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Файл:Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Clinical Ocular Toxicology Drug-Induced Ocular Side Effects_Fraunfelder, Chambers _2008.pdf
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- •DEDICATION
- •PREFACE
- •CONTRIBUTORS
- •INSTRUCTIONS TO USERS
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Zidovudine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (oral or intravenous)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Amebicides
- •generic names: 1. Broxyquinoline; 2. diiodohydroxyquinoline (iodoquinol).
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Emetine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Anthelmintics
- •generic name: Diethylcarbamazine citrate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Mepacrine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent direct ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Piperazine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Thiabendazole.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: AntibiOtics
- •generic name: Amikacin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Bacitracin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Inadvertent orbital injection (ointment)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Chloramphenicol.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – intracameral injection
- •systemic side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations for topical ocular chloramphenicol
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Ciprofloxacin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Systemic reactions from topical ocular medication
- •Conditional/Unclassified
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Demeclocycline; 2. doxycycline; 3. minocycline; 4. oxytetracycline; 5. tetracycline.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: filgrastim.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effect
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Systemic reactions from topical ocular medication
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Gentamicin sulfate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – intravitreal or intraocular injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Kanamycin sulfate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – subconjunctival injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Linezolid.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Nalidixic acid.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Neomycin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (neomycin powder to mucus membranes)
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Nitrofurantoin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Polymyxin B sulfate.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Sulfacetamide; 2. sulfafurazole (sulfisoxazole); 3. sulfamethizole; 4. sulfamethoxazole; 5. sulfanilamide; 6. sulfasalazine; 7. sulfathiazole.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Conditional/Unclassified
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Telithromycin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Probable
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Tobramycin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – intraocular injection
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – subconjunctival injection
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – ointment in anterior chamber
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antifungal Agents
- •generic name: Amphotericin B.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – intracameral injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Griseofulvin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES
- •Class: Antileprosy Agents
- •generic name: Clofazimine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Dapsone.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Chloroquine; 2. hydroxychloroquine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations for hydroxychloroquine
- •Recommendations for chloroquine
- •caution
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Mefloquine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Quinine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antiprotozoal Agents
- •generic name: Metronidazole.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Suramin sodium.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Tryparsamide.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antitubercular Agents
- •generic name: Cycloserine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Ethambutol.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Ethionamide.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Isoniazid.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Rifabutin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Rifampicin.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure (ointment)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Thioacetazone (Amithiozone).
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Analeptics
- •generic name: Gabapentin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Lamotrigine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Vigabatrin.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Benzfetamine hydrochloride; 2. amfepramone hydrochloride (diethylpropion); 3. phendimetrazine tartrate; 4. phentermine.
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antianxiety agents
- •Generic names: 1. Alprazolam; 2. chlordiazepoxide; 3. clonazepam; 4. clorazepate dipotassium; 5. diazepam; 6. flurazepam; 7. lorazepam; 8. midazolam; 9. oxazepam; 10. temazepam; 11. triazolam.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Carisoprodol; 2. meprobamate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: anticonvulsants
- •Generic names: 1. Ethosuximide; 2. methsuximide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ethotoin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Phenytoin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects (fetal hydantoin syndrome)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Sodium valproate; 2. valproate semisodium; 3. valproic acid.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Topiramate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations (Fraunfelder, Fraunfelder and Keates)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Zonisamide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antidepressants
- •Generic names: 1. Amitriptyline; 2. desipramine hydrochloride; 3. nortriptyline hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Amoxapine; 2. clomipramine hydrochloride; 3. doxepin hydrochloride; 4. trimipramine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Carbamazepine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Citalopram hydrobromide; 2. fluoxetine hydrochloride; 3. fluvoxamine maleate; 4. paroxetine hydrochloride; 5. sertaline.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Isocarboxazid; 2. phenelzine; 3. tranylcypromine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Maprotiline.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Methylphenidate hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – oral
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Trazodone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antipsycHotic agents
