Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Clinical Medicine in Optometric Practice_Muchnick_2007

Radiology (Continued) plain films, 64-66 ultrasonography, 69

GI series, 114

history/overview of x-rays, 53-54 optic scans, 66f, 67f

orienting the image (planes of body), 61-62, 61f, 62f

for respiratory diseases, 102 roentgenograms, 225f

skull films, 62

x-rays, 53-54, 54f, 55f, 63f, 183f Raised skin lesions, 203

RAIU (radioactive iodine-uptake) test, 134

Rales, 21

RAPD (relative afferent pupillary defect), 163, 244-248, 245, 246f, 250, 330

Rapid plasma reagin (RPR), 187 Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test, 51

RA (rheumatoid arthritis). See rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

Rashes. See skin/dermatology Lyme disease, 184f syphilis, 315f

systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 158f

Rathke’s pouch, 239-240 Raymond’s syndrome, 241 Raynaud’s phenomenon, 160, 325 RBC (red blood cell count), 41-43,

192, 193

RDW (red blood cell distribution width), 42

Reaction types (allergic), 151 Reactive arthritis (ReA) (Reiter’s

syndrome), 49, 161-162, 312-313t, 316, 341

Reason for visit. See chief complaint/ reason for visit

Recovery position, 291 Rectal examinations, 23, 114 Recurrent uveitis, 300

Red blood cell count (RBC), 41-43, 192, 193

Red blood cell distribution width (RDW), 42

Red cell distribution, 192 Red eye, 302, 303 Reductase, 47 Referrals/consults

ADD/ADHD, 286-287

Argyll Robertson syndrome, 250 carotid workups, 21

complications of osteoarthritis, 164-165 Crohn’s disease, 314

erythroderma with systemic signs/ symptoms, 205

Graves’ disease, 134 hernias, 23

hives with fever, 206-207

SPK (superficial punctuate keratitis), 116, 176, 181

Spleen, 23 Spondyloarthropathies, 49 Sputum, 14

SQ (subcutaneous) route for injections, 367-371

Squamous cell carcinoma, 18, 221-222 Squamous metaplasia, 346

Squamous papillomas, 217 SRNVM (subretinal neovascular

membrane), 188 Standards of care, 295 Staphylococcus infections, 180 Status epilepticus, 229

STDs (sexually transmitted diseases) chlamydial infections, 187-188 genital warts, 216

gonorrhea, 181-182, 181f human papilloma virus, 178 syphilis

alopecia in, 206

Argyll Robertson syndrome, 250 laboratory testing for, 51 neurosyphilis, 187, 282

ocular findings in, 312-313t in pituitary gland, 145

posterior manifestations of, 327 rashes in, 315

retinal manifestations of, 308 stages of, 185-187

Stellwag’s sign, 14, 136 Stem cells, 191 Stenosis, 83

aortic, 91 flow-limiting, 75 mitral, 90-91 tricuspid, 92

Steroids, 146, 233, 302, 309, 310, 355 Stethoscopes, 14, 21

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), 156, 156f, 207, 208, 216

Stomach evaluation, 114 Stomatitis, 14, 117f

Strabismus, 258. See also extraocular muscles (EOMs); ocular motility dysfunction

Streptococcus infections, 180 Stressors, 347, 348

Stress tests, 82

Strokes (cerebrovascular accidents), 79, 229-232, 292b, 323

Strokes/cerebrovascular disease, 79, 229-232, 292, 323

Structural brain lesions, 224 STS group of tests, 51 Sturge-Weber syndrome, 208

Subarachnoid abducens nerve palsies, 266

Subarachnoid fourth-nerve palsy, 265 Subarachnoid hemorrhages, 251, 270t

Subclavian steal syndrome, 228 Subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII), 127 Subcutaneous (SQ) route for injections,

