- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •List of Contributors
- •Acknowledgments
- •Dedication
- •In Memorium
- •DEFINITIONS
- •EPIDEMIOLOGIC AND SOCIOECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE GLAUCOMAS
- •RISK FACTORS
- •CLASSIFICATION OF THE GLAUCOMAS
- •REFERENCES
- •Aqueous humor formation
- •FUNCTION OF AQUEOUS HUMOR
- •ANATOMY OF THE CILIARY BODY
- •STRUCTURE
- •ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE CILIARY PROCESSES
- •VASCULAR SUPPLY
- •MECHANISM OF AQUEOUS FORMATION
- •ULTRAFILTRATION
- •ACTIVE TRANSPORT
- •DIFFUSION
- •CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE AQUEOUS HUMOR
- •THE BLOOD–AQUEOUS BARRIER
- •PRESSURE-DEPENDENT TECHNIQUES
- •Tonography
- •Suction cup
- •Perfusion
- •TRACER METHODS
- •Photogrammetry
- •Radiolabeled isotopes
- •Fluorescein
- •Fluoresceinated dextrans
- •Paraminohippurate
- •Iodide
- •FACTORS AFFECTING AQUEOUS HUMOR FORMATION
- •DIURNAL VARIATION
- •INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE/PSEUDOFACILITY
- •BLOOD FLOW TO THE CILIARY BODY
- •NEURAL CONTROL
- •HORMONAL EFFECTS
- •INTRACELLULAR REGULATORS
- •CLINICAL ASPECTS OF AQUEOUS HUMOR FORMATION
- •CLINICAL CONDITIONS
- •PHARMACOLOGIC AGENTS
- •SURGERY
- •REFERENCES
- •PHYSIOLOGY ISSUES UNIQUE TO THE CONVENTIONAL AQUEOUS OUTFLOW SYSTEM
- •FUNCTIONS OF THE CONVENTIONAL AQUEOUS OUTFLOW SYSTEM
- •ANATOMY OF THE CONVENTIONAL OUTFLOW SYSTEM
- •SCHWALBE’S LINE
- •SCLERAL SPUR
- •TRABECULAR MESHWORK TISSUES
- •Uveal meshwork
- •Corneoscleral meshwork
- •Uveal and corneoscleral meshwork ultrastructure
- •Juxtacanalicular space and cells
- •SCHLEMM’S CANAL
- •Overview
- •Schlemm’s canal inner wall endothelium
- •Glycocalyx
- •Distending cells that form invaginations or pseudovacuoles, ‘giant vacuoles’
- •Schlemm’s canal endothelium pores
- •Sonderman’s canals invaginate into the trabecular meshwork
- •Septa
- •Schlemm’s canal valves spanning across Schlemm’s canal
- •Herniations or protrusions of Schlemm’s canal inner wall
- •Collector channels, aqueous veins and episcleral veins
- •RESISTANCE SITES IN THE AQUEOUS OUTFLOW SYSTEM
- •JUXTACANALICULAR SPACE RESISTANCE
- •SCHLEMM’S CANAL ENDOTHELIUM RESISTANCE
- •PRINCIPLES OF BIOMECHANICS AS A METHODOLOGY TO IDENTIFY TISSUE RESISTANCE
- •TISSUE LOADING STUDIES
- •BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
- •EVIDENCE FROM EXPERIMENTAL MICROSURGERY
- •AQUEOUS OUTFLOW PHYSIOLOGY: PASSIVE AND DYNAMIC FLOW MODELS
- •THE AQUEOUS OUTFLOW SYSTEM AS A PASSIVE FILTER
- •THE AQUEOUS OUTFLOW SYSTEM AS A DYNAMIC MECHANICAL PUMP
- •EXTRINSIC PRESSURE REGULATION MECHANISMS
- •UVEOSCLERAL FLOW
- •METHODS FOR MEASURING FACILITY OF OUTFLOW
- •FACILITY OF OUTFLOW CALCULATIONS
- •Tonography
