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Page 260

interpupillary distance, measurement of, 237–8 intolerance, spectacle, 238

intra-ocular implant lens predicting power of, 134–9

incorporating protective substance, 4 iseikonic lens, 134

limitations of, 134

J

jack-in-the-box phenomenon, 131–2 Jackson's crossed cylinder, 71–3 Jaeger, see pachometer, 207–9 Javal-Schiøtz keratometer, 191–4 jump, prismatic, 147

K

keratoconus

contact lens in management of, 158

monitoring by computerised analysis of corneal topography, 194 refraction in, 235

Placido's disc and, 187–8 keratometer/keratometry, 189–90

Javal-Schiøtz, 191–4 von Helmholtz, 190–91

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L

Lang stereotest, 19–20 laser/lasers, 216–29

argon, 223

argon-fluoride excimer, 225 corneal cutting with, 225

in photorefractive keratectomy, 225 laser intrastromal keratomileusis, 225 phototherapeutic keratectomy, 225

carbon dioxide, 218 continuous wave mode, 218 definition, 216

diode, 223–4

photocycloablation of ciliary body by, 224 retinal photocoagulation, 224

enhanced by indocyanine dye, 224 dacryocystorhinostomy, 224

erbium: YAG laser, 225 excimer laser, 225

in photorefractive keratectomy, 225 laser intrastromal keratomileusis, 225 phototherapeutic keratectomy, 225

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helium–neon laser (He–Ne laser), 223

investigational applications of lasers in ophthalmology, 226 confocal microscopy, 226

confocal optics, 226

confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, 226 confocal scanning laser tomography, 227 laser Doppler flowmetry, 228

laser interferometry, 227 laser microperimetry, 227

scanning laser polarimetry, 226–7 the Holmium laser, 228, 251

the Nd: YLF laser, 228 krypton, 218

mode-locking Q-switching, 219–21 laser light

characteristics of, 216

effect of, on ocular tissues, 221 factors determining, 221 ionising effect, 221–2 photoablation, 222 photochemical, 221–2

thermal effect, 221–2 vaporising, 222

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Nd–YAG, 219–25

frequency doubled, 224–5 production of laser energy, 216–18 Q-switched or mode-locked, 219–21 resonance, 217

safety measures in using, 228–9 lens/crystalline accommodation

optical constants, 103

total internal reflection in, 168 ultraviolet light absorption by, 2

lens, optical,

see also lens, crystalline, and lens, spectacle achromatic lens systems, 89

aplanatic, 93 aspheric, 93, 176 astigmatic

base curve, 70 cylindrical, 66 focal line, 67 toric, 66

back vertex power, 100–101

cardinal points, Gaussian theory of, 102 coatings, 36

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collimating, 83

coma aberration, and, 96–7 concave, 54–7, 59

contact 3-mirror, 40

Goldmann fundus viewing, 202 gonioscopy, 40

Rodenstock panfundoscope, 203–204 convex, 54

as magnifying loupe, 160–62 corrective, ametropia and, 119–24 curvature of field and, 97–8

cylindrical, 66–8 definition, 54

decentration, prism power and, 64 dioptric power, 59

effective power, 121–3 equivalent power, 100 filters for, ultraviolet, 86 forms, 55

gonioscopy, 40

Hruby, fundus viewing, 200–202 intraocular implant, 4

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absorption properties of, 4 power of, 133–8

image

distortion and, 89, 98 formation by, 58–62

iseikonic, 134 magnification, 60

angular, 60 linear, 60

meniscus, 101

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