Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Clinical Ophthalmic Echography_Harrie_2008

484

Index

Intraocular lesions, differential

pleomorphic adenoma, 45, 67–75,

Levator recession operation, 265

diagnosis of, 15

121, 123–124, 125, 273, 275

Levator/superior rectus muscle

Intraocular pressure elevation

Lacrimal nerve, 459

complex, in Graves’ disease,

carotid cavernous fistula, 472

Lacrimal sac

262, 263, 443

dural sinus fistula-related, 295

dacryocystitis-related swelling of,

Lid tics, 115

trauma-related, 436

111, 325, 327

Light flashes

Intraocular tumors

lymphoma of, 329

ciliary body tumor-related, 239

detection during cataract surgery,

meningioma of, 331

posterior retinal detachment-

56, 201–202, 203

Lagophthalmos, 283

related, 19

detection of growth of, 69

Lamina papyracae, 103

posterior vitreous detachment-

in developing countries, 437

Lateral rectus muscle

related, 211, 213, 215

vitreous reactions to, 220, 221

echographic imaging of, 83

Lipodermoid, 457

vitreous seeding of, 81, 82

in Graves’ disease, 287

Lung cancer, with choroidal

Iris

lymphoma of, 81

metastases, 15, 354,

adenoma of, 405

myositis of, 131, 133, 447

355–356

cysts of, 9, 233, 400, 401

Lateral rectus tendon, thickening of

Lyme disease, as optic neuritis

with angle closure, 235, 403

in orbital myositis, 447

cause, 155

melanoma of, 393

in posterior scleritis, 79

Lymphangioma, 306

nevi of, 395, 396, 397

Leiomyoma, 399, 405

computed tomography of, 467

Iris bombe, around intraocular lens

Lens

magnetic resonance imaging of,

implants, 11

in the anterior chamber, 427–428

466

Iritis, 119, 153

cataractous

orbital, 306, 307–308

Ischemic syndrome, ocular, 100

dislocated, 407, 409

hemorrhage associated with,

intraocular foreign

159, 449

J

body-related, 423

Lymphoma

Jaw claudication, 100

intumescent, 5–6, 179, 433

of the central nervous system

as tumor-simulating artifact,

large cell, 365–366

K

405, 407

with ocular and orbital

Kidney cancer, with choroidal

dislocated, 421

metastases, 363

metastases, 354

ciliary body melanoma-related,

vitreous involvement in, 221

233

differentiated from idiopathic

L

iris and ciliary body

orbital inflammation, 471

Labor, subperiosteal hemorrhage

cyst-related, 233

of the extraocular muscles,

during, 157

melanoma in contact with, 199

81–85, 287, 291

Lacrimal glands

pseudoexfoliation of, 235

of the eyelids, 325

abnormalities of, 113–114

Lens capsule

of the lacrimal sac, 329

in dacryoadenitis, 25, 114, 115,

disrupted, 429

large cell, 145, 223–224, 365–366

117, 279

posterior

of the optic nerve, 89–91,

echographic evaluation of, 277

epithelial cyst of, 405–406

365–366

enlargement of, 43

post-cataract surgery

orbital, 41, 145, 461, 466

normal, 114

opacification of, 207, 209

as choroidal folds cause, 41

pseudotumor of, 277

Lens coloboma, 379

magnetic resonance imaging

in sarcoidosis, 121, 471

Leukemia, 329, 461

of, 466

in Sjögren’s syndrome, 117, 119

Leukocoria, 33

of subtenon’s space, 143, 145

Lacrimal gland tumors, 23, 121

bilateral, 373

systemic

adenocarcinoma, 125

Coats’ disease-related, 381

with choroidal invasion, 363,

