Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Biomaterials and regenerative medicine in ophthalmology_Chirila_2010

534 Index

ocufilcon D, 270 ocular surface disorders

reconstruction using biomaterials, 213–34

treatment, 214–17

ocular surface reconstruction

corneal equivalents as replacements for study models, 219–20

cultures of human limbal epithelial cells, 232

ocular surface disorders treatment, 214–17

ocular surface epithelial cells ex vivo expansion, 217–19

silk fibroin as substratum for human limbal epithelial cells, 230–3

background, 230–1 discussion, 231–3 experiments and results, 231

strategies based on thermoresponsive polymers, 227–30

cell sheet engineering approach, 227–9 thermoresponsive gel matrix, 229–30

substrata for tissue-engineered epithelial constructs

naturally derived biomaterials, 220–4

synthetic biomaterials, 224–7 using biomaterials, 213–34

OcuSeal, 429 omafilcon A, 268, 269

One Day Aquair Evolution contact lens, 269

ophthalmic biomaterials

applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, 1–10

history, 2–4 ophthalmic surgery, 481

designing hydrogels as vitreous substitutes, 339–70

hydrogel sealants for wound repair, 411–29

ophthalmology, physicochemical properties of hydrogels for use, 496–520

orbital enucleation implants Allen, Iowa and Universal

implants, 447

biomaterials and design, 433–62 gaps in scientific knowledge and future trends, 458–62 importance of observing ocular

prosthesis and implant motility, 461

motility implants, 440–6

buried integrated implants, 444–6 exposed integrated implants, 443–4 magnetic implants, 446

smooth non-porous implant, 443 porous implants, 448–55

50 years progress, 452 hydroxyapatite and porous

polyethylene implants, 450–1 hydroxyapatite implants, 448–54 porous aluminium oxide

implants, 455 porous polyethylene implants, 454–5

orbital reconstruction biodegradable and bioresorbable

polymers, 487–90 introduction, 487 natural biodegradable

polymers, 487–8 PHB, PHV and PHHx structures, 488

PLA, PGA and PCL structures, 489 poly(α-esters), 488–9

poly(lactide-co-glycolide) polymers, 489–90

choice of materials for repair, 477–8 composite materials, bone

regeneration and tissue engineering, 491

nature of trauma and its influence on material choice, 476–7 non-biodegradable polymers, 479–86

applications, 481 bone cements, 485–6

e-PTFE surface modification,

482–4

high-density polyethylene, 484–5 implant-tissue interface, 481–2 mineral formation on modified

ePTFE membrane, 480 osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells on ePTFE membranes, 483

poly(ester-urethane) synthesis, 487 polytetrafluoroethylene, 479–81 polyurethanes, 486

orbital bones, frontal view, 475 polymeric materials, 473–91 polymers used, 479

repair strategies, 475–6 Organogel Canada, 401 osmotic pressure, 360–8

background, 360–6 experimental methods, 366 results and discussion, 366–8

equilibrium swelling results for AAB4N3, 366

osseointegration, 476 osteo-odonto-keratoprosthesis,

102–3, 137 outer collagen layer, 393 oxygen flux, 297–8

oxygen partial pressure, 307 oxygen permeability

effect of hydrogel water content, 508–11

superior, for contact lenses, 280–300 oxygen plasma reactor, 400

oxygen tension, 307 oxygen transmissibility, 283

pars plana, 376 pars plicata, 376 parvovirus B19, 415 Pax6, 378–9

PCT Corneal Epithelium Medium, 231 penetrating keratoplasty, 135, 154, 424

Peppas–Lucht equation, 363 perfluoroalkylethyl methacrylates, 314 perfluoro-n-heptane, 310 PermaVision, 90–1, 92

Perspex, 282 Phaco-Ersatz, 28

phase inversion process, 322 PHDPE, 484 phosphatidylcholine, 264 phospholipid polymers, 265

bioinspired, 264–5 continuous-wear soft contact

lenses, 270–3

daily wear soft contact lenses, 267–9 daily-disposable soft contact

lenses, 269–70

Index 535

synthetic, molecular design of MPC as main component, 265

photorefractive keratectomy, 78 PHSRN, 198

pigment epithelial cells, 244 Pintucci keratoprosthesis, 104–5 platelet-rich plasma, 223

