- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •Anatomic Features
- •Anatomic Directions and Planes
- •Refractive Conditions
- •Epithelial Tissue
- •Glandular Epithelium
- •Connective Tissue
- •Muscle Tissue
- •Nerve Tissue
- •Intercellular Junctions
- •References
- •Cornea
- •Corneal Dimensions
- •Corneal Histologic Features
- •Epithelium
- •Epithelial Replacement
- •Bowman’s Layer
- •Stroma or Substantia Propria
- •Descemet’s Membrane
- •Endothelium
- •Corneal Function
- •Corneal Hydration
- •Aquaporins
- •Corneal Metabolism
- •Corneal Repair: Wound Healing
- •Epithelium
- •Bowman’s
- •Stroma
- •Descemet’s
- •Endothelium
- •Absorption of Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR)
- •Corneal Innervation
- •Corneal Blood Supply
- •Sclera
- •Scleral Histologic Features
- •Episclera
- •Sclera
- •Physiology of Scleral Changes in Myopia
- •Scleral Spur
- •Scleral Opacity
- •Scleral Color
- •Scleral Foramina And Canals
- •Scleral Blood Supply
- •Scleral Innervation
- •Limbal Histologic Features
- •Palisades of Vogt
- •References
- •IRIS
- •Histologic Features of Iris
- •Anterior Border Layer
- •Iris Stroma and Sphincter Muscle
- •Anterior Epithelium and Dilator Muscle
- •Posterior Epithelium
- •Anterior Iris Surface
- •Posterior Iris Surface
- •Iris Color
- •CILIARY BODY
- •Supraciliaris (Supraciliary Lamina)
- •Ciliary Muscle
- •Ciliary Stroma
- •Ciliary Epithelium
- •Choroid
- •Suprachoroid Lamina (Lamina Fusca)
- •Choroidal Stroma
- •Choriocapillaris
- •Functions of Iris
- •Functions of Ciliary Body
- •Aqueous Production
- •Function and Rate of Production
- •Vitreous Production
- •Blood-Aqueous Barrier
- •Functions of Choroid
- •Iris
- •Ciliary Body
- •Choroid
- •References
- •Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- •Photoreceptor Cells
- •Composition of Rods and Cones
- •Outer Segment
- •Cilium
- •Inner Segment
- •Outer Fiber, Cell Body, and Inner Fiber
- •Rod and Cone Morphology
- •Rods
- •Cones
- •Bipolar Cells
- •Ganglion Cells
- •Horizontal Cells
- •Amacrine Cells
- •Interplexiform Neurons
- •Neuroglial Cells
- •Müller Cells
- •Microglial Cells and Astrocytes
- •Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- •Photoreceptor Layer
- •External Limiting Membrane
- •Outer Nuclear Layer
- •Outer Plexiform Layer
- •Inner Nuclear Layer
- •Inner Plexiform Layer
- •Ganglion Cell Layer
- •Nerve Fiber Layer
- •Internal Limiting Membrane
- •Physiology of the rpe
- •Scotopic and Photopic Vision
- •Neural Signals
- •Number and Distribution of Neural Cells
- •Physiology of the neural retina
- •Retinal Synapses
- •Neurotransmitters
- •Phototransduction
- •Information Processing
- •Receptive Fields
- •Light and Dark Adaptation
- •Circadian Rhythm
- •Retinal Metabolism
- •Central Retina
- •Macula Lutea
- •Fovea (Fovea Centralis)
- •Foveola
- •Parafoveal and Perifoveal Areas
- •Peripheral Retina
- •Optic Disc
- •Blood-Retinal Barrier
- •References
- •Lens Capsule
- •Lens Epithelium
- •Lens Fibers
- •Epithelium-Fiber Interface
- •Lens Capsule
- •LENS Fibers
- •Fiber Components
- •Formation of Lens Fibers
- •Fiber Junctions
- •Lens Metabolism
- •Ionic Current
- •Regulation of Fluid Volume
- •Oxidative Stress
- •Cataracts
