Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Common Eye Diseases and Their Management 3rd edition_Galloway, Amoaku, Galloway_2006

210

Index

Blindness (cont.)

epicanthus, 159

causes, 46

occupational standards of

examination, 157–158

chlamydial conjunctivitis,

vision, 204

globe, structural abnormalities,

47–48

visually handicapped, 204

160–161

conjunctival culture, 46

Blood pressure, effect on retinal

aniridia, 160

herpes simplex

vessels, 172–173

congenital cataract, 160–161

conjunctivitis, 48

Blood supply of eye, 10

juvenile macular degeneration,

infective agents, 49

Bowman’s layer, 8

162–163

microscopy, 46

Bruch’s membrane, 9, 14, 150–151

lacrimal obstruction, 159

secondary conjunctivitis,

Brushfield’s spots, 193

leucocoria, 161

50–51

Buphthalmos, 101, 160

nystagmus, congenital, 159–160

signs, 46

albinism, 160

symptoms, 45

C

motor congenital nystagmus,

trachoma, 48

Capillary hemangioma of

159

corneal foreign body, 36, 51–53,

newborn, 124

sensory congenital

129, 158

Career in ophthalmology, 5

nystagmus, 159

signs and symptoms, 51–52

Cataract, 81–90, 153

spasmus nutans, 160

treatment, 52–53

age, 82

Ophthalmia neonatorum, 162

subconjunctival hemorrhage,

congenital factors, 84

optic atrophy, 162

45

contusion, 83

phakomatoses, 163

Conjunctival tumors, 125–126

diabetes, 82–83

ptosis, 159

benign lesions, 125–126

etiology, 82–84

refraction abnormalities, 161

benign pigmented lesions,

lens, 81–82

retinopathy of prematurity,

125–126

management, 86–89

161–162

malignant lesions, 126

opthalmoscopy, 85–86

screening, 158–159

melanoma of conjunctiva,

perforation, 83

squint, 161

126

radiation, 83–84

uveitis, 162

nonpigmented lesions, 126

secondary causes, 83

Chlamydial conjunctivitis, 47–48

Conjunctivitis, 45–51, 61–63

to disease elsewhere, 83

Choroid, contusion, 131

acute conjunctivitis, 62

to disease in eye, 83

Choroidal melanoma, 121–122

causes, 46

signs, 85–86

Choroidal metastases, 122

chronic conjunctivitis, 62–63

slit-lamp microscopy, 86

Chromosomal abnormalities, 190,

conjunctival culture, 46

surgery, 87

193

microscopy, 46

age of patient, 87

Ciliary body, 14

signs, 46

cataract operation, 88

Color blindness, 204

symptoms, 45

convalescence, 89

Color vision, 19

Contact lenses, 77–78, 197

time spent in hospital, 89

Congenital albinism, 160

cosmetic, 78

traumatic cataract, 87–88

Congenital cataract, 160–161

indications, 78

symptoms, 84–85

Congenital glaucoma, 101–102

side-effects, 77–78

toxicity, 84

Congenital motor congenital

therapeutic, 78

trauma, 83–84

nystagmus, 159

types, 77

visual acuity reduction, 85

Congenital sensory congenital

Contusion, 129–131

Cavernous hemangioma, 124, 127

nystagmus, 159

anterior chamber, 130

Central retinal vein thrombosis,

Congenital spasmus nutans, 160

choroid, 131

68, 100

Conjunctival disease, 45–60

cornea, 129–130

Cerebrospinal fluid, 71–72

conjunctivitis, 45–51

iris, 130–131

Chalazion, 123

acute hemorrhagic

lens, 131

Chemical injuries, 134

conjunctivitis, 48

optic nerve, 131

Childhood squint, 112–116

adenoviral conjunctivitis,

retina, 131

Child’s eye, 157–164

48

vitreous, 131

adult eye, contrasted, 157

allergic conjunctivitis, 49

Cornea, 13

amblyopia of disuse, 161

