preparation of donor posterior lamellar cornea for endothelial keratoplasty procedures.
Few corneal surgeons undertake corneal transplantation in infants with any regularity. Surgical technical and post-operative management challenges in this transplant recipient group are very different to older patients, as Kim and Rootman describe. We expect that David Rootman’s comparatively huge experience in infant keratoplasty will be a useful reference to those readers faced with occasional infant candidates for surgery.
We hope you enjoy reading this book.
Thomas Reinhard
Frank Larkin
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