367-371

Subhyaloid preretinal hemorrhages, 276 Submucosal hematomas, 194

Subretinal neovascular membrane (SRNVM), 188

Sudoriferous cysts, 217-218 Suicide, 283, 284, 285 Suker’s sign, 137

Sun exposure, 210

Superficial basal cell carcinoma, 220 Superficial punctuate keratitis (SPK),

115f, 116, 176, 181

Superficial spreading melanoma, 212 Superior orbital fissure fourth-nerve

palsy, 265 Suppression of vision, 254 Supranuclear palsy, 256 Surgical treatment

for advanced osteoarthritis, 165 angina pectoris, 83

aortic valve reconstruction (AVR), 91, 92

brain tumors, 239-240

breaking of anterior synechiae, 307 cancer, 198

carotid endarterectomy, 86, 232, 322-323

cataracts, 344

for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 103

embolectomy, 105

endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO), 144 hypertensive retinopathy, 321-322 hyperthyroidism, 135

increased intracranial pressure, 238 mitral regurgitation, 91

mitral valvotomy, 91 Mooren’s ulcer, 155 myasthenia gravis (MG), 234

ocular ischemic syndrome, 323 orbital decompression, 143 parkinsonianism, 236

for pheochromocytoma, 147 revascularization procedures, 87 ruptured aneurysms, 276 squamous cell carcinoma, 222

Swallowing difficulties, 113, 325 Swinging flashlight test, 243-246, 245 Sylvian aqueduct, 249t

Symblepharon, 115f, 116, 155, 156, 178 Sympathetic efferent system lesions,

249t

Sympathetic pupillary light reflex pathway, 244f

Symptoms. See by disease, disorder, or process; chief complaint/reason for visit; diagnostic signs and symptoms/ diagnostic testing

INDEX 395

Syncope, 228, 290-291, 290b Synechiae, 247, 307f Synovial fluid analysis, 48 Synovitis, 158

Syphilis, 315f, 328f alopecia in, 206

Argyll Robertson syndrome, 250 laboratory testing for, 51 neurosyphilis, 187, 282

ocular findings in, 312-313t in pituitary gland, 145

posterior manifestations of, 327 rashes in, 315

retinal manifestations of, 308 stages of, 185-187

Syringomas, 218

Systemic effects of allergic responses, 151

Systemic hypertension, 131, 229 control of, 76

drug treatment for, 81-82 effects of, 79-81 essential, 78

genetics of, 341 malignant, 81

ocular ischemic syndrome in, 323 posterior segment manifestations of,

319-322 pregnancy-induced, 78, 352-353 prognostic indicators in, 78 retinal arteriosclerosis in, 79f secondary, 78

third cranial nerve involvement in, 241

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 49, 97, 157-158, 158f, 206, 324

T

T3 suppression test, 134 Tabes dorsalis, 282 Taboparesis, 282 Tachyarrhythmias, 89-90 Tachycardia, 14

Tactile sense, evaluation of, 30f Talc retinopathy, 334 Tamoxifen retinopathy, 334-335 T cell lymphoma, 204-205

Tcells, 43, 136, 142, 151-152, 153, 156,

163.See also HIV/AIDS

Tears. See lacrimal system Technetium scans, 58-59, 58f Teeth, 187, 271t Telangiectasias, 16, 203, 204 Temperature, patient’s, 15f

Temporal arteritis (giant-cell arteritis [GCA]), 162-163, 163f, 270t, 274, 323-324

Temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ), 273-274

Tension headaches, 270t Tension-type headaches, 273

Tenth cranial (vagus) nerve, 37, 242 Terminally ill patients, 283 Testicular cancer, 23

Testing. See diagnostic signs and symptoms/diagnostic testing; laboratory testing

Tetanus, 181 Thalassemia, 42, 195 T-helper cells, 168 Thiamine (vitamin B), 116

Third cranial (oculomotor) nerve, 33, 34, 260-261

clinicopathologic correlates of, 240-241

efferent third-nerve deficits, 251 lesions of, 249t

orbital third cranial nerve palsy, 241 orbital third-nerve lesions, 251 palsies, 240, 261-263, 267, 276