- •Perfusion
- •Suction cup
- •FACILITY OF OUTFLOW AND ITS CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS
- •FACTORS AFFECTING THE FACILITY OF OUTFLOW
- •HORMONES
- •CILIARY MUSCLE TONE
- •DRUGS
- •SURGICAL THERAPY
- •DIURNAL FLUCTUATION
- •GLAUCOMA
- •EPISCLERAL VENOUS PRESSURE
- •REFERENCES
- •Intraocular pressure
- •INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
- •APPLANATION INSTRUMENTS
- •Goldmann tonometer
- •Perkins tonometer
- •Draeger tonometer
- •MacKay-Marg and Tono-Pen™ tonometers
- •Pneumatic tonometer
- •Non-contact tonometer
- •The Ocuton™ tonometer
- •Maklakow tonometer
- •INDENTATION INSTRUMENTS
- •Schiøtz tonometer
- •Electronic Schiøtz tonometer
- •Impact–rebound tonometer
- •Transpalpebral tonometry
- •DYNAMIC CONTOUR TONOMETRY
- •CONTINUOUS MONITORING OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
- •SUMMARY OF TONOMETRY
- •DISTRIBUTION OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE IN THE GENERAL POPULATION
- •FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE
- •RACE
- •HEREDITY
- •DIURNAL VARIATION
- •SEASONAL VARIATION
- •CARDIOVASCULAR FACTORS
- •EXERCISE
- •WIND INSTRUMENT PLAYING
- •LIFESTYLE
- •POSTURAL CHANGES
- •NEURAL FACTORS
- •PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
- •HORMONAL FACTORS
- •REFRACTIVE ERROR
- •FOODS AND DRUGS
- •MISCELLANEOUS
- •EYE MOVEMENTS
- •EYELID CLOSURE
- •INFLAMMATION
- •SURGERY
- •REFERENCES
- •Gonioscopic anatomy
- •GROSS ANATOMY
- •ANATOMIC FEATURES OF NORMAL EYES
- •GONIOSCOPIC ANATOMY AND MICROSCOPIC INTERPRETATION
- •PUPIL AND IRIS
- •CILIARY BODY, IRIS PROCESSES, AND SYNECHIAE
- •SCLERAL SPUR
- •SCHWALBE’S LINE
- •TRABECULAR MESHWORK AND TRABECULAR PIGMENT BAND
- •GONIOSCOPIC APPEARANCE
- •REFERENCES
- •Methods of gonioscopy
- •DEFINITION
- •METHODS OF GONIOSCOPY
- •EQUIPMENT
- •Goldmann and Zeiss lenses (indirect method)
- •Koeppe lens (direct method)
- •TECHNIQUE
- •Indirect gonioscopic lenses
- •Indentation (compression) gonioscopy
- •Direct gonioscopic lens
- •REFERENCES
- •GRADING OF CHAMBER ANGLE
- •DIAGRAMMING ANGLE WIDTH, SYNECHIAE, AND PIGMENTATION
- •TRABECULAR PIGMENT BAND
- •SPAETH CLASSIFICATION
- •STEP 4: TRABECULAR MESHWORK PIGMENTATION
- •EXAMPLES
- •DIFFICULTIES AND ARTIFACTS IN GONIOSCOPY
- •CLINICAL USEFULNESS OF GONIOSCOPY
- •AID IN DIAGNOSIS OF TYPE OF GLAUCOMA
- •EVALUATION OF SYMPTOMS
- •USE OF DRUGS
- •POSTOPERATIVE EXAMINATIONS
- •CONDITIONS OTHER THAN GLAUCOMA
- •SUMMARY OF IMPORTANT GONIOSCOPIC TECHNIQUES
- •REFERENCES
- •APPENDIX
- •Visual field theory and methods
- •THE NORMAL VISUAL FIELD
- •VISUAL ACUITY VERSUS VISUAL FIELD
- •TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS
- •THEORY OF VISUAL FIELD TESTING
- •KINETIC PERIMETRY