- •The Physiology of Cataract Formation
- •Age-Related Cortical Cataract
- •Age-Related Nuclear Cataract
- •Posterior Subcapsular Cataract (PSC)
- •Steroid-Induced Cataract
- •References
- •Scleral Spur
- •Trabecular Meshwork
- •Canal of Schlemm
- •Juxtacanalicular Connective Tissue
- •Function of the Filtration Apparatus
- •Posterior Chamber
- •FACTORS AFFECTING Intraocular Pressure
- •Drugs that Effect IOP
- •Vitreous Chamber
- •Vitreal Attachments
- •Vitreous Zones
- •Vitreous Cortex
- •Intermediate Zone
- •Cloquet’s Canal
- •Composition of Vitreous
- •Collagen
- •Hyaluronic Acid (hyaluronan)
- •Hyalocytes
- •Vitreal Function
- •Age-Related Vitreal Changes
- •References
- •Optic Pits
- •Optic Cup, Lens, and hyaloid vessels
- •Optic Cup
- •Lens
- •Hyaloid Arterial System
- •Retinal Pigment Epithelium
- •Neural Retina
- •Retinal Vessels
- •Cornea
- •Sclera
- •UVEA
- •Choroid
- •Ciliary Body
- •Iris
- •Pupillary Membrane
- •Anterior Chamber
- •Vitreous
- •Optic Nerve
- •Eyelids
- •Orbit
- •Extraocular Muscles
- •Nasolacrimal System
- •References
- •Orbital Walls
- •Roof
- •Floor
- •Medial Wall
- •Lateral Wall
- •Orbital Margins
- •Orbital Foramina and Fissures
- •Paranasal Sinuses
- •ORBITAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE
- •Periorbita
- •Orbital Septum
- •Tenon’s Capsule
- •Suspensory Ligament (of Lockwood)
- •Orbital Muscle of Müller
- •Orbital Septal System
- •Orbital Fat
- •Aging Changes in the Orbit
- •References
- •Palpebral Fissure
- •Eyelid Topography
- •Eyelid Margin
- •Eyelid Structures
- •Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
- •Palpebral Portion
- •Orbital Portion
- •Orbicularis Action
- •Superior Palpebral Levator Muscle
- •Levator Aponeurosis
- •Levator Action
- •Retractor of Lower Eyelid
- •Tarsal Muscle (of Müller)
- •Tarsal Plate
- •Palpebral Ligaments
- •Glands of the Lids
- •Histologic Features
- •Skin
- •Muscles
- •Tarsal Plates
- •Palpebral Conjunctiva
- •Glands
- •Innervation of Eyelids
- •Blood Supply of Eyelids
- •Conjunctiva
- •Plica Semilunaris
- •Caruncle
- •Conjunctival Blood Vessels
- •Conjunctival Lymphatics
- •Conjunctival Innervation
- •Lacrimal Secretory System
- •Tear Film Distribution
- •Nasolacrimal Drainage System
- •Puncta and Canaliculi
- •Lacrimal Sac and Nasolacrimal Duct
- •Tear Drainage
- •References
- •Sliding Ratchet Model of Muscle Contraction
- •Structure of the Extraocular Muscles
- •Fick’s Axes
- •Ductions
- •Vergences and Versions
- •Positions of Gaze
- •Origin of the Rectus Muscles
- •Insertions of the Rectus Muscles: Spiral of Tillaux
- •Medial Rectus Muscle
- •Lateral Rectus Muscle
- •Superior Rectus Muscle
- •Inferior Rectus Muscle
- •Superior Oblique Muscle
- •Inferior Oblique Muscle
- •FIBERS OF THE Extraocular muscleS
- •ORBITAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE STRUCTURES
- •Horizontal Rectus Muscles
- •Vertical Rectus Muscles
- •Oblique Muscles
- •Movements From Secondary Positions
- •Vertical Rectus Muscles
- •Oblique Muscles
- •Yoke Muscles
- •Innervation
- •Blood Supply
- •References
- •Ophthalmic Artery
- •Central Retinal Artery
- •Lacrimal Artery
- •Posterior Ciliary Arteries
- •Ethmoid Arteries
- •Supraorbital Artery
- •Muscular Arteries
- •Anterior Ciliary Arteries