Throat, 6 Thrombocytopenia, 192, 206 Thrombocytes, 43 Thrombocytopenia, 332-334 Thrombolytic therapy, 232

Thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura (TTP), 193, 197, 333-334, 354

Thrombus formation, 20-21, 73, 74-75 Thyroid disorders, 49-50. See also

endocrine system/disorders alopecia in, 206

examination of thyroid, 19-20 Graves’ disease (endocrine

ophthalmopathy [EO]), 11, 50, 67, 68, 69

diagnosis of, 136-141 hormones, role of, 123-124 names synonymous with, 133 overview of, 135

overview of/terminology related to, 133-134

pathogenesis of, 136 symptoms of, 136-141 Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, 136 hyperthyroidism, 14, 134-135 hypothyroidism, 135-136, 145

palpation of thyroid, 19f thyroid ophthalmopathy, 68

Thyroid function tests, 134-136 Thyroid-releasing hormone (TRH), 50 Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), 50 TIAs (transient ischemic attacks). See

under ischemia Tick-borne diseases, 183-185 Ticlopidine, 231

Tics, 236 Tinnitus, 242

T lymphocytes, 144, 150

TMJ (temporomandibular joint syndrome), 273-274

Tomograms, 57f Tongue, 117, 117f, 310f

Tonic-clonic seizures, 229 Tonic pupils, 32, 251-252 Tophi nodules, 165 Torticollis, 33

Tortuosity of retinal veins, 321 Torus palatinus, 17

Total cholesterol levels, 45 Total serum protein levels, 46

Toxic environment, 267, 344, 345 Toxicity, 115-117, 334-335 Toxocariasis, 189-190, 332, 333f Toxoplasmosis, 189, 199, 332, 332f,

333, 333f Trabeculitis, 177 Trachoma, 187-188

Transaminases (aminotransferases), 44 Transcription, 340

Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs). See under ischemia

Translation, 340 Transplantation of organs, 97 Trauma

anterior uveitis and, 300 head/cranial nerves, 262, 265 iris, 247

oculomotor nerve, 267 orbital floor, 18

sixth cranial nerve, 266 skin, 204

Treatment protocols. See specific disease or disorder

Tremors, 235 Treponemal tests, 51, 314

TRH (thyroid-releasing hormone), 50 Trichiasis, 156

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR), 92 Tricuspid stenosis (TS), 92 Trigeminal (fifth cranial) nerve, 33-35,

35f, 174f, 175f, 241, 271t, 275 Trochlear (fourth cranial) nerve, 33, 34,

241, 261, 263-265

Tropheryma whippelii, 114-115 TSH-IRMA test, 134

TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone), 50, 145

TS (tricuspid stenosis), 92

TTP (thrombotic thrombocytopenia purpura), 193, 197, 333-334, 354 Tuberculosis, 145, 157, 173, 182-183, 182f, 183, 312-313t, 314, 326-327

Tumor markers, 199 Tumors

adrenal, 78

anterior chamber, 307 benign ocular, 200-201 brain, 238-240, 274-275, 280

of central nervous system, 238t conjunctival, 200f

definition of, 203, 204 dementia caused by, 282 endocrine system, 124

Tumors (Continued) intraocular, 199-201, 304 iris, 246-247 meningioma, 239 pituitary, 145-146

sixth cranial nerve, 266 uveal tract, 68

Tuning forks, 18-19, 18f, 30

Twelfth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve, 38, 38f, 243

Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus, 127, 341. See also diabetes mellitus (DM)

