- •Preface
- •Acknowledgments
- •Contents
- •1 Introduction
- •1.1 Auditory Temporal and Spatial Factors
- •1.2 Auditory System Model for Temporal and Spatial Information Processing
- •2.1 Analysis of Source Signals
- •2.1.1 Power Spectrum
- •2.1.2 Autocorrelation Function (ACF)
- •2.1.3 Running Autocorrelation
- •2.2 Physical Factors of Sound Fields
- •2.2.1 Sound Transmission from a Point Source through a Room to the Listener
- •2.2.2 Temporal-Monaural Factors
- •2.2.3 Spatial-Binaural Factors
- •2.3 Simulation of a Sound Field in an Anechoic Enclosure
- •3 Subjective Preferences for Sound Fields
- •3.2.1 Optimal Listening Level (LL)
- •3.2.4 Optimal Magnitude of Interaural Crosscorrelation (IACC)
- •3.3 Theory of Subjective Preferences for Sound Fields
- •3.4 Evaluation of Boston Symphony Hall Based on Temporal and Spatial Factors
- •4.1.1 Brainstem Response Correlates of Sound Direction in the Horizontal Plane
- •4.1.2 Brainstem Response Correlates of Listening Level (LL) and Interaural Crosscorrelation Magnitude (IACC)
- •4.1.3 Remarks
- •4.2.2 Hemispheric Lateralization Related to Spatial Aspects of Sound
- •4.2.3 Response Latency Correlates of Subjective Preference
- •4.3 Electroencephalographic (EEG) Correlates of Subjective Preference
- •4.3.3 EEG Correlates of Interaural Correlation Magnitude (IACC) Changes
- •4.4.1 Preferences and the Persistence of Alpha Rhythms
- •4.4.2 Preferences and the Spatial Extent of Alpha Rhythms
- •4.4.3 Alpha Rhythm Correlates of Annoyance
- •5.1 Signal Processing Model of the Human Auditory System
- •5.1.1 Summary of Neural Evidence
- •5.1.1.1 Physical Characteristics of the Ear
- •5.1.1.2 Left and Right Auditory Brainstem Responses (ABRs)
- •5.1.1.3 Left and Right Hemisphere Slow Vertex Responses (SVRs)
- •5.1.1.4 Left and Right Hemisphere EEG Responses
- •5.1.1.5 Left and Right Hemisphere MEG Responses
- •5.1.2 Auditory Signal Processing Model
- •5.2 Temporal Factors Extracted from Autocorrelations of Sound Signals
- •5.3 Auditory Temporal Window for Autocorrelation Processing
- •5.5 Auditory Temporal Window for Binaural Processing
- •5.6 Hemispheric Specialization for Spatial Attributes of Sound Fields
- •6 Temporal Sensations of the Sound Signal
- •6.1 Combinations of Temporal and Spatial Sensations
- •6.2 Pitch of Complex Tones and Multiband Noise
- •6.2.1 Perception of the Low Pitch of Complex Tones
- •6.2.3 Frequency Limits of Missing Fundamentals
- •6.3 Beats Induced by Dual Missing Fundamentals
- •6.4 Loudness
- •6.4.1 Loudness of Sharply Filtered Noise
- •6.4.2 Loudness of Complex Noise
- •6.6 Timbre of an Electric Guitar Sound with Distortion
- •6.6.3 Concluding Remarks
- •7 Spatial Sensations of Binaural Signals
- •7.1 Sound Localization
- •7.1.1 Cues of Localization in the Horizontal Plane
- •7.1.2 Cues of Localization in the Median Plane
- •7.2 Apparent Source Width (ASW)
- •7.2.1 Apparent Width of Bandpass Noise
- •7.2.2 Apparent Width of Multiband Noise
- •7.3 Subjective Diffuseness
- •8.1 Pitches of Piano Notes
- •8.2 Design Studies of Concert Halls as Public Spaces
- •8.2.1 Genetic Algorithms (GAs) for Shape Optimization
- •8.2.2 Two Actual Designs: Kirishima and Tsuyama
- •8.3 Individualized Seat Selection Systems for Enhancing Aural Experience
- •8.3.1 A Seat Selection System
- •8.3.2 Individual Subjective Preference
- •8.3.3 Distributions of Listener Preferences
- •8.5 Concert Hall as Musical Instrument
- •8.5.1 Composing with the Hall in Mind: Matching Music and Reverberation
