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Файл:Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Clinical Ocular Toxicology Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects_Fraunfelder, Chambers _2008.pdf
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- •DEDICATION
- •PREFACE
- •CONTRIBUTORS
- •INSTRUCTIONS TO USERS
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Zidovudine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (oral or intravenous)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Amebicides
- •generic names: 1. Broxyquinoline; 2. diiodohydroxyquinoline (iodoquinol).
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Emetine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Anthelmintics
- •generic name: Diethylcarbamazine citrate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Mepacrine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent direct ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Piperazine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Thiabendazole.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: AntibiOtics
- •generic name: Amikacin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Bacitracin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Inadvertent orbital injection (ointment)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Chloramphenicol.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – intracameral injection
- •systemic side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations for topical ocular chloramphenicol
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Ciprofloxacin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Systemic reactions from topical ocular medication
- •Conditional/Unclassified
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Demeclocycline; 2. doxycycline; 3. minocycline; 4. oxytetracycline; 5. tetracycline.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: filgrastim.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effect
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Systemic reactions from topical ocular medication
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Gentamicin sulfate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – intravitreal or intraocular injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Kanamycin sulfate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – subconjunctival injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Linezolid.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Nalidixic acid.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Neomycin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (neomycin powder to mucus membranes)
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Nitrofurantoin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Polymyxin B sulfate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Sulfacetamide; 2. sulfafurazole (sulfisoxazole); 3. sulfamethizole; 4. sulfamethoxazole; 5. sulfanilamide; 6. sulfasalazine; 7. sulfathiazole.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Conditional/Unclassified
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Telithromycin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Probable
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Tobramycin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – intraocular injection
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – subconjunctival injection
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – ointment in anterior chamber
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antifungal Agents
- •generic name: Amphotericin B.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – intracameral injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Griseofulvin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES
- •Class: Antileprosy Agents
- •generic name: Clofazimine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Dapsone.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Chloroquine; 2. hydroxychloroquine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations for hydroxychloroquine
- •Recommendations for chloroquine
- •caution
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Mefloquine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Quinine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antiprotozoal Agents
- •generic name: Metronidazole.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Suramin sodium.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Tryparsamide.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antitubercular Agents
- •generic name: Cycloserine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Ethambutol.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Ethionamide.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Isoniazid.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Rifabutin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Rifampicin.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure (ointment)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Thioacetazone (Amithiozone).
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Analeptics
- •generic name: Gabapentin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Lamotrigine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Vigabatrin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Benzfetamine hydrochloride; 2. amfepramone hydrochloride (diethylpropion); 3. phendimetrazine tartrate; 4. phentermine.
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antianxiety agents
- •Generic names: 1. Alprazolam; 2. chlordiazepoxide; 3. clonazepam; 4. clorazepate dipotassium; 5. diazepam; 6. flurazepam; 7. lorazepam; 8. midazolam; 9. oxazepam; 10. temazepam; 11. triazolam.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Carisoprodol; 2. meprobamate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: anticonvulsants
- •Generic names: 1. Ethosuximide; 2. methsuximide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ethotoin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Phenytoin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects (fetal hydantoin syndrome)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Sodium valproate; 2. valproate semisodium; 3. valproic acid.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Topiramate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations (Fraunfelder, Fraunfelder and Keates)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Zonisamide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antidepressants
- •Generic names: 1. Amitriptyline; 2. desipramine hydrochloride; 3. nortriptyline hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Amoxapine; 2. clomipramine hydrochloride; 3. doxepin hydrochloride; 4. trimipramine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Carbamazepine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Citalopram hydrobromide; 2. fluoxetine hydrochloride; 3. fluvoxamine maleate; 4. paroxetine hydrochloride; 5. sertaline.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Isocarboxazid; 2. phenelzine; 3. tranylcypromine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Maprotiline.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Methylphenidate hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – oral
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Trazodone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antipsycHotic agents
- •Generic names: 1. Chlorpromazine; 2. fluphenazine; 3. perphenazine; 4. prochlorperazine; 5. promethazine; 6. thiethylperazine; 7. thioridazine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Droperidol; 2. haloperidol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Lithium carbonate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Loxapine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Pimozide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Quetiapine fumarate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Tiotixene.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Psychedelic agents
- •Generic names: 1. Dronabinol (tetrahydrocannabinol, THC); 2. hashish; 3. marihuana (marijuana).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), lysergide; 2. mescaline; 3. psilocybin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Topical ocular application – liquid LSD
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Phencyclidine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Sedatives and Hypnotics
- •Generic names: 1. Amobarbital; 2. butalbital; 3. methohexital; 4. methylphenobarbital (mephobarbital); 5. pentobarbital; 6. phenobarbital; 7. primidone; 8. secbutabarbital; 9. secobarbital.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (Primarily excessive dosage or chronic use)
- •Ocular teratogenic effects (primidone)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Chloral hydrate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: agents used to treat gout
- •Generic name: Allopurinol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Colchicine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antirheumatic agents
- •Generic name: 1. Adalimumab; 2. etanercept; 3. infliximab.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Auranofin; 2. aurothioglucose; 3. sodium aurothiomalate (gold sodium thiomalate).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Celecoxib; 2. etolodac; 3. nimesulide; 4. rofecoxib; 5. valdecoxib.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Fenoprofen calcium.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Flurbiprofen.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ibuprofen.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Indometacin (indomethacin).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure - topical ocular
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ketoprofen.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: naproxen.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Piroxicam.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Mild analgesics