bacterial conjunctivitis,

contusion, 129–130

congenital eye defects, 159–161

46–47

layers, 8

Index

211

212

Index

Eyelid disease, 33–44

Fluorescein angiography, 18, 121,

signs, 93–94

allergic disease of eyelids, 43

152, 169

symptoms, 93

dry eye, 36–37

Fusion, 111, 160

treatment, 95–96

causes, 36

secondary glaucoma, 100–101

management, 37

G

to abnormalities in lens, 101

Schirmer’s test, 36–37

Ganglion cells, axons of, 11

drug-induced glaucoma, 101

signs, 36–37

Genetic abnormalities, 190

to trauma, 101

slit-lamp examination, 36

Genetics, 189–194

to tumors, 100–101

tear film break-up time, 37

autosomal dominant

to uveitis, 100

infections of eyelids, 40–41

inheritance, 191

to vascular disease in eye,

blepharitis, 41

autosomal recessive

100

meibomian gland infection,

inheritance, 191

surgery, 170

40

chromosomal abnormalities,

Glioma of optic nerve, 127

Molluscum contagiosum, 41

190, 193

Globe, 7–8, 21–22

orbital cellulitis, 41

genetic abnormalities, 190

anterior chamber, 7

styes, 40–41

genetic mechanisms, 190

anterior segment, 8

lid injuries, 43–44

mitochondrial inheritance, 193

aqueous humor, 7

lid tumors, 41–43

multifactorial diseases, 193

blood, 8

benign tumors, 41–43

multiple genes, 190

coats of, outer fibrous layer, 7

malignant tumors, 43

sex-linked recessive

compartments of, 7

watering eye, 33–36

inheritance, 192–193

inner nervous layer, 7

tear drainage, 33–36

Giant cell arteritis, 72–73, 154

intraocular fluids, 7

tear secretion, 36

Glasses, 19–20

middle vascular layer, 7

Eyelid injury, 133

measuring for, 139–140

outer fibrous layer, 7

Eyelid tumor, 123–125

automated refraction,

posterior chamber, 7

basal cell carcinoma, 124–125

139–140

posterior segment, 8

benign tumors, 123–124

objective refraction, 139

segments, 8

benign vascular tumors of

subjective refraction, 139

structural abnormalities,

eyelids, 124

Glaucoma, 91–102, 153

160–161

capillary hemangioma of

acute angle closure glaucoma,

aniridia, 160

newborn, 124

97–100

congenital cataract, 160–161

cavernous hemangioma, 124

acute attack, 98

uveal tract, 7

Kaposi sarcoma, 124

natural history, 97

vitreous chamber, 7

keratoacanthoma, 123

pathogenesis, 97

vitreous humor, 7–8

malignant tumors of eyelids,

signs, 98–99

Globe injuries, 129–133

124–125

subacute attack, 97–98

contusion, 129–131

meibomian cysts, 123

symptoms, 97–98

anterior chamber, 130

melanoma of eyelid, 125

treatment, 99–100

choroid, 131

Molluscum contagiosum, 123

clinical types, 92–102

cornea, 129–130

papilloma, 123

congenital glaucoma, 101–102

iris, 130–131

sebaceous gland carcinoma,

developmental glaucoma,

lens, 131

125

101–102

optic nerve, 131

seborrhoeic keratosis, 123

intraocular pressure

retina, 131

senile keratosis, 123

maintenance of, 91–92

vitreous, 131

squamous cell carcinoma, 125

measurement of, 92

perforation, 131–133

telangiectatic hemangioma, 124

normal, 91

intraocular foreign body, 132

xanthelasma, 123

neovascular, 64–65

sympathetic ophthalmia,

Eyelids, 11–13

normal pressure glaucoma, 97

132–133

management, 97

Globe tumors, 121–123

F

primary open angle glaucoma,

choroidal melanoma, 121–122

Facial skeleton abnormalities, 114

92–96

choroidal metastases, 122

Flashes, 106

natural history, 93

