effects side ocular induced-Drug •   PART7  

References and Further Reading

Abrams SM, Degnan TJ, Vinciguerra V. Marrow aplasia following topical application of chloramphenicol eye ointment. Arch Intern Med 140: 576, 1980.

Berry M, Gurung A, Easty DL. Toxicity of antibiotics and antifungal on cultured human corneal cells: effect of mixing, exposure and concentration. Eye 9(Pt 1): 110–115, 1995.

Brodsky E, Biger Y, Zeidan Z, Schneider M. Topical application of chloramphenicol eye ointment followed by fatal bone marrow aplasia. Isr J Med Sci. 25: 54, 1989.

Bron AJ, Leber G, Rizk SNM, et al. Ofloxacin compared with chloramphenicol in the management of external ocular infection. Br J Ophthalmol 75(11): 675–679, 1991.

Chalfin J, Putterman AM. Eyelid skin depigmentation. Ophthalmic Surg 11: 194, 1980.

De Sevilla TF, Alegre J, Vallespi T, et al. Adult pure red cell aplasia following topical ocular chloramphenicol. Br J Ophthalmol 74: 640, 1990.

Diamond J, Leeming J. Chloramphenicol eye drops: a dangerous drug? The Practitioner 239: 608–611, 1995.

Doona M, Walsh JB. Use of chloramphenicol as topical eye medication: time to cry halt? BMJ 310: 1217–1218, 1995.

Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT. Scientific challenges in postmarketing surveillance of ocular adverse drug reactions. Am J Ophthalmol 143: 145–149, 2007.

Fraunfelder FT, Bagby GC Jr., Kelly DJ. Fatal aplastic anemia following topical administration of ophthalmic chloramphenicol. Am J Ophthalmol 93: 356, 1982.

Fraunfelder FT, Morgan RL, Yunis AA. Blood dyscrasias and topical ophthalmic chloramphenicol. Am J Ophthalmol 115(6): 812–813, 1993.

Godel V, Nemet P, Lazar M. Chloramphenicol optic neuropathy. Arch Ophthalmol 98: 1417, 1980.

Isenberg SJ. The fall and rise of chloramphenicol. J Am Assoc Pediatr Ophthalmol Strab 7(5): 307–308, 2003.

Issaragrisil S, Piankijagum A. Aplastic anemia following administration of ophthalmic chloramphenicol: report of a case and review of the literature. J Med Assoc Thai 68: 309, 1985.

Lamda PA, Sood NN, Moorthy SS. Retinopathy due to chloramphenicol. Scot Med J 13: 166, 1968.

Laporte JR, Vidal X, Ballarin E, et al. Possible association between ocular chloramphenicol and aplastic anaemia – the absolute risk is very low. Br J Clin Pharm 46(2): 181–184, 1998.

Leone R, Ghiotto E, Conforti A, et al. Potential interaction between warfarin and ocular chloramphenicol (letter). Ann Pharmacother 33(1): 114, 1999.

Liphshitz I, Loewenstein A. Anaphylactic reaction following application of chloramphenicol eye ointment. Br J Ophthalmol 75: 64, 1991.

McGuinness R. Chloramphenicol eye drops and blood dyscrasia. Med J Austral 140: 383, 1984.

McWhae JA, Chang J, Lipton JH. Drug-induced fatal aplastic anemia following cataract surgery. Can J Ophthalmol 27(6): 313–315, 1992.

Walker S, Diaper C, Bowman R, et al. Lack of evidence for systemic toxicity following topical chloramphenicol use. Eye 12: 875–879, 1998.

Wiholm BE, et al. Relation of aplastic anaemia to use of chloramphenicol eye drops in two international case-control studies. BMJ 316: 666, 1998.

Wilson FM III. Adverse external ocular effects of topical ophthalmic medications. Surv Ophthalmol 24: 57, 1979.

Wilson WR, Cockerill FR III. Tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Mayo Clin Proc 58: 92, 1983.

Generic name: Ciprofloxacin.

Proprietary names: Ciloxan, Cipro, Cipro XR, Proquin.

Primary use

This fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent is used primarily against most Gram-negative aerobic and many Gram-positive aerobic bacteria.

Ocular side effects

Systemic administration

Certain

1. Visual sensations

a.Glare phenomenon

b.Lacrimation

c.Flashing lights

2. Photosensitivity

3. Abnormal VER

Probable

1. Eyelids

a.Hyperpigmentation

b.Angioedema

c.Urticaria

2. Visual hallucinations

3. Myasthenia gravis (aggravates)

a.Diplopia

b.Ptosis

c.Paresis or extraocular muscles

Possible

1. Papilledema secondary to intracranial hypertension

2. Nystagmus

3. Eyelids or conjunctiva

a.Erythema multiforme

b.Erythema nodosum

c.Exfoliative dermatitis

d.Lyell’s syndrome

Conditional/Unclassified

1. Optic neuropathy (reversible)

2. Acute visual loss

Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application

Certain

1. Irritation

a.Pain

b.Burning sensation

c.Lacrimation

d.Foreign body sensation 2. Eyelids

a.Crusting – crystalline

b.Edema

c.Allergic reactions

d.Itching 3. Cornea

a.Precipitates – white (Fig. 7.1b)

b.Keratitis

c.Infiltrates

d.Superficial punctate keratitis 4. Conjunctiva

a.Hyperemia

b.Chemosis

5. Decreased vision

6. Photophobia

Systemic reactions from topical ocular medication

Certain

1. Metallic taste

2. Dermatitis

3. Nausea