- •Generic names: Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Codeine; 2. dextropropoxyphene.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Paracetamol (acetaminophen).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Possible
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: narcotic antagonists
- •Generic names: 1. naloxone hydrochloride; 2. naltrexone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure (naloxone)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Strong analgesics
- •Generic name: Diacetylmorphine (diamorphine, heroin).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Hydromorphone hydrochloride (dihydromorphinone); 2. oxymorphone hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Methadone hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Morphine; 2. opium.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – morphine
- •Epidural or intravenous exposure
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Pethidine hydrochloride (meperidine).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Pentazocine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: adjuncts to anesthesia
- •Generic name: Hyaluronidase.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Subconjunctival or retrobulbar injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Hyoscine (scopolamine); 2. hyoscine methobromide (methscopolamine).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Topical
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Suxamethonium chloride (succinylcholine).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations for use in open globe (after chidiac 2004)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: General anesthesia
- •Generic name: Ether (anesthetic ether).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ketamine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Methoxyflurane.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: nitrous oxide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects.
- •Systemic administration
- •Intravitreal injection of gas during vitrectomy
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Propofol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Intravenous administration
- •Accidental ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: local anesthetics
- •Generic names: 1. Bupivacaine hydrochloride; 2. chloroprocaine hydrochloride; 3. lidocaine; 4. mepivacaine hydrochloride; 5. prilocaine; 6. procaine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – spiral, caudal, epidural, extradural injections
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: tHerapeutic Gases
- •Generic name: Carbon dioxide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – extreme concentrations
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Oxygen, oxygen-ozone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: agents used to treat acid Peptic disorders
- •Generic names: 1. Cimetidine; 2. famotidine; 3. nizatidine; 4. ranitidine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Ergometrine maleate (ergonovine); 2. ergotamine tartrate; 3. methylergometrine maleate (methylergonovine).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: antianginal agents
- •generic name: 1. Amyl nitrite; 2. butyl nitrite.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Inhalation administration
- •Topical ocular application – inadvertent contact with liquid
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Diltiazem hydrochloride; 2. nifedipine; 3. verapamil hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •generic names: 1. flecainide acetate; 2. procainamide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: nitroglycerin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: antiarrythmic agents
- •generic name: Amiodarone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Disopyramide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Methacholine chloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: 1. Oxprenolol hydrochloride; 2. propranolol hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Quinidine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: antihypertensive agents
- •generic names: 1. Acebutolol; 2. atenolol; 3. carvedilol; 4. labetolol hydrochloride; 5. metoprolol; 6. nadolol; 7. pindolol.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: 1. Alfuzosin hydrochloride; 2. doxazosin; 3. tamsulosin; 4. terazosin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Captopril; 2. enalapril.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Clonidine.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Diazoxide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Guanethidine monosulfate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Hydralazine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Minoxidil.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Topical application
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Prazosin hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Rescinnamine; 2. reserpine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: BronChodilators
- •generic name: Ipratropium.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – solution, aerosols or nasal sprays
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Salbutamol (albuterol).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – nebulizer
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: diuretics
- •generic names: 1. Bendroflumethiazide; 2. chlorothiazide; 3. chlortalidone; 4. hydrochlorothiazide; 5. hydroflumethiazide; 6. indapamide; 7. methyclothiazide; 8. metolazone; 9. polythiazide; 10. trichlormethiazide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: furosemide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Osmotics
- •generic name: Glycerol (glycerin).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Mannitol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Peripheral Vasodilators
- •generic name: Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Vasopressors
- •generic name: Ephedrine.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: 1. Epinephrine; 2. norepinephrine (levaterenol).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Systemic side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – epinephrine
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Phenylephrine.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – nasal application
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Systemic side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Conditional/Unclassified
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Intraocular injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration (toxic levels)
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Intrathecal and intraventricular injections
- •Intracameral injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration – intravenous injections
- •Intracrameral injections
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – subconjunctival injection
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – oral
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antihistamines
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Ocular side effects
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – mitomycin
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intraveneous
- •Systemic administration – intracarotid injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intracarotid injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration
- •Injection into the eyelid (fluorouracil)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration (intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous injections)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (interleukin 2)
- •Subcutaneous administration (interleukin 3 and 6)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration (intravenous, intramuscular)
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration (vincristine unless stated)
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – vinblastine
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFEREnCEs AnD FuRTHER READInG
- •Chemical-induced ocular side effects
- •Class: acids
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Hydrofluoric acid
- •Hydrochloric acid
- •Sulfuric acid
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Aerosols
- •Generic names:
- •synonyms:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Defective or improper delivery – powder form of CS and CN
- •systemic side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •Proprietary name:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – acute intoxication
- •Systemic administration – chronic intoxication
- •Ocular teratogenic effects (fetal alcohol syndrome)
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – retrobulbar injection
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Alkali
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical Ocular Exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Bleaches
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Detergents
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Glues
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical Ocular Exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Herbicides and insecticides
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic exposure – acute effects
- •Systemic exposure – chronic effects
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Hydrocarbons
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: MisCellaneOus
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal medicine and dietary supplement induced ocular side effects
- •Herbal or supplement name: Canthaxanthine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Datura.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Ginkgo biloba.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Licorice.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Retinol (Vitamin A).