melanoma of iris, 122–123

Floaters, 106

pathogenesis, 93

retinoblastoma, 122

Index

213

Gonioscopy, 99, 101

Inflamed eye, 141–148

Laser photocoagulation, 169–170

Grave’s disease, 170

anterior uveitis, 141–144

Lens, 14

causes, 143

contusion, 131

H

complications, 143

Leucocoria, 161

Hay fever conjunctivitis, 49

heterochromic iridocyclitis,

Leukemias, 174–175

Headache, 71–76

144

Lid tumors, 41–43

blood, 73

pars planitis, 144

benign tumors, 41–43

blood vessels, 72–73

signs, 141–143

dermoid cyst, 42–43

bones, 73–74

sympathetic ophthalmia,

hemangioma, 42

cerebrospinal fluid, 71–72

143–144

nevus, 42

classification, 71

symptoms, 141

papilloma, 41–42

drugs, 75

treatment and management,

xanthelasma, 43

eyes, 74

144

malignant tumors, 43

meninges, 74

autoimmunity in uveitis,

basal cell carcinoma, 43

nerves, 73

147–148

squamous cell carcinoma, 43

pain, referred, 74–75

management, 148

Local anesthesia, 197

patient history, 71

endophthalmitis, 148

Long sight, 29–32

post-traumatic headache, 75

episcleritis, 148

Lymphoproliferative disease, 128

Hemangioma, 42, 128

panophthalmitis, 148

Hemorrhage, subconjunctival, 45

posterior uveitis, 144–147

M

Herpes simplex conjunctivitis, 48

causes, 145

Macular degeneration, age-

Herpes simplex keratitis, 55–56

presumed ocular

related, 150–153

Herpes zoster ophthalmicus,

histoplasmosis, 147

management, 151–153

59–60

sarcoidosis, 146–147

Maddox rod, 118

Hess screen, 118

signs, 145

Maddox wing, 117–118

Heterochromic iridocyclitis, 144

symptoms, 144–145

Malignant hypertension, 173

Histoplasmosis, 147

syphilis, 147

Malignant tumors of eyelids,

Horizontal recti, 116

toxocariasis, 146

124–125

Hypertension

toxoplasmosis, 145–146

Meibomian gland infection, 40

age, effect on retinal blood

tuberculosis, 146

Melanoma of conjunctiva, 126

vessels, 172

scleritis, 148

Melanoma of eyelid, 125

blood pressure, effect on retinal

Inner layer of eye, 9

Melanoma of iris, 122–123

vessels, 172–173

Intermediate uveitis, 144

Meninges, 74

malignant hypertension, 173

Intraocular foreign body, 132

Metastatic tumors, 127

vascular changes associated

Iris, contusion, 130–131

Middle layer of eye, 9

with, 173–174

Ischemic optic neuropathy, 174

Mitochondrial inheritance, 193

emboli, 174

Molluscum contagiosum, 41

ischemic optic neuropathy,

J

Motor congenital nystagmus, 159

174

Juvenile macular degeneration,

Mucocele of sinuses, 128

retinal vascular occlusion,

162–163

Multifactorial diseases, 193

173

Multiple genes, 190

Hypopyon, 54, 142–143

K

Multiple sclerosis, 183–184

Kaposi sarcoma, 124

internuclear ophthalmoplegia,

I

Keratic precipitates, 142

183–184

Idiopathic orbital inflammatory

Keratoacanthoma, 123

nystagmus, 183

disease, 127

Keratoconus, 30, 49, 57, 78

ocular findings, 183–184

Infections of eyelids, 40–41

optic neuritis, 183

blepharitis, 41

L

retrobulbar neuritis, 183

meibomian gland infection,

Lacrimal apparatus, 12–13

40

Lacrimal gland tumor, 127

N

Molluscum contagiosum, 41

Lacrimal obstruction, 159

Neovascular glaucoma, 64–65

orbital cellulitis, 41

Lacrimal passageway, 33–35

Neuro-ophthalmology, 179–188

styes, 40–41

Lagophthalmos, 38

double vision, 186–188

214

Index

Neuro-ophthalmology (cont.)