- •Generic names: 1. Chlorpromazine; 2. fluphenazine; 3. perphenazine; 4. prochlorperazine; 5. promethazine; 6. thiethylperazine; 7. thioridazine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Droperidol; 2. haloperidol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Lithium carbonate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Loxapine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Pimozide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Quetiapine fumarate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Tiotixene.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Psychedelic agents
- •Generic names: 1. Dronabinol (tetrahydrocannabinol, THC); 2. hashish; 3. marihuana (marijuana).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), lysergide; 2. mescaline; 3. psilocybin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Topical ocular application – liquid LSD
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Phencyclidine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Sedatives and Hypnotics
- •Generic names: 1. Amobarbital; 2. butalbital; 3. methohexital; 4. methylphenobarbital (mephobarbital); 5. pentobarbital; 6. phenobarbital; 7. primidone; 8. secbutabarbital; 9. secobarbital.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (Primarily excessive dosage or chronic use)
- •Ocular teratogenic effects (primidone)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Chloral hydrate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: agents used to treat gout
- •Generic name: Allopurinol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Colchicine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: antirheumatic agents
- •Generic name: 1. Adalimumab; 2. etanercept; 3. infliximab.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Auranofin; 2. aurothioglucose; 3. sodium aurothiomalate (gold sodium thiomalate).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Celecoxib; 2. etolodac; 3. nimesulide; 4. rofecoxib; 5. valdecoxib.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Fenoprofen calcium.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Flurbiprofen.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ibuprofen.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Indometacin (indomethacin).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure - topical ocular
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ketoprofen.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: naproxen.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Piroxicam.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Mild analgesics
- •Generic names: Aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Codeine; 2. dextropropoxyphene.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Paracetamol (acetaminophen).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Possible
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: narcotic antagonists
- •Generic names: 1. naloxone hydrochloride; 2. naltrexone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure (naloxone)
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: Strong analgesics
- •Generic name: Diacetylmorphine (diamorphine, heroin).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Hydromorphone hydrochloride (dihydromorphinone); 2. oxymorphone hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Methadone hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Morphine; 2. opium.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – morphine
- •Epidural or intravenous exposure
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Pethidine hydrochloride (meperidine).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Pentazocine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: adjuncts to anesthesia
- •Generic name: Hyaluronidase.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Subconjunctival or retrobulbar injection
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: 1. Hyoscine (scopolamine); 2. hyoscine methobromide (methscopolamine).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Topical
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Suxamethonium chloride (succinylcholine).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •Recommendations for use in open globe (after chidiac 2004)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: General anesthesia
- •Generic name: Ether (anesthetic ether).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Ketamine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Methoxyflurane.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: nitrous oxide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects.
- •Systemic administration
- •Intravitreal injection of gas during vitrectomy
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name: Propofol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Intravenous administration
- •Accidental ocular exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: local anesthetics
- •Generic names: 1. Bupivacaine hydrochloride; 2. chloroprocaine hydrochloride; 3. lidocaine; 4. mepivacaine hydrochloride; 5. prilocaine; 6. procaine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – spiral, caudal, epidural, extradural injections
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: tHerapeutic Gases
- •Generic name: Carbon dioxide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – extreme concentrations
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names: Oxygen, oxygen-ozone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •class: agents used to treat acid Peptic disorders
- •Generic names: 1. Cimetidine; 2. famotidine; 3. nizatidine; 4. ranitidine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Ergometrine maleate (ergonovine); 2. ergotamine tartrate; 3. methylergometrine maleate (methylergonovine).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: antianginal agents
- •generic name: 1. Amyl nitrite; 2. butyl nitrite.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Inhalation administration
- •Topical ocular application – inadvertent contact with liquid
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Diltiazem hydrochloride; 2. nifedipine; 3. verapamil hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •generic names: 1. flecainide acetate; 2. procainamide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: nitroglycerin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: antiarrythmic agents
- •generic name: Amiodarone.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Disopyramide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Methacholine chloride.
- •Primary use
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: 1. Oxprenolol hydrochloride; 2. propranolol hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Quinidine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: antihypertensive agents
- •generic names: 1. Acebutolol; 2. atenolol; 3. carvedilol; 4. labetolol hydrochloride; 5. metoprolol; 6. nadolol; 7. pindolol.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: 1. Alfuzosin hydrochloride; 2. doxazosin; 3. tamsulosin; 4. terazosin.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Captopril; 2. enalapril.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Clonidine.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Diazoxide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Guanethidine monosulfate.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Hydralazine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Minoxidil.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Topical application
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Prazosin hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic names: 1. Rescinnamine; 2. reserpine.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: BronChodilators
- •generic name: Ipratropium.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – solution, aerosols or nasal sprays
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Salbutamol (albuterol).