- •8.5.2 Expanding the Musical Image: Spatial Expression and Apparent Source Width
- •8.5.3 Enveloping Music: Spatial Expression and Musical Dynamics
- •8.6 Performing in a Hall: Blending Musical Performances with Sound Fields
- •8.6.1 Choosing a Performing Position on the Stage
- •8.6.2 Performance Adjustments that Optimize Temporal Factors
- •8.6.3 Towards Future Integration of Composition, Performance and Hall Acoustics
- •9.1 Effects of Temporal Factors on Speech Reception
- •9.2 Effects of Spatial Factors on Speech Reception
- •9.3 Effects of Sound Fields on Perceptual Dissimilarity
- •9.3.1 Perceptual Distance due to Temporal Factors
- •9.3.2 Perceptual Distance due to Spatial Factors
- •10.1 Method of Noise Measurement
- •10.2 Aircraft Noise
- •10.3 Flushing Toilet Noise
- •11.1 Noise Annoyance in Relation to Temporal Factors
- •11.1.1 Annoyance of Band-Pass Noise
- •11.2.1 Experiment 1: Effects of SPL and IACC Fluctuations
- •11.2.2 Experiment 2: Effects of Sound Movement
- •11.3 Effects of Noise and Music on Children
- •12 Introduction to Visual Sensations
- •13 Temporal and Spatial Sensations in Vision
- •13.1 Temporal Sensations of Flickering Light
- •13.1.1 Conclusions
- •13.2 Spatial Sensations
- •14 Subjective Preferences in Vision
- •14.1 Subjective Preferences for Flickering Lights
- •14.2 Subjective Preferences for Oscillatory Movements
- •14.3 Subjective Preferences for Texture
- •14.3.1 Preferred Regularity of Texture
- •15.1 EEG Correlates of Preferences for Flickering Lights
- •15.1.1 Persistence of Alpha Rhythms
- •15.1.2 Spatial Extent of Alpha Rhythms
- •15.2 MEG Correlates of Preferences for Flickering Lights
- •15.2.1 MEG Correlates of Sinusoidal Flicker
- •15.2.2 MEG Correlates of Fluctuating Flicker Rates
- •15.3 EEG Correlates of Preferences for Oscillatory Movements
- •15.4 Hemispheric Specializations in Vision
- •16 Summary of Auditory and Visual Sensations
- •16.1 Auditory Sensations
- •16.1.1 Auditory Temporal Sensations
- •16.1.2 Auditory Spatial Sensations
- •16.1.3 Auditory Subjective Preferences
- •16.1.4 Effects of Noise on Tasks and Annoyance
- •16.2.1 Temporal and Spatial Sensations in Vision
- •16.2.2 Visual Subjective Preferences
- •References
- •Glossary of Symbols
- •Abbreviations
- •Author Index
- •Subject Index
Abbreviations
ABR |
The auditory brainstem response an evoked potential, activity from six |
|
nuclei in the auditory pathway (the latency is less than 10 ms), The |
|
auditory brain response is a stimulus-triggered, averaged, evoked short- |
|
latency (0–10 ms) neural electrical gross potential that is generated in |
|
response to a train of clicks. The ABR reflects the successive syn- |
|
chronous firings of auditory neurons in the cochleae, brainstem, and |
|
midbrain (i.e. roughly the early impulse response of the auditory sys- |
|
tem), Section 4.1 |
ANOVA |
Analysis of variance that reveals statistically-significant factors and |
|
interference effects between factors |
ASW |
Apparent source width, the perceived horizontal size of a sound source, |
|
one of the spatial sensations, which is described by spatial factors |
|
extracted from the IACF of the sound field, Section 7.2 |
ACF |
Autocorrelation function. The temporal sensations can be described by |
|
temporal factors extracted from the ACF of the sound signal. |
NACF |
Normalized ACF, an autocorrelation function normalized by its maxi- |
|
mum, zero-delay value so that the function is rendered independent of |
