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Файл:Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Clinical Ocular Toxicology Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects_Fraunfelder, Chambers _2008.pdf
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- •DEDICATION
- •PREFACE
- •CONTRIBUTORS
- •INSTRUCTIONS TO USERS
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Zidovudine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (oral or intravenous)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Amebicides
- •generic names: 1. Broxyquinoline; 2. diiodohydroxyquinoline (iodoquinol).
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Emetine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Anthelmintics
- •generic name: Diethylcarbamazine citrate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Mepacrine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent direct ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Piperazine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Thiabendazole.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: AntibiOtics
- •generic name: Amikacin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Bacitracin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Inadvertent orbital injection (ointment)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Chloramphenicol.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – intracameral injection
- •systemic side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations for topical ocular chloramphenicol
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Ciprofloxacin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Systemic reactions from topical ocular medication
- •Conditional/Unclassified
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Demeclocycline; 2. doxycycline; 3. minocycline; 4. oxytetracycline; 5. tetracycline.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: filgrastim.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effect
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Systemic reactions from topical ocular medication
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Gentamicin sulfate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – intravitreal or intraocular injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Kanamycin sulfate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – subconjunctival injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Linezolid.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Nalidixic acid.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Neomycin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (neomycin powder to mucus membranes)
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Nitrofurantoin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Polymyxin B sulfate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Sulfacetamide; 2. sulfafurazole (sulfisoxazole); 3. sulfamethizole; 4. sulfamethoxazole; 5. sulfanilamide; 6. sulfasalazine; 7. sulfathiazole.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Conditional/Unclassified
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Telithromycin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Probable
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Tobramycin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – intraocular injection
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – subconjunctival injection
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – ointment in anterior chamber
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antifungal Agents
- •generic name: Amphotericin B.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – intracameral injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Griseofulvin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES
- •Class: Antileprosy Agents
- •generic name: Clofazimine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Dapsone.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Chloroquine; 2. hydroxychloroquine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations for hydroxychloroquine
- •Recommendations for chloroquine
- •caution
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Mefloquine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Quinine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antiprotozoal Agents
- •generic name: Metronidazole.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Suramin sodium.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Tryparsamide.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antitubercular Agents
- •generic name: Cycloserine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Ethambutol.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Ethionamide.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Isoniazid.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Rifabutin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Rifampicin.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure (ointment)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Thioacetazone (Amithiozone).
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Analeptics
- •generic name: Gabapentin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Lamotrigine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Vigabatrin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Benzfetamine hydrochloride; 2. amfepramone hydrochloride (diethylpropion); 3. phendimetrazine tartrate; 4. phentermine.
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antianxiety agents
- •Generic names: 1. Alprazolam; 2. chlordiazepoxide; 3. clonazepam; 4. clorazepate dipotassium; 5. diazepam; 6. flurazepam; 7. lorazepam; 8. midazolam; 9. oxazepam; 10. temazepam; 11. triazolam.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Carisoprodol; 2. meprobamate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: anticonvulsants
- •Generic names: 1. Ethosuximide; 2. methsuximide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ethotoin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Phenytoin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects (fetal hydantoin syndrome)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Sodium valproate; 2. valproate semisodium; 3. valproic acid.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Topiramate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations (Fraunfelder, Fraunfelder and Keates)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Zonisamide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antidepressants
- •Generic names: 1. Amitriptyline; 2. desipramine hydrochloride; 3. nortriptyline hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Amoxapine; 2. clomipramine hydrochloride; 3. doxepin hydrochloride; 4. trimipramine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Carbamazepine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Citalopram hydrobromide; 2. fluoxetine hydrochloride; 3. fluvoxamine maleate; 4. paroxetine hydrochloride; 5. sertaline.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Isocarboxazid; 2. phenelzine; 3. tranylcypromine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Maprotiline.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Methylphenidate hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – oral
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Trazodone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antipsycHotic agents
- •Generic names: 1. Chlorpromazine; 2. fluphenazine; 3. perphenazine; 4. prochlorperazine; 5. promethazine; 6. thiethylperazine; 7. thioridazine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Droperidol; 2. haloperidol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Lithium carbonate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Loxapine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Pimozide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Quetiapine fumarate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Tiotixene.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Psychedelic agents
- •Generic names: 1. Dronabinol (tetrahydrocannabinol, THC); 2. hashish; 3. marihuana (marijuana).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), lysergide; 2. mescaline; 3. psilocybin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Topical ocular application – liquid LSD
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Phencyclidine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Sedatives and Hypnotics
- •Generic names: 1. Amobarbital; 2. butalbital; 3. methohexital; 4. methylphenobarbital (mephobarbital); 5. pentobarbital; 6. phenobarbital; 7. primidone; 8. secbutabarbital; 9. secobarbital.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (Primarily excessive dosage or chronic use)
- •Ocular teratogenic effects (primidone)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Chloral hydrate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: agents used to treat gout
- •Generic name: Allopurinol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Colchicine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antirheumatic agents
- •Generic name: 1. Adalimumab; 2. etanercept; 3. infliximab.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Auranofin; 2. aurothioglucose; 3. sodium aurothiomalate (gold sodium thiomalate).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Celecoxib; 2. etolodac; 3. nimesulide; 4. rofecoxib; 5. valdecoxib.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Fenoprofen calcium.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Flurbiprofen.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ibuprofen.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Indometacin (indomethacin).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure - topical ocular
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ketoprofen.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: naproxen.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Piroxicam.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Mild analgesics
