Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Clinical Ophthalmic Echography_Harrie_2008

478

Index

A scan (continued)

principles of, 51

Blepharospasms, 115

in Sjögren’s syndrome,

of retinal detachment, shallow,

Blind eyes, unsuspected intraocular

117, 119

65, 241

tumors in, 203

of lamina papyracae, 103

of retinoblastoma, 183, 373,

Blindness. See also Vision loss

of lateral rectus muscle myositis,

375, 439

temporary, 174

131, 447

noncalcified, 221

Blood pressure. See also Hypertension

of lipodermoid, 457

probe positioning in, 61–63

normal, 100

of lymphoma

of the sinuses

Blurred vision, 171–258

of the choroid, 367

ethmoid, 102, 103–104, 273

Brain tumors, 25

of the optic nerves, 366

maxillary, 103, 104

Breast cancer, metastatic, 15

of maxillary polyps, 103

melanoma, 109, 110

to the choroid, 353–354

of melanocytoma, 352

squamous cell carcinoma, 285

to the orbit, 163

of metastatic tumors, 353

of sinusitis, 453

to the superior rectus muscle, 289

to the extraocular muscles, 289

ethmoid, 107

Bruchs’ membrane, scarred,

to the orbit, 163

mild, 99

355–356

of mucoceles

of subperiosteal abscess, 157, 455

B scan, 53

with extension into sinuses, 271

of subperiosteal hemorrhage,

B scan, 53–54

frontal ethmoidal, 111

159, 161, 189

B scan, 53–54. See also Immersion

of nevi, 345

of subretinal disciform lesion, 77

scan

choroidal, 67, 69, 217, 247,

superimposed vector, 3, 54–56

of bleed into orbital

339, 347

of superior rectus muscle, 265

lymphangioma, 449

of nodular posterior scleritis, 369

of T sign in retrobular neuritis,

of cataractous lens, 5, 6, 408, 433

of ocular toxoplasmosis, 219

313

dislocated, 409, 421

of optic nerve, 85, 89, 101

of vitreous hemorrhage, 195, 435

intumescent, 5, 6, 433

of optic nerve glioma, 175, 261

of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada

of cavernous hemangioma,

of optic nerve sheath

syndrome, 147

43, 267, 305

hemorrhage of, 255

A-scan probes, 51, 52

of central retinal artery embolism,

hygroma of, 301

biometric, 56

251

meningioma of, 253, 297, 299

contact biometric, 58

of choroidal calcification, 392

in pseudotumor cerebri, 87,

dead zone of, 57

idiopathic, 393–394

257, 258

positioning in optic nerve, 152

of choroidal edema, 195

for optic nerve thickness

Asteroid hyalosis, 215, 217

of choroidal hemangioma, 361

evaluation, 25–26

Astigmatism

of choroidal lymphoma, 367

of orbital apex, 315, 316

ciliary body cyst-related, 235

large cell, 223–224

of orbital pathology, 259

“lens tilt,” 235

of choroidal melanoma, 13, 54,

arteriovenous malformation,

orbital infantile

59–60, 207, 347, 349

323

hemangioma-related, 317

behind asteroid hyalosis, 217

lymphangioma, 307

Axial length, measurement of, 5, 56

diffuse, 247, 351

meningioma, 331

post-radiation treatment, 340

metastases, 41

B

of choroidal metastatic tumors,

mucocele, 110, 451

Bell’s phenomenon, 61

355

myositis, 131, 281

Benign mixed cell tumors,

of choroidal osteoma, 389

pseudotumor, 445

of the lacrimal glands.