|
the absolute amplitude of the signal, Sections 2.2, 5.2, and 5.3 |
CCF |
crosscorrelation function. The CCF indicates correlations between the |
|
values of two signals as a function of relative delay (lead or lag). For |
|
example, the CCF between the alpha waves from different electrodes |
|
over two cerebral hemispheres, Section 4.4. |
DS |
Duration sensation, which is introduced here as one of four temporal |
|
sensations, Section 6.5 |
EEG |
Electroencephalogram, Sections 4.3, 15.1, and 15.3 |
FFFundamental frequency (Hz), denoted F0, the repetition frequency of an acoustic waveform, and the main physical correlate of pitch, (see also τ1), Sections 6.2 and 6.3
329
330 |
Abbreviations |
GAs |
Genetic algorithms, a class of nonparametric adaptive methods for opti- |
|
mizing combinations of design parameters |
HRTF |
Head-related transfer function, equivalent to the head-related impulse |
|
responses hnl,r(t), Section 2.2 |
IACC |
Magnitude of the IACF, the maximal value of the IACF, the most signif- |
|
icant and a consensus factor in the four orthogonal factors of the sound |
|
field, Sections 2.2 and 5.4 |
IACF |
Interaural crosscorrelation function. The spatial sensations of the sound |
|
field can be described in terms of the spatial factors extracted from IACF |
|
by analyzing sound signals at the two ears arriving at two ear entrances, |
|
Sections 2.2 and 5.5. |
LED |
Light-emitting diode, Sections 13.1, 14.1, and 15.1 |
LLBinaural listening level (dBA), or binaural sound-pressure level measured by the geometric mean of ll(0) and rr(0), Section 2.2
MEG |
Magnetoencephalogram, Sections 4.4 and 15.2 |
NI |
Nonidentification of speech (%), Section 9.2 |
PCT |
Paired-comparison test (Thurstone, 1927; Gullikson, 1956; Torgerson, |
|
1958): Most of the subjective preference judgment and other subjec- |
|
tive responses in this volume were obtained by the PCT. Usually, tri- |
|
als started with a first stimulus, followed by a short blank duration and |
|
then a second stimulus. During the subsequent blank duration, the sub- |
|
ject judged which stimulus was the subjectively preferred stimulus. The |
|
scale value is related to the probability whether stimulus A is preferred |
|
to B. For example, if P(A > B) = 0.84, then the value is 1.0. The value, |
|
therefore, may be reconfirmed by the goodness of fit (Mosteller, 1951). |
|
All data in this volume were reconfirmed by the test. This shows that the |
|
model of obtaining the scale value was approved. The scale values of the |
|
subjective judgments of each individual subject can also be calculated |
|
(Ando and Singh, 1996; Ando, 1998). If the experimental procedure is |
|
identical, then the probability data may be integrated over the time and |
|
space. Because of its simplicity, and ease of use, it generates reliable and |
|
reproducible response data from naive subjects, even children. Experi- |
|
ments that recorded SVR, EEG, and MEG signals were performed in a |
|
similar manner to the paired comparison to find the relationship between |
|
the factor extracted from the correlation analyses of signal recorded and |
|
the scale value of subjective preference judgments. |
PET |
Positron emission tomography, Section 15.3 |
PLG |
Plethysmogram; a short-term running measure of blood volume and |
|
pulse rate that was measured using a fingertip, photoelectric pulse |
|
oximeter device. The PLG provides a window on sympathetic and |
|