adenocystic carcinoma, 127, 281,

differentiated from

367

283

retinoblastoma, 31, 371–372

large cell, 145

computed tomography of, 466

medullloepithelioma-related, 379

with ocular invasion, 365

epithelial, 273

persistent hyperplastic primary

as globe displacement cause, 273

vitreous-related, 383

M

magnetic resonance imaging of,

in premature infants, 387

Macroaneurysm, retinal, 229

466

retinoblastoma-related,

Macula

nonepithelial, 273

31, 371–372, 373, 440

in choroidal osteoma, 388

Index

485

drusen of, 309

Melanocytoma, 351–352

ring, 395, 397

in posterior vitreous detachment,

Melanoma

sinus, 109–110

421

amelanotic, 363

subretinal fluid associated with,

Macular degeneration, 357–358

choroidal, 13, 15–17, 59–60,

345

mild, 77, 78

201–202, 389

Meningioma

Macular detachment, 417

behind asteroid hyalosis, 217

of the optic nerve, 25–26, 464

Macular holes, 241

calcified, 390

of the optic nerve sheath, 173,

Macular traction, 245

detected during cataract

253, 297–298, 299

Magnetic resonance imaging

surgery, 201–202, 203

orbital, 331

(MRI), 1

differentiated from choroidal

as proptosis cause, 295

advantages and disadvantages

hemangioma, 341–342

Meningocele, 299

of, 460

differentiated from metastatic

Metastases, intraocular, 81, 82

basic principles of, 52–53

tumors, 352, 354, 355–356

choroidal, 15, 352, 353–354,

of carotid cavernous fistula, 472

diffuse, 246, 247, 349,

355–356

comparison with

351–352

clinically occult, 81

computed tomography, 460

metastatic, 15, 16

computed tomography of, 465

echography, 58

metastatic risk of, 349

to the extraocular muscles,

cost of, 1, 3

nevi-related, 341–342, 343

287, 289

fat suppression, 460, 463

with optic nerve invasion,

magnetic resonance imaging of,

FLAIR (fluid inversion

347–348, 349

464

attenuation recovery), 460

radioactive plaque treatment

as ocular/orbital pain cause, 161

functional, 53

of, 339–340

orbital, 161, 163

of noncongestive Graves’ disease,

reflectivity of, 71

positron emission tomography

266, 265

relationship to skin color, 371

of, 53

of optic nerve glioma, 175, 261

with scleral invasion, 346,

Methylcellulose, 57, 59, 67

of optic nerve sheath, 256

347–348

Microphthalmia

of optic nerve sheath

spindle B, 207

cysts associated with, 189, 191

meningioma, 253

vector A scan of, 55

persistent hyperplastic primary

of optic neuritis, 152, 312

of the ciliary body, 7, 9, 199, 205,

vitreous-related, 383

of orbital apex, 316

393, 399–400

“Morning glory syndrome,” 95

of orbital pathology, 259

cavitary changes in, 235, 236

Mucocele, 23

extraconal, 466, 468

conjunctival, 393, 395–396

computed tomography of, 467

intraconal, 464

in contact with intraocular lens

with extension into sinuses,

tumors, 461

implant,

111–112, 271–272, 451

of pituitary tumor with chiasmal

239–240

of the lacrimal sac

compression, 177

detected during cataract

(dacryocystocele), 325, 327

of retinoblastoma, 31, 33

surgery, 201

misdiagnosis of, 49

STIR (short tau inversion

differentiated from anterior

magnetic resonance imaging of,

recovery), 460, 463

segment tumors, 405

466

of thyroid orbitopathy, 463

differentiated from cataractous

orbital, 109–110