of ciliary body melanoma,

rhabdomyosarcoma, 169

See Adenoma, pleomorphic

7, 236, 399

tumors, 41

Biometry

in contact with intraocular lens

varices, 319

Current Procedural Terminology

implant, 239

of persistent hyperplastic primary

(CPT®) codes for, 56

of Coat’s disease, 383

vitreous, 385

for refractive conditions, 179

comparison with A scan, 4, 54

of pleomorphic adenoma, 45, 68,

Biometry probes, 55

of dacryoadenitis, 279

69–71, 74–75, 275

A scan, 56, 58

of drusen

artifacts in, 67, 68

Biometry units, ophthalmic, 53

calcified, 390

probe technique in, 70

Biomicroscopes, ultrasound, 3

of the optic disc, 391

of preretinal vitreous membrane,

Blackouts, in vision, 174

of the optic nerve, 90

231

Blepharophimosis, 189

small buried, 29

Index

481

Ciliary body epithelium,

Cyclitic membrane, 197, 379

Drusen

nonpigmented,

Cysts

calcified, 3–4, 27–28, 29, 31,

adenocarcinoma/adenoma

of the ciliary body, 9, 233,

89–90, 100, 389–390

of, 405

235–236, 399–400

macular, 309

Coats’ disease, 207, 381, 383

epithelial, of the posterior

of the optic disc, 26, 27–28

Coleman, Jackson, 57

capsule, 405–406

buried, 389–390

Collaborative Ocular Melanoma

of the iris, 9, 233, 235, 400, 401

calcified, 27–28, 389–390

Study (COMS), 52, 54

with angle closure, 235, 403

as retinal hemorrhage cause,

Coloboma, 95. 379, 387–388

medulloepithelioma-related, 379

27–28, 29

Colon cancer, metastatic to the

microphthalmos-related, 189, 191

of the optic nerve

choroid, 363

orbital hematic, 303

buried calcified, 3–4

Color Doppler imaging, 472

orbital hemorrhagic, 449

calcified, 3–4, 29, 391–392

of central retinal artery embolus,

treatment of, 447

of the optic nerve head

251

buried, 27–28, 29

of optic nerve pathology, 250

D

calcified, 89–90

Color vision test, for optic nerve

Dacryoliths, 327

pseudo, 90

dysfunction, 250

Dacryoadenitis, 25–26, 273, 277

pseudodrusen, 90

Computed tomography (CT), 1, 52

chronic, 279

Dural sinus fistula, superior

comparison with

idiopathic, 277

ophthalmic vein in, 295

echography, 58

infectious, 277

Dyktioma (medulloepithelioma),

magnetic resonance imaging, 460

lacrimal gland in, 25, 114, 115,

379–380, 381, 399

contrast material for, 460

117, 279

definition of, 405

cost of, 1, 3

sarcoidosis associated with, 121

differential diagnosis of, 61

of frontal ethmoidal mucocele,

Dacryocystitis, as lacrimal sac

112

swelling cause, 111

E

of increased orbital fat, 312

Dacryocystocele, 325, 327

Echography, in ophthalmology.

of meningioma, 165, 331

misdiagnosis of, 49

See also A scan; B scan;

of mucocele, with extension into

Dead zones, of A-scan and B-scan

Immersion scan

sinuses, 272

probes, 57

basic principles of, 51–58

of ocular trauma, 471, 472

Dermoid, 466, 467

comparison with

of optic nerve sheath, 255, 256

Developing countries, echography

computed tomography, 58

of optic nerve sheath

in, 413–457

magnetic resonance imaging,

meningioma, 299

Diabetes mellitus, ocular

58

of orbital pathology, 259

complications of, 433

cost-effectiveness of, 1

of extraconal disorders, 467,

mucormycosis, 471

cost of, 1

469

retinopathy of, 209, 211, 435

Echography units, combined A and

of intraconal disorders, 465

vitreous hemorrhage, 16, 433,

B scan, 3

of rhabdomyosarcoma, 169

435–436

Ectopia lentis, familial, 235

of tumors, 169, 461

Diamox, 87

Edema

radiation exposure during, 460

side effects of, 27, 391

choroidal, 195

of retinoblastoma, 31, 33, 377

Diplopia, 163, 285–286, 291

corneal, 191

of thyroid orbitopathy, 463, 470

Disciform lesions

dislocated lens-related, 421

Conjunctiva

submacular, 357–358

endophthalmitis-related, 225

melanoma of, 393, 395–396

subretinal, 77, 359–360

as headache cause, 5

nevi of, 395, 396

Disciform scars, 15, 16

trauma-related, 427–428

Cornea

Doppler imaging

diabetic macular, 211

edema of, 191

carotid, 1

of the eyelids

dislocated lens-related, 421

color, 472

anterior orbital lesion-related,

endophthalmitis-related, 225

of central retinal artery

43, 45

as headache cause, 5

embolus, 251

dacryoadenitis-related, 279

trauma-related, 427–428

of optic nerve pathology, 250

echographic examination of,

opacification of, 191

frequency analysis, of arterialized

187

Current Procedural Terminology

superior ophthalmic vein,

infantile hemangioma-related,

(CPT®), 56

293

47

482

Index

Edema (continued)