PMMA see poly(methyl methacrylate) polarographic method, 291 polarographic oxygen sensor, 294 poliglecaprone 25, 489

poly(acrylic acid) data summary, 353

hydrogel compositions tested, 350 loss modulus vs frequency, 355 microindentation of 7.5% PAA

hydrogels, 362 model predictions

0.75% PAA hydrogel, 357

1.00% PAA hydrogel, 358

1.25% PAA hydrogel, 358 loss modulus, 360 refractive index, 361 storage modulus, 359 target values, 362

model results statistical analysis, 356 moduli of 1.2% AAB3N4 PAA

formulation vs frequency, 357 osmotic pressure exerted in DPBS

vs crosslinker content, 367 vs gel concentration, 367

predicted and measured properties of optimised formulation, 356

refractive indices of formulations, 354 storage modulus vs frequency, 354 toxicity in RPE cells, 363

poly(α-esters), 488–9 poly(α-hydroxyesters), 399 poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), 203,

271, 310

poly(DL-lactic acid)/poly(ethylene glycol), 399

poly(D-lysine), 397, 401 poly(ε-caprolactone), 226

poly(ethylene glycol), 196, 229, 382, 517 poly(ethylene glycol) succinimidyl

ester, 417 poly(ethylene glycol)-based

dendrimers, 418 poly(ethylene terephthalate), 497

536 Index

polyglactin, 449 polyglactin 910, 478 poly(glycerol sebacate), 384

poly(glycerol-succinic acid), 423 poly(hexafluoroisopropyl methacrylate),

310 poly(hydroxyalkanoates), 488 poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, 488 poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-

hydroxyvalerate), 399 poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

(PHEMA), 267, 282, 313, 332, 461, 496

poly-3-hydroxyhexanoate, 488 poly-3-hydroxyvalerate, 488 polyisobutylene, 312 poly(lactic acid), 382

poly(lactic acid)-based LactoSorb, 478 poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid), 399 poly(lactide-co-glycolide), 225, 382, 488,

489–90 poly(L-lactic acid), 399

poly(methyl methacrylate), 3–4, 19, 21, 198, 282, 313, 384, 400, 443, 476, 497, 515

opacification and degeneration, 36–9 snowflake degeneration, 37

poly(MPC-co-MTAC), 270 poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), 228, 401 poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-butyl

methacrylate), 229 poly(N-vinylphthalimide), 515 poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone), 329, 517 polysiloxane, 273

polystyrene, 397 poly(tetrafluoroethylene), 224, 478

chemical structure, 479 polyurethanes, 486 poly(vinyl acetate), 226

poly(vinyl alcohol), 201, 226–7, 269 poly(vinyl alcohol-co-vinyl amine), 426 poly(vinylidene difluoride), 228 poly(vinylnaphthalene), 515 porosigens, 520

porous choriocapillaris, 391 porous hydroxyapatite, 448 post-enucleation socket syndrome,

438, 457

posterior capsule opacification, 20 posterior lamellar keratoplasty, 424

Presbylens, 92 presbyopia, 76, 243, 257

primary baseball implant, 459 Proclear, 268

proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), 374

proliferative vitreoretinopathy, 374 propionic succinimidyl ester plus PEG-NH2, 427

Proplast, 480

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 264, 268 PTFE-based Proplast, 489

pulsed argon-ion laser, 424 PureVision, 222, 271, 326, 328

Quad motility implant, 455 quadratic Scheffe model, 352 quasi-integrated implant, 446

radial keratotomy, 77 ranibizumab, 391 recoverin, 384 re-epithelialisation, 167–8

corneal wound healing model, 169 human tissue-engineered corneal

wound healing model, 169 macroscopic aspect of human tissue-

engineered corneal wound healing model, 170

refractive error, 75–7

alternative treatment approaches, 76–7 corneal implants, 82–99

biological tissue, 83–5 current technologies, 91–6

ideal implant characteristics, 99 impermeable synthetic materials,

85–7

implant materials, 82–3 intracorneal rings, 96–8 outcomes, 98–9

permeable synthetic materials, 87–91

refractive surgery, 77–81 ablative refractive surgery

techniques, 78–81 incisional refractive surgery

techniques, 77 refractive errors, 254, 257 refractive index, 515 regenerative medicine, 7–10

ResoFoil, 398

Resomer LR 708, 225

ReStor lens, 26–7 retina

repair and regeneration, 374–85 biomaterials, 382–4

natural barriers for stem cell transplantation, 381–2

neural retina regeneration, 379–80 retinogenesis and stem cell in adult

human eye, 375–9 retinal gliosis, 380

retinal pigment epithelium

AMD aetiology and management, 394–5

AMD scale of problem, 391 biomaterials for culture and

transplantation, 396–403 biomaterials as substrata, 397–402 ideal substratum search, 396–7 silk fibroin as substratum, 402–3