Magnetic resonance scanners, metallic

lens, 407–408

Mucormycosis, 471

foreign objects in, 460

differentiated from

Mucous membrane, swelling of,

Marfan’s syndrome, 235

medulloepitheliomas, 405

99–100, 102

Maxillary nerve, 459

with lens displacement, 233

Myositis, 23, 33

Medial rectus muscle

prognosis for, 397

Graves’ disease-associated, 149,

echographic imaging of, 83

conjunctival, 393, 395–396

151–152

thickness/thickening of, 84

diffuse, 395, 398

inflammatory, 279

in myositis, 135, 281

of the iris, 393

differential diagnosis of, 82–83

Medial rectus tendon, myositis-

nevus transforming to, 341–342,

of lateral rectus muscle, 447

related thickening of, 281

343, 345–346

of medial rectus muscle, 129,

Medulloepithelioma (dyktioma),

pseudomelanoma, 343, 407–408,

131, 133, 447

379–380, 381, 399

409

orbital, 95, 129–130, 131, 139,

definition of, 405

relationship to skin pigmentation,

281, 447

differential diagnosis of, 61

437

eosinophilic, 137

Index

487

Orbital imaging, 459–472

grading of, 96

cavernous hemangioma-related,

anatomical considerations in, 459

location of, 96

43, 167, 267

interpretation in, 460–461

Panuveitis, 153

differential diagnosis of, 333

in specific orbital diseases,

Papilledema, 348

as extraocular muscle thickening

461–472

of the optic disc, 100

cause, 291

Orbital tissue, normal, 82

optic disc drusen misdiagnosed

glioma-related, 295

Orbital walls, metastatic invasion

as, 389

Graves’ disease-related, 33, 265,

and destruction of, 163

orbital large cell lymphoma-

266

Ossoining, Karl, 51

related, 145

lymphangioma-related, 449

Osteoma, choroidal, 388, 389–390

pseudotumor cerebri-related, 152,

meningioma-related, 295

256, 257

mucocele-related, 451

P

“sheath sign” in, 85

myositis-related, 281

Pain, ocular, 93

Parathyroid dysfunction, as calcium

orbital pathology-related, 295

conditions associated with

deposition cause, 391

orbital tumor-related, 37

adenocystic carcinoma,

Pars planitis, 217, 223, 381

orbital varice-related, 321

127, 283

Penlight test, 250

painless, rhabdomyosarcoma-

ciliary body melanoma, 205

Persistent hyperplastic primary

related, 472

cyclitic membrane, 197

vitreous (PHPV), 383, 385

pleomorphic adenoma-related,

dacryoadenitis, 25, 115,

advanced, 419

123, 273

273, 277

with stalk, 441

thyroid orbitopathy-related,

dural-sinus fistula, 151

Phleboliths, of central retinal vein,

462–463

eyelid swelling, 279

89–90

Pseudodrusen, 90

inflammatory myositis, 279

Photophobia, 182

Pseudoexfoliation, in cataract

lymphangioma-related

Phthisis, 433

surgery patient, 237

hemorrhage, 161

with total retinal detachment, 419

Pseudomelanoma, 343, 407–408,

metastatic tumors, 161

Phthisis bulbi, 173–174, 249

409

myositis, 131, 135, 137, 281

Pinhole test, 181–182

Pseudoseptae, pleomorphic

nasolacrimal foreign body, 113

Pituitary tumor, with chiasmal

adenoma-related, 123–124

optic neuritis, 151–152, 155

compression, 177

Pseudotumor, 23

orbital pathology, 155, 161,

Plasmin, 245

computed tomography of, 467

165, 279

Plasmocytoma, of the lacrimal sac,

inflammatory, 367

pleomorphic adenoma, 123, 125

329

of the lacrimal glands.