Eyelids

Fractures, orbital, 471

lacrimal gland

chalazion (stye) of, 323, 325

Frontal nerve, 459

pathology-related, 43

atypical, 325

Fundus, visualization of

in ocular trauma, 185

closed, echographic examination

after vitrectomy, 58

orbital myositis-related, 281

through, 183

inadequate, 199, 211

sinusitis-related, 272

congenital closure of, 189

of the optic disc, 155, 365, 366

edema/swelling of

G

scleral, 139, 141

anterior orbital lesion-related,

Gastrointestinal tract cancer, with

of subtenon’s space, 139, 141, 143

43, 45

choroidal metastases, 354

Emphysema, surgical, 471

dacryoadenitis-related, 279

Glaucoma, angle closure, 235

Endophthalmitis, 223, 225

echographic examination in,

Glioma

in cataract surgery patients,

187

chiasmal, 177–178

225, 227

infantile hemangioma-related, 47

of the optic nerve, 25–26,

chronic, 227

lacrimal gland

175–176, 261–262, 464, 465

Epiphora, 97, 329

pathology-related, 43

as proptosis cause, 295

Episcleritis, sarcoidosis-related, 119

in ocular trauma, 185

Gliotic scarring, 77, 78

Epithelial “pearl” formation, 403

orbital myositis-related, 281

Globe

Esotropia, 175

sinusitis-related, 272

axial measurement of, 56

Ethmoid sinus air cells, 102

foreign bodies in, 331

displaced/malpositioned, 266,

Exophthalmos

lymphoma of, 325

279

arteriovenous fistula-related, 291

normal, 333

adenocystic carcinoma-related,

definition of, 259

retraction of, as exophthalmos

283

Graves’ disease-related, 263

simulation, 262

cancer-related, 281

optic nerve glioma-related,

tense closure of, 187

diplopia-related, 285–286

262–263

thickness of, 333

lacrimal gland

simulation of, 262

Eye pain. See Pain, ocular

enlargement-related, 43

Exophthalmometry, 265, 266

lacrimal gland tumor-related,

Extraocular muscles. See also specific

F

273

extraocular muscles

Fat, orbital

maxillary sinus lesion-related,

echographic examination of,

in Graves’ disease, 147, 311–312,

266

82–84

470

orbital tumor-related, 37, 39,

in Graves’ disease, 33, 35, 83,

stranding of, 461

41, 266

130, 149, 309

Fistula

pleomorphic adenoma-related,

idiopathic inflammation of, 129

arteriovenous, high-flow, 291

45

infiltrative processes of, 287

carotid cavernous, 291. 293, 472

sinusitis-related, 272

lymphoma of, 81–85, 291

superior ophthalmic vein in,

sinus squamous cell

metastasis to, 287, 289

151, 152, 293, 472

carcinoma-related, 285

in orbital myositis, 33, 35, 37,

dural sinus, 151, 293, 295

laceration of, ciliary body

129–130, 131, 133, 135, 137

Floaters

melanoma following, 205

in orbital pseudotumor, 445

asteroid hyalosis-related, 217

metastatic tumor invasion of, 354

sarcoidosis of, 471

ciliary body tumor-related, 239

penetration by conjunctival

in scleritis, 139

posterior retinal

melanoma, 393

thickness measurement of, 149

detachment-related, 19, 21

phthisical, 173

in thyroid orbitopathy, 463

posterior vitreous

ruptured, 185, 187, 195

Extraocular tendons

detachment-related, 211

anterior chamber opacification

echography of, 82–83

retinoblastoma-related, 371

associated with, 193

in idiopathic orbital

Foreign bodies, intraocular, 423

with incarcerated vitreous

inflammation, 471

in the anterior chamber, 425

membrane, 431

Eye

in the eyelid, 331

ultrasound propagation in, 52

axial length measurement of, 56–57

metallic, 52, 460

water bath method-based

red

in the nasolacrimal duct, 113–114

visualization of, 57

arteriovenous fistula-related,

orbital, 471, 472

Glucose, radioactive tagged, 53

291

retinal tacks as, 95–97

Glycosaminoglycans, retrobulbar

dislocated lens-related, 421

risk factor for, 421

deposits of, 286

Index

483

Granuloma, calcified, Toxocara