Bruch’s membrane complex and effect of ageing, 391–4

ageing epithelium, 392–3 Bruch’s membrane and ageing

changes, 393

normal epithelium, 391–2 relationship between retinal epithelium and Bruch’s

membrane, 394 conclusions and future trends, 403 epithelial cells, 351 tissue-engineered membranes for

culture and transplantation, 390–403

transplantation from animals to human, 395–6

retinal progenitor cells, 384, 400 retinitis pigmentosa, 374 retinogenesis, and stem cell in adult

human eye, 375–9 ReZoom lens, 26

RGD, 196, 198 rhodopsin, 384

rigid gas permeable materials, 314 Rolf implant, 444

Royal College of Surgeons, 395 Ruysch’s complex, 394

sandwich theory, 22

Index 537

scaffolds, for tissue engineering of lens, 250–6

biodegradable scaffolds, 251–4 cross-linked hyaluronic acid,

252–3

hyaluronic acid, 251–2 hyaluronidase, 253–4

non-degradable scaffolds, 254–6 foldable lens, 254–5 injectable lens, 255–6

Scheffe simplex-lattice designs, 348 Schiff base hydrogel sealant, 415 Schiff base reaction, 426–7

Schiotz tonometer, 418 Schwann cells, 395 scleral tissue flaps, 428

sealants see specific sealant secondary baseball implant, 459

secondary cataracts see posterior capsule opacification

Seidel test, 418, 420 semi-interpenetrating hydrogel polymer

networks (SIPNs), 516 semi-IPN, 516

senofilcon A, 273, 287, 295, 329

Seoul-type keratoprosthesis, 104, 137 sequential IPN, 516

sericin, 230, 402

sessile drop method, 505 silica, 312

silicates, 312 silicon, 310 silicone, 312

silicone elastomer contact lenses, 284 silicone hydrogel contact lenses, 285–9,

314, 331, 509 background, 285

corneal oxygen availability, 297–9 critical oxygen requirement, 299 critical oxygen transmissibility,

299

oxygen flux, 297–8 daily wear lenses, 326 market introduction, 286–7 oxygen performance, 290–7

definitions, 290–1 limitations of polarographic

methodology, 296–7 measurements on silicone hydrogel

lenses, 291–6

538 Index

published estimates, 293 relation between corneal oxygen

flux vs Dk, 298

relation between Dk vs water content, 290

percentage of lenses fitted, 289 properties of currently available

lenses, 288 published estimates oxygen

permeability, 293 second-generation lenses, 287–9 silicone-based contact lens materials

molecular structure, 285 technology, 328

lens materials, 327

silicone intraocular lens, 39, 41–3, 45–8 calcification in asteroid hyalosis, 47–8 coating with ophthalmic

ointment, 45–7 coating with silicone oil, 45

dye associated discoloration, 43 causes of explantation, 44

early opacification, 39, 41–2 explanted lens, 40

late opacification, 42–3 systemic medicine associated

discoloration, 43, 45 silicone oil, 45, 340, 346, 348 silicone rubber lenses, 312 silk fibroin, 490

as substratum for human limbal epithelial cells, 230–3

background, 230–1 discussion, 231–3 experiments and results, 231

silkworm see Bombyx mori siloxy, 312 siloxymethacrylates, 314 Silsoft, 313 simultaneous-IPN (SIN), 516 snowflake degeneration, 36–9 soft contact lenses

bioinspired phospholipid polymer, 264–6

Lipidure physical deposition as wetting agent on One Day Aquair Evolution, 270

PDMS surface modification, 272

Proclear soft contact lens chemical structure, 268

requirements for biocompatible soft contact lenses, 266–7

silicone hydrogel lens containing cross-linked poly(MPC), 274

use of bioinspired biomaterials, 263–76

future trends, 275–6

new developments, 273–5 use of phospholipid polymer

continuous-wear soft contact lenses, 270–3

daily wear soft contact lenses, 267–9

daily-disposable soft contact lenses, 269–70

solid state temperature sensor, 294 solubility, 308–9, 509

sonic hedgehog protein, 379, 380 Sox2, 379

spacers, 196–8, 202 Spectra/Por tubing, 350 spin-casting technique, 282 Src family kinase activity, 246 SST sphere, 455

stacking technique, 292, 294, 297

Staphylococcus epidermidis, 264, 268

StatEase Design-Expert 7.1 software,

348, 350

stem cell transplantation, 381–2 Steven’s hypothesis, 459 sub-Bowman’s keratomileusis, 81

subcutaneous augmentation material, 480 succinic succinimidyl ester plus

PEG-NH2, 427

superior epithelial arctuate lesions, 333 super-permeable hydrogels, 520 SupraDescemetic implantation, 114 SupraDescemetic keratoprosthesis, 138–9 surface energy, 194, 505–8