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – nebulizer
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: diuretics
- •generic names: 1. Bendroflumethiazide; 2. chlorothiazide; 3. chlortalidone; 4. hydrochlorothiazide; 5. hydroflumethiazide; 6. indapamide; 7. methyclothiazide; 8. metolazone; 9. polythiazide; 10. trichlormethiazide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: furosemide.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Osmotics
- •generic name: Glycerol (glycerin).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Mannitol.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Peripheral Vasodilators
- •generic name: Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride.
- •Primary use
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Vasopressors
- •generic name: Ephedrine.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: 1. Epinephrine; 2. norepinephrine (levaterenol).
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Systemic side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – epinephrine
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •generic name: Phenylephrine.
- •Primary use
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – nasal application
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Systemic side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Conditional/Unclassified
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Intraocular injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration (toxic levels)
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Intrathecal and intraventricular injections
- •Intracameral injection
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration – intravenous injections
- •Intracrameral injections
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – subconjunctival injection
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – oral
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Antihistamines
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Ocular side effects
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – mitomycin
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intraveneous
- •Systemic administration – intracarotid injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intravenous
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration – intracarotid injection
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration
- •Injection into the eyelid (fluorouracil)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration (intramuscular, subcutaneous or intravenous injections)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration (interleukin 2)
- •Subcutaneous administration (interleukin 3 and 6)
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •Ocular teratogenic effects
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic
- •Ophthalmic
- •Systemic administration (intravenous, intramuscular)
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Systemic administration (vincristine unless stated)
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure – vinblastine
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •REFEREnCEs AnD FuRTHER READInG
- •Chemical-induced ocular side effects
- •Class: acids
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Hydrofluoric acid
- •Hydrochloric acid
- •Sulfuric acid
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Aerosols
- •Generic names:
- •synonyms:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Defective or improper delivery – powder form of CS and CN
- •systemic side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •Proprietary name:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration – acute intoxication
- •Systemic administration – chronic intoxication
- •Ocular teratogenic effects (fetal alcohol syndrome)
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure – retrobulbar injection
- •Inadvertent ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Alkali
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical Ocular Exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Direct ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Bleaches
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Detergents
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Glues
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical Ocular Exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Herbicides and insecticides
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic names:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic exposure – acute effects
- •Systemic exposure – chronic effects
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: Hydrocarbons
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Systemic exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Class: MisCellaneOus
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names/products containing:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Generic name:
- •synonyms:
- •Proprietary names:
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Topical ocular exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •Recommendations
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal medicine and dietary supplement induced ocular side effects
- •Herbal or supplement name: Canthaxanthine.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Local ophthalmic use or exposure
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Datura.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Ginkgo biloba.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Licorice.
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
- •Herbal or supplement name: Retinol (Vitamin A).
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FuRTHER READING
- •Primary use
- •Ocular side effects
- •Systemic administration
- •Clinical significance
- •REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Campochiaro PA, Lim JI. The Aminoglycoside Toxicity Study Group. Aminoglycoside toxicity in the treatment of endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol 112: 48–53, 1994.
D’Amico DJ, Caspers-Velu L, et al. Comparative toxicity of intravitreal aminoglycoside antibiotics. Am J Ophthalmol 100: 264–275, 1985.
Doft BH, Barza M. Ceftazidime or amikacin: choice of intravitreal antimicrobials in the treatment of postoperative endophthalmitis. Arch Ophthalmol 112: 17–18, 1994.
Doft BH, Barza M. Macular infarction after intravitreal amikacin. Br J Ophthalmol 88: 850, 2004.
Galloway G, Ramsay A, Jordan K. Macular infarction after intravitreal amikacin: mounting evidence against amikacin. Br J Ophthalmol 86: 359–360, 2002.
Galloway G, Ramsay A, Jordan K, Vivian A. Macular infarction after intravitreal amikacin: authors’ reply. Br J Ophthalmol 88: 1228, 2004.
Jackson TL, Williamson TH. Amikacin retinal toxicity. Br J Ophthalmol 83: 1199–1200, 1999.
Piguet B, Chobaz C, Grounauer PA. Toxic retinopathy caused by intravitreal injection of amikacin and vancomycin. Klinische Monatsblatter fur Augenheilkunde 208: 358–359, 1996.