Type I hypersensitivity reactions, 151-153, 301

Type II (cytotoxic) reactions, 151 Type II diabetes, 77

Type II hypersensitivity reactions, 153-156

Type III hypersensitivity reactions, 156-157

Type IV hypersensitivity reactions, 156-157

U

Ulcerations, 118f, 119-120, 120f, 154, 154f, 155, 174, 182, 204, 310, 310f, 347

Ulcerative colitis (UC), 119 Ultrasonography, 22, 23, 59-61, 69, 87

B-mode, 60f, 227

for endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO), 136-141

for liver disease, 108

Unilateral pursuit system disorders, 255 Upgaze palsies, 260

Upper visual pathway lesions, 250 Urethritis, 161

Uric acid, 44-45

Urinalysis, 46-47, 47-48, 51. See also kidneys/kidney disease

Urobilinogen, 47

Urogenital system. See genitourinary system

Urticaria, 206-207, 206b Urticaria (hives), 152, 206-207 U.S. Public Health Service, 51 Uvea, 201

Uveitis, 18, 23. See also anterior chamber anterior, 119, 145, 164, 183, 247 characteristics of, 310

chronic, 164

classification of, 300, 310-311 collagen-vascular diseases and,

311-312 diagnosis, 303-308

history of condition, 302-303 infectious diseases and, 314-316 inflammatory diseases and, 312-314 injection in, 305f

laboratory findings in, 316 Lyme disease related, 184

mitigation of inflammation, 308-309

Uveitis (Continued) overview of, 299-300

pathophysiology of, 300-301 posterior synechiae prevention,

309-310 recurrent, 310

resistance to treatment, 310 with sarcoidosis, 164

slit-lamp biomicroscopy with, 306-308 symptomatic relief, 309

symptoms of, 301-302

when to suspect systemic diseases with, 316

V

Vaccinations. See immunizations/ vaccinations

Vagus (tenth cranial) nerve, 34, 37, 242 Valvular diseases (heart)

aortic regurgitation (AR), 91-92 aortic stenosis (AS), 91

mitral regurgitation (MR), 91 mitral stenosis (MS), 90-91 mitral valve prolapse (MVP), 91 tricuspid regurgitation (TR), 92 tricuspid stenosis (TS), 92

Varicella, 11

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV), 173-175 Varicoceles, 23

Variola (smallpox), 178

Vascular disease. See also arterial diseases; circulatory system; hypertension

atherosclerosis, 74-75, 76-77 carotid artery disease, 85-86

coronary artery disease, 82-83, 83-85 hypertension, 79-81, 81-82 (See also

systemic hypertension) myocardial infarction, 83-84 peripheral vascular disease, 87 risk factors for, 73-74, 75, 77, 78 vascular abnormalities in diabetic

retinopathy, 128

vascular autoimmune diseases, 162-163 vascular occlusive palsy, 241 vasculitis, 162

vertebral-basilar insufficiency, 86-87 Vascular injuries, 98

Vascular therapy of increased intracranial pressure, 237

Vasoconstrictive phase of hypertensive retinopathy, 320

Vasodilators, 81 Vasovagal syncope, 228

VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory) test, 51

Venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL), 187, 314

Venipuncture, 41 Venous beading, 130

Venous stasis retinopathy, 323 Ventricular fibrillation (VF), 90

VEPs (visual evoked potentials), 224 Vergence system, 253, 257-258 Vermiform movements of pupil, 251-252 Vernal keratoconjunctivitis, 153 Verrucae

characteristics of, 216t common warts, 217f

verruca plana (flat warts), 216, 216t, 217

verruca vulgaris (HPV), 178, 216, 217 warts, 178, 216, 217

Verruca plana (flat warts), 216, 217 Verruca vulgaris (HPV), 178, 216, 217 Vertebral-basilar insufficiency, 86-87 Vertical gaze palsies, 259-260 Vertigo, 233, 242, 257

Very-low density lipoproteins (VLDLs), 50

Vesicles, 16, 203, 204 Vesicular dermatoses, 207

Vessel narrowing, 79. See also neovascularization

Vestibular disease, 256-257 Vestibular eye movements, 257f Vestibular nystagmus, 255 Vestibular-optokinetic system, 253,