surface modification, 22–4 surface plasma treatment, 273 surface tension, 505

SV40 hybrid virus, 220 swelling equilibrium, 361 Synchrony, 57

synthetic epikeratoplasty, 85 system cement, 485

Tanaka’s monomer, 328 tear film, 306

Technetium-99m bone scintillography, 452

Teflon, 477, 480

Tenon’s capsule, 445, 446 Tenon’s fascia, 417 tensile testing, 514 tether, 202 thermoresponsitivity, 227

thermoresponsive gel matrix, 229–30 thiazolyl blue, 351

thiol plus PEG-NHS, 427 Tissucol, 222, 223

tissue engineering, 5–10

corneal epithelial cell response to materials, 193–204

cellular adhesion, 196–8

corneal epithelium attachment and growth, 198–204

surface properties influencing cell adhesion, 193–5

corneal equivalent, 140–2, 144 cell-based, 141

chemically crosslinked collagen and cell-based, 141–2

collagen sponge-based, 141 collagen–chitosan–

glycosaminoglycan-based, 144 dendrimer crosslinked collagen,

142, 144

slit-lamp photograph of human cornea, 143

three-dimensional cell and extracellular matrix-based, 144

fundamentals, 243–57 future trends, 257 human cornea, 150–77

cell source, 155–60 clinical applications, 174–6

corneal tissue reconstruction, 160, 162–7

future trends, 176–7

in vitro experimental applications, 167–74

potential human application, 256 retinal pigment epithelial cells culture

and transplantation, 390–403 scaffolds, 250–6

biodegradable scaffolds, 251–4 non-degradable scaffolds, 254–6

in vitro lens engineering, 243–5

Index 539

in vivo lens engineering, 245–50 controlling lens epithelial

proliferation and differentiation, 249–50

donut-shape regenerated lens, 248 lens epithelial cell regeneration,

246–7

lens stem cells, 245–6 restoring lens capsule integrity, 247–9

spherical lens, 249

spherical regenerated lens, 257 synchronised lens

regeneration, 253 tissue self-assembly, 164–5

toxic anterior segment syndrome, 45

Toyota Contact Lens Company, 318 transforming growth factor-β1, 200 transient amplifying cells, 74 tricalcium phosphate, 491

TRIS line, 332

tris(trimethyl siloxysilyl) propylvinyl carbamate (TPVC), 286

tris(trimethylsiloxy)methacryloxy propylsilane (TRIS), 285, 286, 314

type I atelocollagen, 490

Universal implant, 446, 459 uranyl nitrate, 520

uveal biocompatibility, 20–1

van der Waals dispersion forces, 505 versican, 381

Vilastic-3 oscillatory capillary rheometer, 344, 351

vinyl carbamate siloxy derivative, 326 Vision CRC PFPE inlay, 93–6

diffuse light image, 95

histological section of cornea after 24 months, 95

placement on debrided feline cornea, 97

Vistakon, 328, 329 vitalium, 444 vitrectomy, 340, 346 vitreous humour, 340

biomechanics, 341–6 background, 341–4 experimental methods, 344

540 Index

results and discussion, 344–6 conclusions and recommendations,

368–9

designing hydrogels as substitutes in ophthalmic surgery, 339–70

future trends, 369–70

literature values for modulus, 343 ocular anatomy, 341

osmotic pressure, 360–8 background, 360–6 experimental methods, 366 results and discussion, 366–8

porcine vitreous storage and loss moduli, 345

vs frequency, 346 substitutes, 346–60

vitreous substitutes, 346–60 background, 346–8

designing hydrogels as substitutes in ophthalmic surgery, 339–70

experimental methods, 348–52 AA, NPA and BAC chemical

structures, 349–50 copolymers synthesis, 349–50 hydrogel analysis, 350–1 reductive liquefaction and

purification, 350

regelation, 350

statistical experimental design, 348–9

results and discussion, 352–3, 356, 359–60

experimental design targets for vitreous substitutes, 356

Vitrogen 100, 398 vitronectin, 195, 394, 403 volumetric method, 291 Vroman effect, 194

Wessely keratometer, 459 wettability, 333–5 Wilhelmy plate method, 505 wingless-type protein-a, 380

Wolffian regeneration, 243–4 wound repair, hydrogel sealants in

ophthalmic surgery, 411–29

Xenopus laevis, 243, 244

Xenopus tropicalis, 243

YIGSR, 196

zebra fish, 377

ZO-1 protein, 399