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system influences on peripheral |
|
blood vessels associated with stress and relaxation, Section 11.3. The |
|
peripheral blood vessels react as a reflection of the autonomic nervous |
|
system, which may be observed in the PLG, Section 11.3 |
SD |
Standard deviation |
Abbreviations |
331 |
|
SI |
Speech intelligibility (%), an index that measures the proportion of |
|
|
speech that is audible and correctly recognized by the listener, Section |
|
|
9.1 |
|
SL |
Sensation level (dB), the sound level of a signal in relation to the lis- |
|
|
tener’s threshold of audibility, Section 4.2 |
|
SV |
Scale value obtained from the PCT. The value given by S may be |
|
|
described by the temporal and spatial factors. |
|
SVR |
The slow vertex response is a stimulus-triggered, averaged, evoked |
|
|
middleand long-latency (10–500 ms) neural electrical gross potential |
|
that is generated in response to a train of clicks and recorded from scalp electrodes. The SVR reflects the successive synchronous firings of auditory neurons primarily in the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex (i.e. roughly speaking, the SVR can be regarded as the gross impulse response of upper auditory stations), Section 4.2
Author Index
NOTE: The letters ‘n’ denote the note numbers in the text
A |
Cariani, P. A., 6, 78, 79, 95, |
Alho, K., 89 |
104, 220 |
Allan, L. G., 262–263 |
Casby, J. U., 276 |
Alrutz, H., 4, 190 |
Cawthon, J. M., 205 |
Amandasun, M., 244 |
Chandler, D. W., 227 |
Ando, D., 3–4, 34, 191 |
Chen, C., 6, 56, 58, 268 |
Ando, Y., 3, 6, 8, 10, 12–13, 20–23, 25–27, |
Chernyak, R. I., 109 |
29–30, 32–36, 34n1, 36–38, 39, 41, 48–50, |
Cherry, E. C., 6, 94 |
51, 53, 56, 58, 64, 70, 73, 75, 76, 84–87, |
Cheveigne, A., 95 |
91, 96, 105, 109, 119–120, 121, 125, 130, |
Cho, R. Y., 243–244 |
131, 133, 136, 137, 143, 150, 153, 158, |
Chon, R., 71 |
165, 166, 168, 172, 174, 175, 176, 178, |
Clarke, J., 258 |
179, 185, 189, 190, 196, 199, 205, 209, |
Clottes, J., 265 |
211, 228–230, 231, 248, 261, 263, 265 |
Cocchi, A., 190 |
|
Colburn, H. S., 227 |
|
Colburn, S., 6 |
B |
Courtin, J., 265 |
Badcock, D. R., 246 |
Cross, G. R., 244 |
Ball, K., 262 |
|
Barlow, J. S., 276 |
|
Bekesy, G., 175 |
D |
Belin, P., 88 |
Damaske, P., 3, 22, 29, 86, 125, 175 |
Ben-Av, M. B., 245, 251 |
Davis, A. E., 296 |
Beranek, L. L., 223 |
de Boer, E., 94–95 |
Bergen, J., 244 |
de Cheveigne, A., 95 |
Berglund, B., 216 |
de Lange, H., 237, 253–254 |
Bialek, W., 258 |
de Valois, K. K., 244 |
Bowen, R. W., 237 |
de Valois, R. L., 244 |
Braizer, M. A. B., 276 |
Delgutte, B., 6, 78, 79, 95, 104, 220 |
Brodatz, P., 244, 248 |
Derrington, A. M., 246 |
Buchwald, J. A. S., 42 |
Doi, S., 258 |
Burd, A. N., 12n1, 56 |
Dubrovskii, N. A., 109 |
C |
E |
Campbell, F. W., 248 |
Eady, H. R., 227 |
Cariani P., 6, 78, 95, 104, 235, 259 |
Edward, R. M., 190 |
333
334
Eisner, A., 237
Ellis, R. R., 296
Eulitz, C., 89, 286
F
Fastl, H., 122
Finkel, L. H., 249–250
Fraisse, P., 242
Francos, J. M., 245
Fujii, K., 176, 199, 200, 216, 218–219, 235,
238, 248–249, 263
G
Gabriel, K. J., 227
Gade, A. C., 165
Galambos, R., 47
Galin, D., 296
Gottlob, D., 3, 34, 191
Grantham, D. W., 227
Greenwood, D. D., 109, 213, 216
Gros, B. L., 262–263
Gullikson, H., 25, 34
H
Hammett, S. T., 246
Hanada, K., 7
Haralick, R. M., 244
Hargest, T. J., 216
Hecox, K., 47
Heeger, D., 244
Hellman, R. P., 216
Henning, G. B., 238, 246
Hewitt, M. J., 95, 220
Hidaka, T., 132