256-257

Vestibulocochlear (eight cranial) nerve, 34, 36-37, 242

Vestibulocochlear (eighth cranial) nerve, 36f

VF (ventricular fibrillation), 90 Vibration sense, 30, 31f

Viral infections. See also bacterial infections; infections/infectious diseases

in cancer, 199 cytomegalovirus, 171-172, 199,

330-332

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 179-180, 330 hepatovirus, 110

herpetic diseases

chicken pox, 173, 174-175, 315 herpes simplex keratouveitis, 316 herpes simplex keratouveitis (HSV),

316

herpes simplex virus (HSV), 173, 175-178, 175f, 176, 199, 204, 329

herpes zoster ophthalmicus (HZO), 315-316

herpes zoster virus (HZV), 11, 172173, 173-175, 174, 174f, 175f, 199, 329-330

herpetic neuralgia, 175, 271 highly reactive antiretroviral

therapy (HAART), 171 HIV/AIDS, 51, 149, 156, 168-173 human papilloma virus (HPV),

178, 216, 217t measles (rubeola), 178-179 mumps, 179

Viral infections (Continued) ocular findings in, 312-313t overview of, 167

rubella, 330 rubeola, 330

smallpox (variola), 178 varicella-zoster virus (VZV),

173-175

viral conjunctivitis, 12 viral hepatitis, 109-110 viral rhinitis, 17

Virology of HIV, 168

Visceral efferent motor fibers, 33 Vision loss. See also blindness

with anterior uveitis, 301 blurring in pregnancy, 353 disseminated intravascular coagu-

lation (DIC), 197 with histoplasmosis, 188

Hollenhorst plaques and, 322 ischemic optic neuropathy, 163, 240 with measles, 178

in multiple sclerosis, 233

ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS), 323 with temporal cell arteritis, 324 vitamin A deficiency and, 347

with Wegener’s granulomatosis, 324 Visual acuity, 137, 139, 281, 303, 311 Visual axis misalignment, 254

Visual blur, 302

Visual evoked potentials (VEPs), 224 Visual field testing/findings, 17, 33

after strokes, 230-231 Alzheimer’s disease, 281 bitemporal hemianopsia, 146

loss in endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO), 139

optic nerve compression, 139f for pheochromocytoma, 78 pituitary adenomas, 239 pseudotumor cerebri, 237

in Sturge-Weber syndrome, 208 temporal cell arteritis, 163

Visual memory, 281

Visual pathway disturbances, 27 Vital signs, 14-16, 15f

Vitamins

B5 (pantothenic acid), 117 B9 (folic acid), 117

B12, 193, 346

C deficiency, 118f

decreased cataract formation with, 345

A deficiency, 206, 346 uses/effects of, 115-117, 118

Vitiligo, 205, 207-208 Vitreous, 302, 308, 327f

Vitritis, 189, 300, 302, 308, 332f

VKH (Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome), 208

VLDLs (very-low density lipoproteins), 50

398 INDEX

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome (VKH), 208

Voice disorders, 242 Volume of urine, 47 Vomiting, 113

Von Graefe lid lag, 14, 137

VZV (varicella-zoster virus), 173-175

W

Wallenberg’s syndrome, 86, 257 Warfarin, 232

Warts. See skin/dermatology; verrucae Wasserman test, 51

Waste products, 44-45

Watchglass appearance of conjunctiva, 305

Water’ position (radiology), 65

WBC esterase (leukocyte esterase), 47 WBCs (white blood cells), 42-43, 192,

300, 305, 306, 334 Weber test, 19, 19f, 37f

Wegener’s granulomatosis, 162, 324 Weight loss/gain, 14-15, 114, 127 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 116 Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation

rate, 158 Western blot test, 51 Wheals, 203, 204 Wheezing, 21

Whipple’s disease, 114-115

White blood cells (WBCs), 42-43, 192, 300, 305, 306, 334

Wilder’s sign, 137 Wilson’s disease, 236, 280

Women. See female patients Work history, 4-5

X

Xanthelasmas, 16 Xanthomas, 16 Xerophthalmia, 347 Xerostomia, 160

X-rays, 53-54. See also radiology