- •STATIC PERIMETRY
- •THRESHOLD-RELATED TESTING
- •ZONE TESTING
- •SCREENING TESTS
- •OTHER STATIC TESTING TECHNIQUES
- •THE FUTURE OF VISUAL FIELD TESTING
- •COMBINED STATIC AND KINETIC PERIMETRY
- •REFERENCES
- •PATIENT VARIABLES
- •FIXATION
- •RELIABILITY
- •OCULAR VARIABLES
- •PUPIL SIZE
- •MEDIA CLARITY
- •REFRACTIVE CORRECTION
- •TESTING VARIABLES
- •TECHNICIAN
- •BACKGROUND ILLUMINATION
- •STIMULUS SIZE AND INTENSITY
- •STIMULUS EXPOSURE TIME
- •AREA TESTED
- •EQUIPMENT AND TECHNIQUES
- •GENERAL PRINCIPLES
- •TANGENT SCREEN
- •BOWL PERIMETRY
- •Preparing the patient
- •Technique of computerized bowl perimetry
- •REFERENCES
- •Visual field interpretation
- •GLAUCOMATOUS CHANGES IN THE VISUAL FIELD
- •ANATOMY OF VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS
- •TYPES OF VISUAL FIELD LOSS
- •Generalized loss
- •Localized defects (scotomata)
- •GLAUCOMATOUS VISUAL FIELD DEFECTS
- •Generalized depression
- •Irregularity of the visual field
- •Nasal step or depression
- •Temporal step or depression
- •Enlargement of the blind spot
- •Isolated paracentral scotomata
- •Arcuate defects (nerve fiber bundle defects)
- •End-stage defects
- •Central and temporal islands
- •Reversal of visual field defects
- •ANALYSIS OF VISUAL FIELD LOSS
- •CHRONIC OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
- •ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
- •OTHER CAUSES
- •ESTERMAN DISABILITY RATING
- •ANALYSIS OF COMPUTERIZED STATIC PERIMETRY
- •RELIABILITY INDEXES
- •False-positive and false-negative responses
- •Fixation reliability
- •FLUCTUATION
- •Short-term fluctuation
- •Long-term fluctuation
- •GLOBAL INDEXES
- •Mean sensitivity
- •Mean deviation or defect
- •Standard deviation or variance
- •GRAPHIC PLOTS
- •AREA OF THE VISUAL FIELD TO BE TESTED
- •LONG-TERM ANALYSIS
- •DETERMINATION OF NORMAL VISUAL FIELD
- •DEVIATION FROM NORMAL VALUES
- •Graphic plot of points varying from normal
- •Global indexes
- •Comparison with the other eye
- •Localized variation within the visual field
- •RECOGNITION OF CHANGE
- •QUANTIFYING VISUAL FIELD CHANGE
- •THE FUTURE OF COMPUTERIZED PERIMETRY
- •REFERENCES
- •Other psychophysical tests
- •INTRODUCTION
- •COLOR VISION AND SHORT-WAVELENGTH AUTOMATED PERIMETRY
- •FREQUENCY-DOUBLING PERIMETRY
- •OTHER PSYCHOPHYSICAL TESTS
- •HIGH-PASS RESOLUTION PERIMETRY
- •MOTION DETECTION PERIMETRY
- •ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY
- •The electroretinogram (ERG)
- •The pattern electroretinogram (PERG)
- •The multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG)
- •The multifocal visual-evoked potential (mfVEP)
- •REFERENCES
- •ANATOMY OF THE OPTIC NERVE HEAD
- •WHERE ARE THE GANGLION CELLS INJURED?
- •WHAT INJURES GANGLION CELLS?