Seawright AA, Bourke RD, Cooling RJ. Macula toxicity after intravitreal amikacin. Austral New Zealand J Ophth 24: 143–146, 1996.
Verma L, Arora R, Sachdev MS. Macular infarction after intravitreal injection of amikacin. Can J Ophthalmol 28: 241–243, 1993.
Local ophthalmic use or exposure – topical application or subconjunctival injection
Certain
1. Irritation – primarily with subconjunctival injection
a.Hyperemia
b.Ocular pain
c.Edema
2. Eyelids or conjunctiva
a.Allergic reactions
b.Angioedema
3. Overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms
4. Conjunctival necrosis (nafcillin) – subconjunctival injection
Clinical significance
Surprisingly few ocular side effects other than dermatologicor hematologic-related conditions have been reported with the semisynthetic penicillins. The incidence of allergic skin reactions due to ampicillin, however, may be high. Ampicillin and other semisynthetic penicillins may unmask or aggravate ocular signs of myasthenia gravis. Nafcillin has been reported to cause conjunctival necrosis with subconjunctival injections. Many, and maybe all, of these agents can be found in the tears in therapeutic levels and can cause local reactions if the patients are sensitive to the drug.
Generic names: 1. Amoxicillin; 2. ampicillin; 3. nafcillin sodium; 4. piperacillin; 5. ticarcillin monosodium.
Proprietary names: 1. Amoxil, Augmentin, DisperMox, Trimox; 2. Principen, Unasyn; 3. Nafcil; 4. Pipracil, Zosyn; 5. Timentin.
Primary use
Semisynthetic penicillins are primarily effective against staphylococci, streptococci, pneumococci and various other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
References and Further Reading
Argov Z, et al. Ampicillin may aggravate clinical and experimental myasthenia gravis. Arch Neurol 43: 255, 1986.
Brick DC, West C, Ostler HB. Ocular toxicity of subconjunctival nafcillin. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 18(Suppl): 132, 1979.
Drug Evaluations, 6th edn, American Medical Association, Chicago, pp 1312–1328, 1986.
Ellis PP. Handbook of Ocular Therapeutics and Pharmacology. 6th edn. Mosby, St Louis, CV, 1981pp 42–45, 165–169, 1981.
Kaeser HE. Drug-induced myasthenic syndromes. Acta Neurol Scand 70(Suppl 100): 39, 1984.
Johnson AP, Scoper SV, Woo FL, et al. Azlocillin levels in human tears and aqueous humor. Am J Ophthalmol 99: 469–472, 1985.
Ocular side effects
Systemic administration |
Generic names: 1. Azithromycin; 2. clarithromycin; |
|
Certain |
3. clindamycin; 4. erythromycin. |
|
1. Eyelids or conjunctiva |
Proprietary names: 1. Zithromax; 2. Biaxin; 3. Cleocin, |
|
a. |
Allergic reactions |
|
b. |
Blepharoconjunctivitis |
Cleocin T, Clindagel, ClindaMax, Clindets; 4. AkneMycin, |
c. |
Edema |
ATS, Del-mycin, E-Base, E-Mycin, EES, Emgal, Eramycin, |
d. |
Photosensitivity |
Ery-Ped, Ery-Tab, Eryc, Erycette, Eryderm, Erygel, Erymax, |
e. |
Angioedema |
Erythrocin, Ilosone, Ilotycin, PCE, Robimycin Robitabs, |
f. |
Urticaria |
Staticin, T-Stat. |
Probable |
Primary use |
|
1. Myasthenia gravis (aggravates) |
Azithromycin, clarithromycin and erythromycin are macrolides, |
|
a. |
Diplopia |
while clindamycin is an antibiotic with similar properties. These |
b. |
Ptosis |
bactericidal antibiotics are effective against Gram-positive or |
c. |
Paresis of extraocular muscles |
Gram-negative organisms. |
Possible |
Ocular side effects |
|
1. Eyelids or conjunctiva |
Systemic administration |
|
a. |
Erythema multiforme |
|
b. |
Stevens-Johnson syndrome |
Certain |
c. |
Exfoliative dermatitis |
1. Problems with color vision – color vision defect, blue |
d. |
Lyell’s syndrome |
yellow defect (erythromycin) |
nfectivesi -Anti ectiS • 1on
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