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Biomaterials and regenerative medicine in ophthalmology

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iii

Biomaterials and regenerative medicine in ophthalmology

Edited by

Traian Chirila

CRC Press

Boca Raton Boston New York Washington, DC

Wo o d h e a d p u b l i s h i n g l i m i t e d

Oxford Cambridge New Delhi

Published by Woodhead Publishing Limited, Abington Hall, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6AH, UK www.woodheadpublishing.com

Woodhead Publishing India Private Limited, G-2, Vardaan House, 7/28 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi – 110002, India

www.woodheadpublishingindia.com

Published in North America by CRC Press LLC, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487, USA

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Contents

Contributor contact details	xiii
Foreword	xix
Preface	xxiii

1An introduction to ophthalmic biomaterials and their application through tissue engineering and

	regenerative medicine	1
	T. V. Chirila, Queensland Eye Institute, Australia
1.1	Introduction	1
1.2	Development of ophthalmic biomaterials: a brief history	2

1.3Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine in

	ophthalmology	5
1.4	References	10
Part I Applications in the anterior segment
2	Advances in intraocular lens development	17
	D. Morrison, B. Klenkler, D. Morarescu and H. Sheardown,
	McMaster University, Canada
2.1	Introduction	17
2.2	Native lens structure	18
2.3	Cataracts	18
2.4	Cataract surgery and intraocular lens materials	19
2.5	Biological responses to intraocular lens materials	19
2.6	Multifocal intraocular lenses	26
2.7	Accommodating intraocular lenses	27
2.8	Lens refilling	28
2.9	Conclusions	30
2.10	References	30

vi Contents

3	Opacification and degradation of implanted intraocular
	lenses	35
	L. Werner, University of Utah, USA
3.1	Introduction	35

3.2Opacification and degradation of poly(methyl methacrylate)

intraocular lenses

3.3Opacification and degradation of silicone intraocular

lenses

3.4Opacification and degradation of hydrophilic acrylic

intraocular lenses

3.5Opacification and degradation of hydrophobic acrylic

	intraocular lenses	56
3.6	Conclusions	60
3.7	References	60
4	Synthetic corneal implants	65
	M. D. M. Evans, CSIRO Molecular and Health Technologies and Vision
	CRC, Australia; D. F. Sweeney, Vision CRC and Institute for Eye
	Research, Australia
4.1	The function and structure of the cornea	65
4.2	Using the cornea to correct refractive error	75

4.3Subtractive approaches to correct refractive error:

refractive surgery

4.4Additive approaches to correct refractive error: corneal

	implants	82
4.5	Corneal repair and replacement	99
4.6	Future trends	109
4.7	Conclusions	114
4.8	Acknowledgements	115
4.9	References	115
5	Corneal tissue engineering versus synthetic artificial
	corneas	134
	M. A. Princz and H. Sheardown, McMaster University, Canada;
	M. Griffith, University of Ottawa, Canada
5.1	The cornea	134
5.2	The need for an artificial cornea	134
5.3	Artificial cornea	135
5.4	Keratoprostheses	135
5.5	Tissue-engineered corneal equivalents	140
5.6	Conclusions	144
5.7	References	144

Contents vii

6	Tissue engineering of human cornea	150
	S. Proulx, M. Guillemette, P. Carrier, F. A. Auger and L. Germain,
	Laval University, Canada; C. J. Giasson, Montréal University,
	Canada; M. Gaudreault and S. L. Guérin, CRCHUQ, Laval
	University Canada
6.1	Introduction	150
6.2	Cell source	155
6.3	Corneal tissue reconstruction	160
6.4	In vitro experimental applications	167
6.5	Clinical applications	174
6.6	Future trends	176
6.7	Sources of further information and advice	177
6.8	Acknowledgements	178
6.9	References	178
7	Engineering the corneal epithelial cell response to
	materials	193
	J. T. Jacob, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, USA
7.1	Surface properties influencing cell adhesion	193
7.2	Engineering cellular adhesion	196
7.3	Engineering corneal epithelium attachment and growth	198
7.4	References	204
8	Reconstruction of the ocular surface using
	biomaterials	213
	T. V. Chirila, L. W. Hirst, Z. Barnard and Zainuddin, Queensland
	Eye Institute, Australia; D. G. Harkin, Queensland University of
	Technology, Australia; I. R. Schwab, University of California,
	Davis, USA
8.1	Introduction	213
8.2	Treatment of ocular surface disorders	214
8.3	Ex vivo expansion of ocular surface epithelial cells	217
8.4	Corneal equivalents as replacements or study models	219