- •Ganglion Cell Susceptibility
- •Connective tissue structures within the optic nerve head
- •Vascular nutrition of the optic disc
- •REFERENCES
- •CLINICAL TECHNIQUES OF EVALUATION
- •OPTIC DISC CHANGES IN GLAUCOMA
- •INTRAPAPILLARY DISC CHANGES
- •Optic disc size
- •Optic disc shape
- •Neuroretinal rim size (NRR)
- •Neuroretinal rim shape
- •Optic cup size in relation to optic disc size
- •Optic cup configuration and depth
- •Cup:disc ratios
- •Position of central retinal vessels and branches
- •PERIPAPILLARY DISC CHANGES
- •Optic disc hemorrhages
- •Nerve fiber layer defects
- •Diameter of retinal arterioles
- •Peripapillary choroidal atrophy
- •PATTERNS OF OPTIC NERVE CHANGES AND SUBTYPES OF GLAUCOMA
- •HIGH MYOPIA DISC PATTERN
- •FOCAL NORMAL-PRESSURE PATTERN (FOCAL ISCHEMIC)
- •AGE-RELATED ATROPHIC PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA PATTERN (SENILE SCLEROTIC)
- •JUVENILE OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA PATTERN
- •PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA PATTERN (GENERALIZED ENLARGEMENT)
- •REFERENCES
- •Optic nerve imaging
- •CONFOCAL SCANNING LASER OPHTHALMOSCOPY (CSLO)
- •HEIDELBERG RETINA TOMOGRAPHY (HRT)
- •Components of the HRT report
- •Evaluating scan quality
- •Strengths and limitations
- •New developments
- •Testing from the patient’s perspective
- •OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY (OCT)
- •DIFFERENT SCANNING MODALITIES
- •Peripapillary scan
- •Macular scan
- •ONH scan
- •Fast scans
- •COMPONENTS OF THE OCT REPORT
- •RNFL thickness average analysis
- •Macular analysis
- •Optic nerve head analysis
- •QUALITY ASSESSMENT
- •STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS
- •TESTING FROM THE PATIENT’S PERSPECTIVE
- •LONGITUDINAL EVALUATIONS
- •SCANNING LASER POLARIMETRY
- •Components of the GDX report
- •Quality assessment
- •Strengths and limitations
- •Testing from the patient’s perspective
- •CONCLUSIONS
- •REFERENCES
- •Primary angle-closure glaucoma
- •HISTORICAL REVIEW AND CLASSIFICATIONS
- •CLASSIFICATIONS OF ANGLE-CLOSURE DISEASE
- •TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY CONSENSUS CLASSIFICATION
- •CLARIFICATIONS AND COMMENTARY
- •PRESENTATIONS OF PRIMARY ANGLE-CLOSURE DISEASE
- •NEW IMAGING TECHNOLOGIES
- •CLASSIFICATION BY MECHANISMS IN THE ANTERIOR SEGMENT
- •PUPILLARY BLOCK GLAUCOMA
- •Epidemiologic studies
- •Demographic risk factors
- •Gender
- •Heredity
- •Refractive error
- •Miscellaneous factors
- •Ocular risk factors and mechanisms
- •Iris bowing and lens–iris channel
- •Provocative tests
- •Clinical presentations of acute PACG with pupillary block
- •Signs and symptoms
- •Clinical examination
- •Treatment of acute PACG
- •Medical management of acute PACG
- •Slit-lamp maneuvers in management of acute PACG
- •Laser interventions for acute PACG
- •Surgical management of PACG
- •Management of the fellow eye
- •Sequelae of acute PACG
- •Correlating older and newer terminologies for angle closure
- •PLATEAU IRIS
- •Plateau iris configuration
- •Plateau iris syndrome
- •Pseudoplateau iris (cysts of the iris and ciliary body)
- •PHACOMORPHIC GLAUCOMA
- •Intumescent and swollen lens
- •REFERENCES
- •OVERVIEW OF TERMS AND MECHANISMS
- •ANTERIOR PULLING MECHANISM
- •NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA
- •Histopathology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Conditions and diseases commonly associated with neovascular glaucoma
- •Diabetes mellitus
- •Central retinal vein occlusion
- •Carotid occlusive disease
- •Ocular ischemic syndrome
- •Central retinal artery occlusion
- •Miscellaneous
- •Clinical presentation
- •Treatment
- •IRIDOCORNEAL ENDOTHELIAL SYNDROME
- •Histopathology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical presentation
- •Progressive (essential) iris atrophy
- •Chandler’s syndrome
- •Cogan-Reese syndrome
- •Treatment
- •POSTERIOR POLYMORPHOUS DYSTROPHY
- •Histopathology
- •Pathogenesis
- •Clinical presentation
- •Treatment
- •EPITHELIAL DOWNGROWTH
- •Pathophysiology
- •Histopathology
- •Clinical presentation
- •Treatment
- •FIBROVASCULAR INGROWTH
- •FLAT ANTERIOR CHAMBER
- •INFLAMMATION
- •PENETRATING KERATOPLASTY
- •IRIDOSCHISIS
- •ANIRIDIA
- •POSTERIOR PUSHING (OR ROTATIONAL) MECHANISM
- •CILIARY BLOCK GLAUCOMA (AQUEOUS MISDIRECTION OR MALIGNANT GLAUCOMA)
- •INTRAOCULAR TUMORS
- •NANOPHTHALMOS
- •SUPRACHOROIDAL HEMORRHAGE
- •POSTERIOR SEGMENT INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
- •Treatment
- •CENTRAL RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION
- •SCLERAL BUCKLING PROCEDURE
- •PANRETINAL PHOTOCOAGULATION
- •RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY
- •PUPILLARY BLOCK MECHANISMS
- •Secondary pupillary block glaucoma: iris–lens adhesions
- •Dislocated and subluxed lens
- •Ectopia lentis
- •Microspherophakia
- •REFERENCES
- •Primary open angle glaucoma
- •EPIDEMIOLOGY
- •PREVALENCE
- •PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- •DIMINISHED AQUEOUS HUMOR OUTFLOW FACILITY
- •Altered corticosteroid metabolism
- •Dysfunctional adrenergic control
- •Abnormal immunologic processes
- •Oxidative damage
- •Other toxic influences
- •OPTIC NERVE CUPPING AND ATROPHY
- •CLINICAL FEATURES
- •FINDINGS
- •DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- •TREATMENT
- •INDICATIONS
- •GOALS
- •Target pressure
- •TYPES OF TREATMENT
- •PROGNOSIS
- •THE GLAUCOMA SUSPECT AND OCULAR HYPERTENSION
- •EPIDEMIOLOGY OF OCULAR HYPERTENSION
- •RISK FACTORS FOR DEVELOPMENT OF OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
- •TREATMENT
- •NORMAL-TENSION GLAUCOMA
- •PATHOGENESIS
- •CLINICAL FEATURES
- •DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- •WORK-UP
- •TREATMENT
- •REFERENCES
- •Secondary open angle glaucoma
- •PIGMENTARY GLAUCOMA
- •EXFOLIATION SYNDROME (PSEUDOEXFOLIATION SYNDROME)
- •CORTICOSTEROID GLAUCOMA
- •LENS-INDUCED GLAUCOMA
- •PHACOLYTIC GLAUCOMA
- •LENS-PARTICLE GLAUCOMA
- •PHACOANAPHYLAXIS
- •GLAUCOMA AFTER CATARACT SURGERY
- •GLAUCOMA FROM VISCOELASTIC SUBSTANCES
- •GLAUCOMA WITH PIGMENT DISPERSION FROM INTRAOCULAR LENSES
- •UVEITIS-GLAUCOMA-HYPHEMA SYNDROME
- •GLAUCOMA FROM VITREOUS IN THE ANTERIOR CHAMBER
- •GLAUCOMA AFTER TRAUMA
- •CHEMICAL BURNS
- •ELECTRIC SHOCK
- •RADIATION
- •PENETRATING INJURIES
- •CONTUSION INJURIES
- •GLAUCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH INTRAOCULAR HEMORRHAGE
- •GHOST-CELL GLAUCOMA
- •HEMOLYTIC GLAUCOMA
- •HEMOSIDEROSIS
- •HYPHEMA
- •RETINAL DETACHMENT AND GLAUCOMA
- •SCHWARTZ SYNDROME
- •GLAUCOMA AFTER VITRECTOMY
- •GLAUCOMA WITH UVEITIS
- •FUCHS’ HETEROCHROMIC IRIDOCYCLITIS
- •GLAUCOMATOCYCLITIC CRISIS
- •HERPES SIMPLEX
- •HERPES ZOSTER
- •SARCOIDOSIS
- •JUVENILE RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