Hinrichs, H., 268, 280, 287
Hiramatsu, K., 217
Holland, J. H., 148
Hoovey, Z. B., 276
Hosaka, I., 6–7, 41
Hotehama, T., 7, 158, 190
Huang, C. M., 42
I
Imamura, M., 34
Inagaki, T., 258
Inoue, M., 6, 79, 102, 107, 143
Inoye, T., 276
Author Index
J
Jain, A. K., 244
Jasper, H. H., 49
Jeffress, L. A., 6, 94, 246
Jewett, D. L., 42
Julesz, B., 244
K
Kageyama, K., 12, 27, 29, 64
Kang, S. H., 26, 228
Kaplan, S., 254
Kato, K., 31, 173n1, 176
Katsuki, Y., 70, 77, 109
Keet, M. V., 130, 131, 135
Kiang, N. Y. -S., 77
Kimura, D., 53, 89
Kinchla, R. A., 262–263
King, R., 244
Kitamura, T., 207
Klumpp, R. G., 227
Korenaga, Y., 181–182
Kryter, K. D., 216
Kurihara, Y., 6–7, 136
Kuttruff, H., 19
Kuwano, S., 216
L
Lev, A., 42
Levinson, E., 262
Levy, J., 296
Licklider, J. C. R., 6, 78, 94, 246
Lindsey, D. B., 268
Liske, E., 276
Liu, F., 245, 250
Lohse, G. L., 244
Lundeen, C., 97
M
Machleidt,W., 268, 280, 287
Maekawa, Z., 132
Maki, F., 153–154, 156
Makous, W., 253–254
Malik, J., 244
Mandler, M. B., 253–254
Mao, J., 244
Marshall, A. H., 165
Martens, W. L., 122
Marui, A., 122
Mathews, M. V., 109
May, D. N., 221–222
Author Index
McLachlan, K. R., 276
Meddis, R., 6, 78, 95, 220
Mehrgardt, S., 126–127
Mellert, V., 126–127
Merthayasa, I. G. N., 112, 209
Molino, J. A., 222
Moore, B. C. J., 95
Morimoto, M., 132
Morioka, K., 26, 34, 36–37
Mosteller, F., 25, 34
Mouri, K., 31, 85, 87, 165, 190
N
Näätänen, R., 89
Nachmias, J., 238
Nagamatsu, H., 51
Nakagawa, S., 55, 82, 88, 301n3
Nakajima, T., 153–154, 158
Nakayama, I., 32, 165–166
Noson, D., 158, 166, 175
O
O’Mard, L., 6
Ohgushi, K., 124
Okamoto, Y., 88, 288–289, 295
Opitz, B., 89
P
Palomaki, K., 82n4, 301n4
Pearsons, K. S., 216
Perona, P., 244
Petsche, H., 268, 280,
286–287
Pfafflin, S. M., 109
Picard, R. W., 245
Pinker, R. A., 216
Pompoli, R., 199
Portilla, J., 245
Pressnitzer, D., 104
Probst, Th., 292
R
Raney, J. P., 205
Rao, A. R., 244
Rappelsberger, P., 280,
286–287
Raymond, J. E., 262–263
Ritsma, R. J., 95
Robson, J. G., 248
335
Rogowitz, B. E., 238
Rose, J. E., 94
Runderman, D. L., 258
S
Sabine, W. C., 19
Sagi, D., 245, 251
Saifuddin, K., 6, 119
Sakai, H., 101, 153, 199, 205–206
Sakai, K., 249
Sakamoto, M., 34, 205
Sato, S., 6–7, 32, 38, 60, 88, 114, 126, 130,
131, 133, 148, 166, 174, 175, 190, 214,
216, 222. 223, 276, 299n3
Sayers, B. M. A., 6, 94
Sayles, M., 91, 298n3
Scharf, B., 213, 216
Schroeder, M. R., 3, 29, 254
Searle, C. L., 6, 78
Secker-Walker, H. E., 6, 78
Seebeck, A., 94
Sekuler, R., 262–263
Shaw, J. C., 276
Shimokura, R., 87, 105, 158
Siebrasse, K. F., 3
Simoncelli, E. P., 245
Singh, P. K., 121, 136, 153, 158, 168, 269
Small Jr., A. M., 97
Smetana, B., 174–175
Smith, A. T., 246
Soeta, Y., 6, 8, 48, 54–55, 63, 66, 68, 70, 72,
82n3, 88, 112, 214, 235, 253–254, 256,
259, 263, 268, 276, 283, 301n3
Sohmer, H., 42
Sperry, R. W., 53, 89, 296
Sumioka, T., 96
Suzumura, Y., 156, 158
T
Taguti, T., 13, 31, 176
Tamura, H., 244, 248–249
Terhardt, E., 95, 214
Thompson, A. M., 47
Thompson, G. C., 47
Thurstone, L. L., 25, 34
Torgerson, W. S., 25, 34, 190
Trevarthen, C., 296
Tsutsumi, T., 177
Turner, M. R., 244
336 |
Author Index |
U |
Wong, P. C., 88 |
Uttal, W. R., 248, 251 |
Wu, S., 254 |
V |
Y |
van de Grind, W. A., 262 |
Yamaguchi, K., 190 |
van Noorden, L., 95 |
Yost, W. A., 75, 95, 96, 213 |
Voss, R. F., 258 |
Yrttiaho, S., 104 |
W |
Z |
Wada, J. A., 296 |
Zatorre, R., 88 |
Wever, E. G., 94 |
Zeki, S., 292 |
Wightman, F. L., 95 |
Zhu, S. C., 244 |
Winter, I. M., 91, 298n3 |
Zwicker, E., 109, 122, 213–214, 216 |