Onchocerciasis, 175–176

rhabdomyosarcoma, 127

blow-out fracture of orbit,

extraocular features, 176

sac tumor, 127

188

management, 176

Outer layer of eye, 8–9

causes of, 187–188

ocular features, 176

basement membrane,

eye movement assessment,

Opaque media, 113

epithelium, 8

187

Open angle glaucoma, 196–197

Bowman’s layer, 8

fourth cranial nerve palsy,

Ophthalmia neonatorum, 162

cornea layers, 8

188

Ophthalmoscope use, 22–24

Descemet’s membrane, 8

myasthenia gravis, 188

Opportunistic infections, 177

endothelium, 8

ocular muscle imbalance, 187

Opthalmoscopy, 85–86

epithelium, and its basement

sixth cranial nerve palsy,

Optic atrophy, 162

membrane, 8

187–188

Optic disc, 179–183

stroma, 8

third cranial nerve palsy, 188

atrophy, optic, 180–181

thyrotoxicosis, 188

causes of, 181

P

multiple sclerosis, 183–184

following disease in optic

Pain, referred, 74–75

internuclear

nerve, 181

Painful eye

ophthalmoplegia, 183–184

following papilledema, 181

failing vision, 63–65

nystagmus, 183

glaucoma, 181

normal vision, 63

ocular findings, 183–184

inherited, 181

scleritis, 63

optic neuritis, 183

toxic, 181

Papilledema, 182

optic disc, 179–183

trauma, 181

Papilloma, 41–42, 123

atrophy, optic, 180–181

vascular causes, 181

Parasympathetic antagonists, 196

central cup, 180

central cup, 180

Pars planitis, 144

color, 179

color, 179

Perforation, 131–133

congenital disc anomalies,

congenital disc anomalies, 180

intraocular foreign body, 132

180

hemorrhages, 180

sympathetic ophthalmia,

hemorrhages, 180

margins, 179

132–133

margins, 179

normal, 179–180

Phakomatoses, 163

normal, 179–180

pale disc, 180–181

Photopsiae, 106

pale disc, 180–181

swelling, 181–183

Physiology of eye, 7–16

swelling, 181–183

optic neuritis, 182

accommodation, 14

vessel entry, 179

postoperative, 182

aqueous humor, 13–14

pupil abnormalities, 185–186

true papilledema, 182

ciliary body, 14

constricted pupil, 186

vascular, 181–182

circular fibers, 14

dilated pupil, 186

vessel entry, 179

longitudinal fibers, 14

visual field defects, 184–185

Optic nerve, 10–11

cornea, 13

Nevus, 42

axons of ganglion cells visual,

eyelids, 13

Noninfectious retinopathy, 177

11

lens, 14

Nonpigmented lesions, 126

contusion, 131

retina, 14–15

Normal pressure glaucoma, 97

cortical connections, 11

neuroretina, 14

management, 97

papillary reflex pathways, 11

RPE, 14–15

Nystagmus, congenital, 159–160

retina, 11

tear film, 13

albinism, 160

subcortical centers, relays, 11

vitreous body, 14

motor congenital nystagmus,

visual pathways, 11

Pingueculum, 50, 126

159

Orbital cellulitis, 41

Polycythemia, 50, 63, 73

sensory congenital nystagmus,

Orbital injuries, 133

Post-traumatic headache, 75

159

Orbital tumors, 127–128

Posterior uveitis, 144–147

spasmus nutans, 160

cavernous hemangioma, 127

causes, 145

dermoid cyst, 127

presumed ocular

O

glioma of optic nerve, 127

histoplasmosis, 147

Occupational standards of vision,

lacrimal gland tumor, 127

sarcoidosis, 146–147

204

metastatic tumors, 127

signs, 145

Ocular muscle imbalance, 119

pseudotumor, 127

symptoms, 144–145

Index

215

syphilis, 147

painful eye, normal vision, 63

with trauma, 106

toxocariasis, 146

scleritis, 63