choroidal, 15, 16, 67, 68, 71, 125,

idiopathic intracranial, 101

canis-related, 388

341–342, 359, 360, 361, 363

as preretinal hemorrhage cause,

Graves’ disease, ophthalmic disease

differentiated from metastatic

229

associated with, 33, 262, 443

choroidal tumors, 355

Hyphema, 193

arterialized superior ophthalmic

microscopic structure of,

vein, 293

267, 268

I

congestive, 262, 263, 286

Hemangiopericytoma, 269, 329

Idiopathic orbital inflammation

exophthalmos, 259, 262

Hemorrhage, 23

(IOI), 470–471

extraocular muscles in, 33, 35,

choroidal, 193

Immersion scan, 57–58

83, 130, 149, 309

lymphangioma-related, 161

angle closure, 193

lateral rectus muscle in, 287

of the optic disc, 155

of cataractous lens, 5, 6, 408

levator/superior rectus muscle

of the optic nerve sheath,

of ciliary body cysts, 235, 400

complex in, 262, 263, 443

255–256

of ciliary body melanoma, 7, 9,

“malignant,” 308, 309

orbital

199, 233, 399

myositis, 82–83, 149, 151–152

differentiated from

of cyclitic membrane, 197

noncongestive, 265–266

rhabdomyosarcoma, 169

of dislocated intraocular lens

orbital fat in, 311–312

lymphangioma-related,

implants, 237

orbital muscles in, 286

159, 449

of disrupted lens capsule, 429

orbital pseudotumor, 445

varices-related, 159

of dyktioma

pathophysiology of, 286

preretinal, 227, 229

(medulloepithelioma), 381

proptosis, 33

retinal/subretinal, 15–16, 77–78,

of foreign body in anterior

subtenon’s space in, 147, 149

356, 357–358

chamber, 425

thyroid orbitopathy, 286

optic disc drusen-related,

of iris nevus, 396, 397

Grayouts, in vision, 174

27–28, 29

of lens in the anterior chamber,

ruptured globe-related, 187

427

H

retrohyaloid, 227

of nasolacrimal foreign bodies,

Hanson Ophthalmic Labs, 57

subperiosteal, 155, 159, 161, 189

113

Headaches

vitreous, 16, 19, 195, 231,

of normal eyelid, 333

brain tumor-related, 25

435–436

of opacified cornea, 191

carotid cavernous fistula-related,

diabetes mellitus-related,

plastic shell use in, 57

293

433, 435–436

of posterior capsule pearls,

chiasmal glioma-related, 177

fundus-obscuring effect of,

405, 406

corneal edema-related, 5

211, 213

Immunocompromised patients,

drusen-related, 27, 390, 391

posterior vitreous detachment-

mucormycosis in, 471

evaluation of, 99–100

related, 209, 215

Immunosuppressive therapy, for

hypertension-related, 99–100

retinal tear-related, 213

thyroid orbitopathy, 463

migraine, 241

Herpes simplex virus infection, as

Impedance, 54

pseudotumor cerebri-related, 101,

optic neuritis cause, 155

Indomethacin, 37

256, 257

Herpes zoster virus infection, as

Infection

sinusitis-related, 105

optic neuritis cause, 155

as optic neuritis cause, 155

subperiosteal abscess-related, 455

Histiocytoma, 269

orbital, in children, 471, 472

Hemangioendothelioma, benign, 317

Homocysteinuria, 235

Inferior oblique muscle,

Hemangioma

Hyaloid artery, fetal, persistence

echographic imaging of, 84

capillary/infantile, 45, 47, 49, 472

of, 383

Inferior rectus muscle

computed tomography of, 467

Hygroma, perioptic/optic sheath,

echographic imaging of, 83

magnetic resonance imaging

299, 301

orbital fracture-related

of, 466

Hyperplasia

entrapment of, 471

orbital, 317, 319

benign reactive lymphoid, 143

thickness of, 84

cavernous, 43, 123, 124, 167,

misdiagnosis of, 141

Intraocular lens implants (IOLs)

267–268, 305–306, 464, 465

lymphoid, 291

in contact with ciliary body

differentiated from

Hypertension

melanoma, 239–240

hemangiopericytoma, 269

definition of, 100

dislocated, 237

differentiated from pleomorphic

as headache and ocular pain

iris bombe around, 11

adenoma, 125, 275

cause, 99–100

lens pseudoexfoliation and, 235