- •Generic names: Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Codeine; 2. dextropropoxyphene.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Paracetamol (acetaminophen).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Possible
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: narcotic antagonists
- •Generic names: 1. naloxone hydrochloride; 2. naltrexone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure (naloxone)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Strong analgesics
- •Generic name: Diacetylmorphine (diamorphine, heroin).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Hydromorphone hydrochloride (dihydromorphinone); 2. oxymorphone hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Methadone hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Morphine; 2. opium.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – morphine
- •Epidural or intravenous exposure
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Pethidine hydrochloride (meperidine).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Pentazocine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: adjuncts to anesthesia
- •Generic name: Hyaluronidase.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Subconjunctival or retrobulbar injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Hyoscine (scopolamine); 2. hyoscine methobromide (methscopolamine).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Topical
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Suxamethonium chloride (succinylcholine).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations for use in open globe (after chidiac 2004)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: General anesthesia
- •Generic name: Ether (anesthetic ether).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ketamine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Methoxyflurane.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: nitrous oxide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects.
- •Systemic administration
- •Intravitreal injection of gas during vitrectomy
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Propofol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Intravenous administration
- •Accidental ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: local anesthetics
- •Generic names: 1. Bupivacaine hydrochloride; 2. chloroprocaine hydrochloride; 3. lidocaine; 4. mepivacaine hydrochloride; 5. prilocaine; 6. procaine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – spiral, caudal, epidural, extradural injections
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: tHerapeutic Gases
- •Generic name: Carbon dioxide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – extreme concentrations
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Oxygen, oxygen-ozone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: agents used to treat acid Peptic disorders
- •Generic names: 1. Cimetidine; 2. famotidine; 3. nizatidine; 4. ranitidine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Ergometrine maleate (ergonovine); 2. ergotamine tartrate; 3. methylergometrine maleate (methylergonovine).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: antianginal agents
- •generic name: 1. Amyl nitrite; 2. butyl nitrite.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Inhalation administration
- •Topical ocular application – inadvertent contact with liquid
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Diltiazem hydrochloride; 2. nifedipine; 3. verapamil hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •generic names: 1. flecainide acetate; 2. procainamide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: nitroglycerin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: antiarrythmic agents
- •generic name: Amiodarone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Disopyramide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Methacholine chloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: 1. Oxprenolol hydrochloride; 2. propranolol hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Quinidine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: antihypertensive agents
- •generic names: 1. Acebutolol; 2. atenolol; 3. carvedilol; 4. labetolol hydrochloride; 5. metoprolol; 6. nadolol; 7. pindolol.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: 1. Alfuzosin hydrochloride; 2. doxazosin; 3. tamsulosin; 4. terazosin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Captopril; 2. enalapril.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Clonidine.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Diazoxide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Guanethidine monosulfate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Hydralazine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Minoxidil.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Topical application
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Prazosin hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Rescinnamine; 2. reserpine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: BronChodilators
- •generic name: Ipratropium.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – solution, aerosols or nasal sprays
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Salbutamol (albuterol).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – nebulizer
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: diuretics
- •generic names: 1. Bendroflumethiazide; 2. chlorothiazide; 3. chlortalidone; 4. hydrochlorothiazide; 5. hydroflumethiazide; 6. indapamide; 7. methyclothiazide; 8. metolazone; 9. polythiazide; 10. trichlormethiazide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: furosemide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Osmotics
- •generic name: Glycerol (glycerin).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Mannitol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Peripheral Vasodilators
- •generic name: Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Vasopressors
- •generic name: Ephedrine.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: 1. Epinephrine; 2. norepinephrine (levaterenol).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Systemic side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – epinephrine
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Phenylephrine.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – nasal application
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Systemic side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Conditional/Unclassified
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Intraocular injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration (toxic levels)
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Intrathecal and intraventricular injections
- •Intracameral injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration – intravenous injections
- •Intracrameral injections
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – subconjunctival injection
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – oral
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antihistamines
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Ocular side effects
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – mitomycin
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intraveneous
- •Systemic administration – intracarotid injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intracarotid injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration
- •Injection into the eyelid (fluorouracil)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration (intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous injections)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (interleukin 2)
- •Subcutaneous administration (interleukin 3 and 6)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration (intravenous, intramuscular)
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration (vincristine unless stated)
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – vinblastine
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFEREnCEs AnD FuRTHER READInG
- •Chemical-induced ocular side effects
- •Class: acids
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Hydrofluoric acid
- •Hydrochloric acid
- •Sulfuric acid
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Aerosols
- •Generic names:
- •synonyms:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Defective or improper delivery – powder form of CS and CN
- •systemic side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •Proprietary name:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – acute intoxication
- •Systemic administration – chronic intoxication
- •Ocular teratogenic effects (fetal alcohol syndrome)
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – retrobulbar injection
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Alkali
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical Ocular Exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Bleaches
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Detergents
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Glues
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical Ocular Exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Herbicides and insecticides
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic exposure – acute effects
- •Systemic exposure – chronic effects
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Hydrocarbons
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: MisCellaneOus
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal medicine and dietary supplement induced ocular side effects
- •Herbal or supplement name: Canthaxanthine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Datura.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Ginkgo biloba.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Licorice.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Retinol (Vitamin A).