vitreous, 105

toxoplasmosis, 145–146

painless, normal vision, 61–63

Rubella, 84, 102, 160

tuberculosis, 146

subconjunctival hemorrhage,

Rubeosis iridis, 100, 166, 170

Postherpetic neuralgia, 73

61

Presbyopia, 14, 29, 74, 81, 84, 138,

Redundant lid skin, 39

S

150

Refraction abnormalities, 161

Sarcoidosis, 146–147

Primary open angle glaucoma,

Retina, 14–15

Schirmer’s test, 36–37

92–96

contusion, 131

Schlemm’s canal, 91, 93

pathogenesis, 93

neuroretina, 14

Sebaceous gland carcinoma, 125

signs, 93–94

Retinal detachment, 103–110

Seborrhoeic keratosis, 123

symptoms, 93

exudative retinal detachment,

Secondary conjunctivitis, 50–51

treatment, 95–96

104, 107

Secondary glaucoma, 100–101

Proliferative retinopathy, 168

flashes, 106

to abnormalities in lens, 101

Proptosis, 127–128

floaters, 106

drug-induced glaucoma, 101

assessment of, 128

incidence, 103

to trauma, 101

causes of, 128

management, 107–110

to tumors, 100–101

hemangioma, 128

pathogenesis, 103–104

to uveitis, 100

infection, 128

classification, 104

to vascular disease in eye, 100

lymphoproliferative disease,

prognosis, 109–110

central retinal vein

128

prophylaxis, 107–108

thrombosis, 100

mucocele of sinuses, 128

retinal surgery, 108–109

diabetes, 100

pseudoproptosis, 128

cryobuckle, 109

Senile keratosis, 123

pseudotumor, 128

vitrectomy, 109

Sensory congenital nystagmus,

thyrotoxicosis, 128

rhegmatogenous retinal

159

trauma, 128

detachment, 104–106

Sex-linked recessive inheritance,

Pseudoproptosis, 128

breaks in retinal detachment,

192–193

Pseudotumor, 127–128

104–105

Shadow, 106–107

Ptosis, 39, 159

mechanism of, 105–106

Short sight, 29–32

causes, 39

posterior vitreous

Sickle-cell disease, 175

Pupil abnormalities, 185–186

detachment, 105

Slit-lamp examination, 36, 86

constricted pupil, 186

retinal breaks formation, 105

Spectacles. See Glasses

dilated pupil, 186

retinal degeneration, 105

Spring catarrh, 49–50

Pupil evaluation, 20

with trauma, 106

Squamous cell carcinoma, 43, 125

vitreous, 105

Squint, 111–120, 161

R

shadow, 106–107

in adults, 116–118

Radiation, 83–84

signs and symptoms, 106–107

amblyopia of disuse, 113

Radiational injuries, 134

tractional retinal detachment,

causes of, 113, 117

Red eye, 61–66

104, 107

in childhood, 112–116

conjunctivitis, 61–63

Retinal vascular occlusion, 173

diagnosis, 114, 117–118

acute conjunctivitis, 62

Retinoblastoma, 122

examination, 114–115

chronic conjunctivitis, 62–63

Retinopathy of prematurity,

extraocular muscle anatomy,

episcleritis, 63

161–162

116–117

failing vision, 67–69

Rhabdomyosarcoma, 127

horizontal recti, 116

fundus abnormal, 68

Rhegmatogenous retinal

obliques, 116–117

fundus normal, 67–68

detachment, 104–106

vertical recti, 116

treatable causes of, 69–70

breaks in retinal detachment,

facial skeleton abnormalities,

untreatable causes of, 70

104–105

114

painful, failing vision, 63–65

mechanism of, 105–106

fusion, 111

acute glaucoma, 63–64

posterior vitreous detachment,

glasses, 115

acute iritis, 64

105

Hess screen, 118

acute keratitis, 64

retinal breaks formation, 105

history, 114

neovascular glaucoma, 64–65

retinal degeneration, 105

Maddox rod, 118

216

Index

Squint (cont.)