retinal detachment, 23, 65

Polyps, in the maxillary sinus,

See Dacryoadenitis

retinal tacks, 95–97

103–104

magnetic resonance imaging of,

retrobulbar optic neuritis,

Positron emission tomography

466

153, 313

(PET), 53, 259

orbital, 129, 445, 470–471

ruptured globe, 195

Positron emission tomography/

as idiopathic orbital

scleritis, 139, 141

computed tomography

inflammation (IOI), 470–471

sinus carcinoma, 165

scanners, 53

with lacrimal gland

sinusitis, 99–100, 105,

Posterior capsule. See Lens capsule,

involvement, 114, 277,

135, 272

posterior

470–471

sinus melanoma, 109–110

Posterior segment, echographic

Pseudotumor cerebri

sinus polyps, 103–104

visualization of, 57

definition of, 256

subperiosteal abscess, 157, 455

Prednisone, 79, 131, 137, 309, 315

misdiagnosis of, 27

subperiosteal space pathology,

Pregnancy, subperiosteal

optic nerve sheath in, 87, 152

155

hemorrhage during, 157, 159

optic nerves in, 25–26, 101–102,

subretinal hemorrhage, 189

Premature infants, leukocoria in,

257–258

superior oblique tendonitis,

387

as retrobulbar nerve sheath fluid

129

Propionibacter acnes infection, 227

increase cause, 100

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada

Proptosis, 33, 259

Psychotic patients, self-mutilation

syndrome, 147

arteriovenous malformation-

in, 171, 173

duration of, 96

related, 323

Ptosis, subretinal hemorrhage-

evaluation of, 23, 93, 95–97

axial, 266

related, 189

general categories of, 93

carotid cavernous fistula, 472

Punctate plugs, 113

488

Index

Pupil evaluation, 174

Retinal tacks, 95–97

Sclerosis, nuclear, 179

PVD. See Retinal detachment,

Retinal vein

Scotoma

posterior

central, phleboliths of, 89–90

central, 173, 174, 250

occlusion of, 16

paracentral, 174

R

Retinoblastoma, 61–63, 183,

SEE International, 425

Radioactive plaque treatment

369, 371

Self-mutilation, ocular, 171, 173

for choroidal melanoma, 339–340

in adults, 369, 371–372

Sinus carcinoma, 165

for choroidal nevi, 343

bilateral, 439

Sinuses

Radiology departments, liaison

with calcification, 16, 31, 33, 371,

A scans of, 102

with, 460

372, 373, 375, 377

ethmoid, 103–104, 105

Rectus muscles. See also Lateral

choroidal, 15

air cells in, 102

rectus muscle; Superior

in developing countries, 437,

opacification of, 135

rectus muscles normal, 82

439–440

frontal, 104

Rectus tendons, normal, 83

echographic probe positioning in,

maxillary, 103, 104, 105

Red eye

61–63

opacification of, 135

arteriovenous fistula-related, 291

familial factors in, 377

polyps of, 103–104

dislocated lens-related, 421

infiltrating-type, 377, 379–380

squamous cell carcinoma of,

Reflectoscope, 51–52

leukocoria associated with,

285–286

Refraction, 175–176, 177–178

31, 371–372, 373, 440

melanoma of, 109–110

Snell’s law of, 54

noncalcified, 373, 375, 377

mucocele of, 271–272

Renal failure, as calcium deposition

with vitreous seeding, 221

parasnasal, meningioma of, 331

cause, 391

with optic nerve invasion, 348

Sinusitis, 23

Restasis, 119

of peripheral retina, 393

ethmoid, 105, 107, 135, 273, 453

Retina

treatment of, 373

as headache and ocular pain

blood supply to, 245

vitreous reactions to, 220, 221

cause, 96, 101

hemorrhage in, 27–28, 29

Retinochoroidal layer, thickening

mild-to-moderate, 99–100,

macroaneurysm in, 229

of, 223, 224

104, 105

neural anatomy of, 240

Retinopathy, diabetic, 209, 211, 435

orbital myositis associated with,

tears of

Retinopathy of prematurity,

133

as posterior vitreous

387, 415

signs and symptoms of, 101

detachment cause, 185, 211

Retrobulbar mass, choroidal or

subperiosteal abscess-related,

retinal detachment-related, 19,

retinal folds associated with,

155, 157

21, 241

37, 41

treatment of, 104, 105, 155

subretinal fluid associated with,

Retrobulbar nerve sheath fluid, 100

Sjögren’s syndrome, 117, 119

213, 215

Rhabdomyosarcoma, 169, 329,

Skin cancer. See also Melanoma

trauma-related, 429

471, 472

with choroidal metastases, 354

vitreous hemorrhage associated

Slit-lamp examination

with, 213

S

ciliary and iris lesion detection

Retinal artery, central

Sarcoidosis, 119, 471

during, 7

embolism of, 29, 31, 251

dacryoadenitis associated with,

for ocular pain evaluation, 93

calcific, 89–90, 91

121

Snell’s law, of refraction, 54

occlusion of, as vision loss cause,

as optic neuritis cause, 153

Spasm, accommodative, 181–182

174

Sclera

Squamous cell carcinoma

Retinal detachment

edema of, 139, 141

of the lacrimal sac, 329

anterior chamber opacification

melanoma infiltration of,

of the sinuses, 165, 285–286

associated with, 193