8.5Naturally derived biomaterials as substrata for

tissue-engineered epithelial constructs

220

8.6Synthetic biomaterials as substrata for tissue-engineered

	epithelial constructs	224
8.7	Strategies based on thermoresponsive polymers	227

8.8Preliminary evaluation of silk fibroin as a substratum for

	human limbal epithelial cells	230
8.9	Conclusions	233
8.10	Acknowledgements	234
8.11	References	234

viii Contents

9	Tissue engineering of the lens: fundamentals	243
	A. Gwon, University of California, Irvine, USA
9.1	Introduction	243
9.2	In vitro engineering of the lens	243
9.3	In vivo lens regeneration	245
9.4	Scaffolds	250
9.5	Potential human application	256
9.6	Conclusions	256
9.7	Future trends	257
9.8	Acknowledgements	258
9.9	References	258
10	Bioinspired biomaterials for soft contact lenses	263
	T. Goda, T. Shimizu and K. Ishihara, The University of Tokyo, Japan
10.1	Introduction	263
10.2	Bioinspired phospholipid polymer	264
10.3	Requirements for biocompatible soft contact lenses	266
10.4	Phospholipid polymer for daily-wear soft contact lenses	267

10.5Phospholipid polymer for daily-disposable soft contact

lenses

269

10.6Phospholipid polymer for continuous-wear soft contact

	lenses	270
10.7	New developments	273
10.8	Conclusions	275
10.9	Future trends	275
10.10	Sources of further information and advice	276
10.11	References	276
11	Contact lenses: the search for superior oxygen
	permeability	280
	N. Efron, Queensland University of Technology, Australia;
	P. B. Morgan and C. Maldonado-Codina, The University of
	Manchester, UK; N. A. Brennan, Brennan Consultants Pty Ltd,
	Australia
11.1	Introduction	280
11.2	Silicone hydrogel contact lenses	285
11.3	Oxygen performance of silicone hydrogel lenses	290

11.4Corneal oxygen availability with silicone hydrogel

	lenses	297
11.5	Conclusions	300
11.6	References	300

Contents ix

12	Extended wear contact lenses	304
	B. J. Tighe, Aston University, UK
12.1	Introduction	304

12.2Oxygen: corneal requirements and the limitations of

hydrogel permeability

307

12.3The evolution of contact lens materials: the drive for

increased permeability

308

12.4Exploitation of silicon and fluorine: silicone rubber and

	rigid gas permeable lenses	312
12.5	The need for water: emergence of silicone hydrogels	315
12.6	Ciba patent WO 96/31792 (Nicholson et al., 1996)	320
12.7	Commercial products and further patents	325
12.8	Conclusions	331
12.9	References	336
Part II	Applications in the posterior segment
13	Designing hydrogels as vitreous substitutes in
	ophthalmic surgery	339
	K. E. Swindle-Reilly and N. Ravi, Washington University in
	St Louis, USA
13.1	Introduction	339
13.2	Biomechanics of the vitreous humor	341
13.3	Vitreous substitutes	346
13.4	Osmotic pressure	360
13.5	Conclusions and recommendations	368
13.6	Future trends	369
13.7	Sources of further information and advice	370
13.8	References	370
14	Retinal repair and regeneration	374
	G. A. Limb and J. S. Ellis, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, UK
14.1	Introduction	374
14.2	Retinogenesis and stem cells in the adult human eye	375
14.3	Regeneration of neural retina	379

14.4Natural barriers for stem cell transplantation to regenerate

	neural retina	381
14.5	Biomaterials in retinal repair and regeneration	382
14.6	Conclusions	384
14.7	References	385

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