Stycar test, 18–19, 138, 157

malignant hypertension, 173

Maddox wing, 117–118

Styes, 40–41

vascular changes associated

management, 115–116

Subconjunctival hemorrhage, 45

with, 173–174

muscle weakness, 113–114

Subcortical centers, relays, 11

leukemias, 174–175

ocular muscle imbalance, 119

Supporting structures of eye,

onchocerciasis, 175–176

opaque media, 113

7–13

extraocular features, 176

optic nerve disease, 113

Sympathetic agonist, 196

management, 176

orthoptic follow-up, 115–116

Sympathetic ophthalmia, 132–133,

ocular features, 176

refractive error, 113

143–144

sickle-cell disease, 175

retinal disease, 113

Synoptophore, 111

thyroid eye disease, 170–172

simultaneous macular

Syphilis, 147

chemosis, 171

perception, 111

Systemic disease, 165–178

exposure keratitis, 171

stereopsis, 111

acquired immune deficiency

extraocular muscle action

surgery, 116

syndrome, 176–178

limitation, 172

synoptophore, 111

neoplasms, 177

lid lag, 171

treatment, 118

neuro-ophthalmological

lid retraction, 171

types of, 112

signs, 177–178

lid swelling, 171

Stereopsis, 111

noninfectious retinopathy,

management, 172

Strawberry nevus, 124

177

optic nerve compression,

Stroke, 154–155

ophthalmological signs,

172

Stroma, 8

177–178

proptosis, 171

Structure of eye, 7–13

opportunistic infections, 177

Systemically-administered drug,

blood supply, 10

anemia, 174

damage to eyes by, 199

extraocular muscles, 12

diabetes, 165–170

eyelids, 11–12

anterior chamber, 166

T

globe, 7–8

background retinopathy,

Tear drainage, 33–36

blood, 8

167

acute dacryocystitis, 35–36

coats of, outer fibrous layer,

conjunctiva, 165–166

lacrimal passageway, 33–35

7

control of, 169

Tear film, 13

compartments of, 7

cornea, 165–166

break-up time, 37

inner nervous layer, 7

diabetic maculopathy,

Tear secretion, 36

intraocular fluids, 7

168–169

Telangiectatic hemangioma,

middle vascular layer, 7

eyelids, 165

124

posterior chamber, 7

glaucoma surgery, 170

Temporal arteritis, 154

posterior segment, 8

iris, 166

Testing visual acuity, 137–140

segments, 8

laser photocoagulation,

glasses, measuring for, 139–140

vitreous chamber, 7

169–170

automated refraction,

vitreous humor, 7–8

lens, 166

139–140

inner layer, 9

ocular movements, 165

objective refraction, 139

lacrimal apparatus, 12–13

preproliferative stage,

subjective refraction, 139

middle layer, 9

167–168

Tests of visual acuity, 25–26

optic nerve, 10–11

prognosis, 170

Thyroid eye disease, 170–172

axons of ganglion cells

proliferative retinopathy,

exposure keratitis, 171

visual, 11

168

lid lag, 171

cortical connections, 11

retina, 167

lid retraction, 171

subcortical centers, relays, 11

treatment, 169

lid swelling, 171

visual pathways, 11

vitreo-retinal surgery, 170

Thyrotoxicosis, 128

outer layer of eye, 8–9

vitreous, 167

Toxicity, 84

Bowman’s layer, 8

hypertension, 172–174

Toxocariasis, 146

cornea layers, 8

age, effect on retinal blood

Toxoplasmosis, 145–146

Descemet’s membrane, 8

vessels, 172

Trachoma, 48

endothelium, 8

blood pressure, effect on

Tractional retinal detachment,

stroma, 8

retinal vessels, 172–173

104, 107

Index

217

Trauma, ocular, 129–134

U

Vitreous, contusion, 131

chemical injuries, 134

Uveitis, 162

Vitreous body, 14

eyelid injury, 133

intermediate, 144

globe injuries, 129–133

W

contusion, 129–131

V

Watering eye, 33–36

perforation, 131–133

Vernal conjunctivitis, 49–50

tear drainage, 33–36

orbital injuries, 133

Vertical recti, 116

acute dacryocystitis, 35–36

radiational injuries, 134

Visual acuity, 17–19

lacrimal passageway, 33–35

Traumatic cataract, 87–88

Visual field, 19

tear secretion, 36

Trichiasis, 39–40

Visual field defects, 184–185

Tuberculosis, 146

Vitrectomy, 109

X

Tumors of eye, adnexae, 121–128

Vitreo-retinal surgery, 170

Xanthelasma, 43, 123