345–346, 347–348, 395, 396

Staphylococcus epidermidis

optic nerve detachment-related, 95

thickness measurement of, 471

infection, 225

post-cataract surgery, 209

Scleral shells, 57

Staphyloma, posterior, vector A

posterior, 16, 19

Scleritis, 23

scan through, 55–56

shallow, 23, 65, 241, 243

focal, 139

“Strawberry lesions,” under eyelid

total, 413

myositis-related, 137, 139, 447

skin, 47

retinopathy of prematurity-

posterior, 79, 114, 141, 367,

Stye (chalazion), 323, 325

related, 415

369, 471

Subperiosteal space

trauma-related, 429

sarcoidosis-related, 119

abscess of, 155, 157

Index

489

hemorrhage in, 155, 157, 159,

orbitopathy of, 286, 460,

magnetic resonance imaging of,

161, 189

462–463, 470

466

as orbital pain source, 155

Thyroid gland cancer, with

orbital, 58, 159, 319, 321

Subretinal disciform lesions,

choroidal metastases, 354

Vasculitis, retinal, 119, 153

355–356

Tolosa-Hunt syndrome, 313,

Venous malformation, encapsulated,

Subretinal fluid, 339

315–316

464, 465

in retinal tears, 213, 215

Topomax, as angle closure cause,

Vision loss

Subtenon’s space

193

evaluation of, 173–174

in choroidal melanoma, 339, 340

Toxocara canis, as leukocoria cause,

fear of, 171

edema/thickening of, 139, 141,

387–388

Visual field testing, 174

143

Toxoplasmosis, ocular, 217,

Vitamin D intoxication, as calcium

in Graves’ disease, 147, 149

219–220

deposition cause, 391

in lymphoma, 143, 145

Trauma-related conditions

Vitreoretinal traction, 16, 19, 417

in optic neuritis, 152, 155

arteriovenous fistula, 291

as macular hole cause, 243

in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada

carotid cavernous fistula,

Vitreous

syndrome, 147

291, 293

condensation of, 21

Superior oblique muscle, thickness

edematous eyelids, 185

intraocular lens implant

of, 84

globe rupture, 195, 431

dislocation into, 237

Superior oblique tendon

intraocular foreign body, 423

opacification of, 223–224

echographic imaging of, 83–84

lens capsule disruption, 429

persistent hyperplastic primary

tendonitis of, 127, 129–130

lens in anterior chamber, 427

(PHPV),

Superior ophthalmic vein

optic nerve damage, 436

383, 385

in carotid cavernous fistula, 151,

optic nerve sheath hemorrhage,

advanced, 419

152, 293, 472

255

with stalk, 441

in dural sinus fistula, 295

retinal detachment, 413

Vitreous detachment

Superior rectus muscle

ruptured globe, 187

with macular traction, 245

echographic imaging of, 83

Triamcinolone, 319

partial, 231

metastasis to, 289

Trochlea, imaging of, 127, 129

posterior, 195, 197, 209

in noncongestive Graves’ disease,

Trochlear nerve, 459

drug-induced, 245

265

Trochleitis, 127, 129–130

in laser capsulotomy patients,

thickness/thickening of, 84

T sign, in retrobulbar neuritis,

207, 209

in myositis, 135

152, 311, 313

partial, 225, 417, 421

Superior rectus muscle/levator

with retinal tear, 185

muscle complex, in Graves’

U

with traction of neovascular

disease, 262, 263, 443

Ultrasound, in ophthalmology.

tuft, 211

Symptoms, patients’ explanations

See also Echography, in

trauma-related, 429

of, 173–174

ophthalmology history of,

with vitreoretinal traction, 213

Syphilis, as optic neuritis cause, 155

51–52

Vitreous gel, syneresis of, 19, 21

Systemic lupus erythematosus, 313

indications for, 1–49

Vitreous hemorrhage, 16, 19, 195,

through closed eyelids, 60, 61

231, 435–436

T

use in developing countries,

diabetes mellitus-related, 433,

Temporal artery, palpably tender,

413–457

435–436

100

Uveitis, 195

fundus-obscuring effect of, 211,

Tendonitis

large cell lymphoma

213

orbital myositis-related, 137

misdiagnosed as, 223

posterior vitreous detachment-

superior oblique, trochleitis

as vitreous cavity opacification

related, 209, 215

associated with, 127,

cause, 217

retinal tear-related, 213

129–130

Vitreous membrane

30° test, 152, 155, 175, 256, 261

V

incarceration in ruptured globe,

Thyroid eye disease.. See also

Valsalva forces, during labor, 157

431

Graves’ disease, ophthalmic

Valsalva maneuver, 58, 321, 323,

preretinal, 231

disease associated with

460

Vitreous seeding, of intraocular

magnetic resonance imaging

Varices, 460

tumors, 81, 82

evaluation of, 460

computed tomography of, 467

Vitreous stalk, 383, 385

490

Index

Vitritis, 153

W

Z

central nervous system

Water bath method, 57. See also

Zig-zag sign, 110

lymphoma-related, 363

Immersion scan

Zygoma, 459

sarcoidosis-related, 119

Weiss ring, 209

Zygomatic complex, in blow-out

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada

fractures, 471

(VKH) syndrome,

X

145, 147, 245

X-rays, 52