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FuRTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
effects side ocular induced supplement dietary and medicine Herbal • 9 PART
Ocular side effects
Local ophthalmic use or exposure
Certain
1. Allergic conjunctivitis (severe)
2. Angioedema
Clinical significance
Chamomile tea, which is a common drink worldwide, is made from the dried flower heads of the German or common chamomile plant. There is strong evidence that this tea, when applied topically in or around the eye, can cause a severe conjunctivitis. Subiza et al (1990) described seven patients who rinsed their eyes with chamomile tea to treat styes and runny, irritated eyes. All subjects developed severe conjunctivitis, with angioedema occurring in two patients. All seven subjects had a history of seasonal allergic rhinitis.
A possible mechanism for these patients’ conjunctivitis could be sensitivity to the allergens present in Matricaria chamomilla pollen. Cross-reactivity with other allergenic pollens to which the patient is already sensitive could lead to the severe conjunctivitis observed in
Subiza’s study. Because patients are using chamomile to treat their
eyes, clinicians should recognize the possibility of Matricaria cham- Fig. 9.1 Canthaxanthine crystalline retinopathy. omilla sensitivity in cases of what appears to be allergic conjunctivi-
tis, especially in patients who already have an atopic history.
References and Further Reading
Subiza J et al. Allergic conjunctivitis to chamomile tea. Ann Allergy 65: 127–132, 1990.
Herbal or supplement name: Chrysanthemum (lice
shampoo). (Fig. 9.2)
Primary use
Pyrethrum (Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium) is used as an insecticide for scabies, head lice, crab lice and their nits. Not Nice to Lice® (NNTL) shampoo is used to kill head lice and their nits. The ingredients of the latter, according to the product label, include purified water, anionic/non-ionic surfactant blend, glycerin, enzymes and peppermint oil.
around the eyes (i.e. lice shampoo on the head) but it is unusual for the reaction to cause more than transient eye irritation or red eye. Specifically, reports of corneal abrasions are worrisome, as patients will need to seek emergency treatment due to severe ocular pain and the risk of a bacterial infection superimposed on the corneal epithelial defect. Corneal abrasions may be due to the proteolytic enzymes present in the shampoo preparation.
From the available data, all adverse reactions were immediate and resolved after 1–2 days after discontinuation of the product. The dosage in all patients was per manufacturer instructions for use of Not Nice to Lice®; however, the concentration of pyrethrum is unknown in products such at NNTL and others.
References and Further Reading
Fraunfelder FW, Fraunfelder FT, Goetsch RA. Adverse ocular effects from over-the-counter lice shampoo. Arch Ophthalmol 121: 1790-1791, 2003.
Ocular side effects
Local ophthalmic use or exposure
Certain
1. Keratitis
2. Irritative conjunctivitis
3. Allergic conjunctivitis (severe)
4. Corneal abrasions
Clinical significance
From the WHO and the National Registry, there are 54 reports of keratitis and 19 reports of irritative conjunctivitis from topical use of pyrethrum, which presumably got into the eye of the patients inadvertently. In addition, there are 15 case reports of severe surface ocular reactions from Not Nice to Lice (Ginesis, Nashville, Tennesee, USA) which got into the eyes of the user. Seven of these cases were corneal abrasions. It may not be unusual for eye irritation to occur when a topical solution is used
Herbal or supplement name: Datura.
Primary use
The dried leaves of this flower are used to treat inflammation of the eye as well as asthma, bronchitis, influenza and coughs. The leaves contain alkaloids that are anticholinergic and parasympatholytic in extremely varying concentrations. Jimson weed (Datura stramonium) is the main member of this genus utilized for its potential therapeutic value.
Ocular side effects
Systemic administration
Certain
1. Pupils – mydriasis
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