- •Medial Palpebral Arteries
- •Supratrochlear Artery
- •Dorsonasal Artery
- •Facial Artery
- •Superficial Temporal Artery
- •Maxillary Artery
- •Superior Ophthalmic Vein
- •Central Retinal Vein
- •Vortex Veins
- •Inferior Ophthalmic Vein
- •Anterior Ciliary Veins
- •Infraorbital Vein
- •Cavernous Sinus
- •References
- •Trigeminal Nerve
- •Ophthalmic Division of Trigeminal Nerve
- •Nasociliary Nerve
- •Frontal Nerve
- •Lacrimal Nerve
- •Ophthalmic Nerve Formation
- •Maxillary Division of Trigeminal Nerve
- •Infraorbital Nerve
- •Zygomatic Nerve
- •Maxillary Nerve Formation
- •Trigeminal Nerve Formation
- •Oculomotor Nerve: Cranial Nerve III
- •Oculomotor Nucleus
- •Oculomotor Nerve Pathway
- •Trochlear Nerve: Cranial Nerve IV
- •Trochlear Nucleus
- •Trochlear Nerve Pathway
- •Abducens Nucleus
- •Abducens Nerve Pathway
- •Superior Orbital Fissure
- •Control of Eye Movements
- •Facial Nerve: Cranial Nerve VII
- •Facial Nucleus
- •Facial Nerve Pathway
- •References
- •Optic Nerve
- •Optic Chiasm
- •Optic Tract
- •Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
- •Optic Radiations (Geniculocalcarine Tract)
- •Primary Visual Cortex (Striate Cortex)
- •Retina
- •Optic Disc
- •Optic Nerve
- •Optic Chiasm
- •Optic Tract
- •Lateral Geniculate Nucleus
- •Optic Radiations
- •Striate Cortex
- •Striate Cortex Maps
- •Macular Sparing
- •References
- •Sympathetic Pathway to Ocular Structures
- •Parasympathetic Pathway to Ocular Structures
- •Neurotransmitters
- •Ophthalmic Agonist Agents
- •Ophthalmic Antagonist Agents
- •Disruption in the Afferent Pathway
- •Disruption within the Central Nervous System
- •Disruption in the Efferent Pathway
- •Disruption in the Sympathetic Pathway
- •References
- •Index
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CHAPTER 1 t Visual System |
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and unite with connexins of a neighboring cell, forming a channel called a connexon (see Figure 5-1).13 These narrow channels allow rapid cell-to-cell communication, i.e., passage of small molecules and ions from one cell to another. A group of cells with such connection act like a syncytium, that is, a single cell with multiple nuclei.
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8.Copenhaver WM, Kelly DE, Wood RL: Epithelium. In Copenhaver WM, Kelly DE, Wood RL, editors: Bailey’s textbook of histology, ed 17, Baltimore, 1978, Williams & Wilkins, p 103.
9.Yoshida Y, Ban Y, Kinoshita S: Tight junction transmembrane protein claudin subtype expression and distribution in human corneal and conjunctival epithelium, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 50:2103–2108, 2009.
10.Suzuki K, Tanaka T, Enoki M, et al: Coordinated reassembly of the basement membrane and junctional proteins during corneal epithelial wound healing, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 41:2495–2500, 2000.
11.Delamere NA: Ciliary body and ciliary epithaliu. In Fischbarg J, editor: The biology of the eye, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2006, Elsevier, pp 127–148.
12.Fawcett DW, Jensh RP: Bloom & Fawcett concise histology, London, 1997, Chapman & Hall, p 19.
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