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FuRTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
effects side ocular induced-Drug • 7 t Pa r
A B
Fig. 7.4d A: Right eye with multiple retinal, intraretinal and preretinal hemorrhages surrounding the optic nerve head and the posterior
pole. B: An extensive premacular subhyaloid hemorrhage involving the left macular region due to oxygen-ozone therapy. Photo courtesy of Giudice GL, et al: Acute bilateral vitreo-retinal hemorrhages following oxygen-ozone therapy for lumbar disk herniation. Am J Ophthalmol 138: 175-177, 2004.
Clinical significance
Toxic ocular effects due to oxygen are more prominent in premature infants but may be found in any age group under hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Otherwise, ocular side effects secondary to oxygen therapy are rare. While ocular changes due to retrolental fibroplasia are irreversible, most other side effects are transient after use of oxygen is discontinued. Permanent bilateral blindness probably due to 80% oxygen during general anesthesia has been reported. It has been suggested that in susceptible people, severe retinal vasoconstriction or even direct retinal toxicity may occur from oxygen therapy. Bilateral retinal hemorrhages with permanent partial visual loss have been reported secondary to a sudden increase in cerebral spinal fluid pressure after an excessive volume of oxygen was used in a myelogram contrast study. A slow increase in myopia following prolonged hyperbaric oxygen has been seen in premature infants and adults. In addition, oxidative damage to the lens proteins has been postulated as a cause of nuclear cataracts in patients exposed to hyperbaric oxygen treatments.
In a single case report, Giudice et al (2004) described O2O3 injected spinal disc infiltration causing bilateral retinal hemorrhage.
Nissenkorn I, et al. Myopia in premature babies with and without retinopathy of prematurity. Br J Ophthalmol 67: 170, 1983.
Oberman J, Cohn N, Grand MG. Retinal complications of gas myelography. Arch Ophthalmol 97: 1905, 1979.
Palmquist BM, Philipson B, Barr PO. Nuclear cataract and myopia during hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Br J Ophthalmol 68: 113, 1984.
SECTION 5
Gastrointestinal Agents
Class: Agents Used to Treat Acid Peptic Disorders
Generic names: 1. Cimetidine; 2. famotidine; 3. nizatidine; 4. ranitidine.
Proprietary names: 1. Tagamet; 2. Pepcid; 3. Axid; 4. Zantac.
References and Further Reading
Anderson B Jr, Farmer JC Jr. Hyperoxic myopia. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 76: 116, 1978.
Ashton N. Oxygen and the retinal vessels. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 100: 359, 1980.
Campbell PB, et al. Incidence of retinopathy of prematurity in a tertiary newborn intensive care unit. Arch Ophthalmol 101: 1686, 1983.
Fisher AB. Oxygen therapy. Side effects and toxicity. Am Rev Respir Dis 122: 61, 1980.
Gallin-Cohen PF, Podos SM, Yablonski ME. Oxygen lowers intraocular pressure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 19: 43, 1980.
Giudice GL, Valdi F, Gismondi M, et al. Acute bilateral vitreo-retinal hemorrhages following oxygen-ozone therapy for lumbar disk herniation. Am J Ophthalmol 138: 175–177, 2004.
Handelman IL, et al. Retinal toxicity of therapeutic agents. J Toxicol Cut Ocular Toxicol 2: 131, 1983.
Kalina RE, Karr DJ. Retrolental fibroplasia. Ophthalmology 89: 91, 1982. Lyne AJ. Ocular effects of hyperbaric oxygen. Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK 98:
66, 1978.
Primary use
These histamine H2 receptor antagonists are used in the treatment of duodenal ulcers.
Ocular side effects
Systemic administration
Certain
1. Visual hallucinations
2. Photophobia
3. Eyelids or conjunctiva
a.Hyperemia
b.Erythema
c.Conjunctivitis – non-specific
d.Urticaria
e.Purpura
f.Photosensitivity reactions
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