- •SYPHILIS
- •INTRAOCULAR TUMORS AND GLAUCOMA
- •AMYLOIDOSIS
- •ELEVATED EPISCLERAL VENOUS PRESSURE
- •SUPERIOR VENA CAVA OBSTRUCTIONS
- •THYROID EYE DISEASE
- •ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULAS
- •STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME
- •IDIOPATHIC ELEVATIONS
- •REFERENCES
- •TERMINOLOGY
- •CLASSIFICATION
- •SYNDROME CLASSIFICATION
- •PRIMARY GLAUCOMA
- •CLINICAL ANATOMIC CLASSIFICATION
- •Isolated trabeculodysgenesis
- •Iridodysgenesis
- •Anterior stromal defects
- •Structural iris defects
- •Corneodysgenesis
- •CLINICAL PRESENTATION
- •EXAMINATION
- •Office examination
- •Examination under anesthesia
- •Intraocular pressure measurement
- •Corneal measurements: diameter and central thickness
- •Axial length measurement
- •Gonioscopy
- •Ophthalmoscopy
- •Cycloplegic refraction
- •Systemic evaluation
- •PRIMARY CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
- •INCIDENCE
- •GENETICS AND HEREDITY
- •PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- •DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
- •Other glaucomas
- •Other causes of corneal enlargement or clouding
- •Other causes of epiphora or photophobia
- •Other optic nerve abnormalities
- •MANAGEMENT
- •Preoperative management
- •Initial surgery
- •Follow-up evaluations
- •Filtering surgery
- •Synthetic drainage devices
- •Cyclodestructive procedures
- •Long-term follow-up, management, and prognosis
- •Late developing primary congenital glaucoma
- •GLAUCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH OTHER CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
- •FAMILIAL HYPOPLASIA OF THE IRIS WITH GLAUCOMA
- •DEVELOPMENTAL GLAUCOMA WITH ANOMALOUS SUPERFICIAL IRIS VESSELS
- •ANIRIDIA
- •STURGE-WEBER SYNDROME (ENCEPHALOFACIAL ANGIOMATOSIS, ENCEPHALOTRIGEMINAL ANGIOMATOSIS)
- •NEUROFIBROMATOSIS (VON RECKLINGHAUSEN’S DISEASE)
- •PIERRE ROBIN AND STICKLER SYNDROMES
- •SKELETAL DYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES
- •CORNEODYSGENESIS
- •Axenfeld’s anomaly
- •Rieger’s anomaly and syndrome
- •PETER’S ANOMALY
- •LOWE SYNDROME (OCULOCEREBRORENAL SYNDROME)
- •MICROCORNEA SYNDROMES
- •RUBELLA
- •CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
- •BROAD THUMB SYNDROME (RUBENSTEIN–TAYBI SYNDROME)
- •SECONDARY GLAUCOMA IN INFANTS
- •PERSISTENT FETAL VASCULATURE (PERSISTENT HYPERPLASITIC PRIMARY VITREOUS)
- •RETINOPATHY OF PREMATURITY (RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIAS)
- •LENS-RELATED GLAUCOMAS
- •Aphakic pediatric glaucoma
- •Subluxation and pupillary block
- •Marfan syndrome
- •Homocystinuria
- •Spherophakia and pupillary block
- •Weill-Marchesani and GEMSS syndromes
- •TUMORS
- •Retinoblastoma
- •Juvenile xanthogranuloma
- •INFLAMMATION
- •Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
- •STEROID GLAUCOMA IN CHILDREN
- •NEOVASCULAR GLAUCOMA
- •TRAUMA
- •REFERENCES
- •Genetics of glaucoma
- •BASIC GENETICS
- •GENETIC NOMENCLATURE
- •PRIMARY OPEN-ANGLE, NORMAL-TENSION, AND JUVENILE-ONSET OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
- •TIGR/MYOCILIN
- •OPTINEURIN
- •OTHER GENES IN OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
- •EXFOLIATION SYNDROME AND GLAUCOMA
- •GLAUCOMA ASSOCIATED WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDERS
- •PRIMARY CONGENITAL GLAUCOMA
- •AXENFELD-RIEGER ANOMALY
- •ANIRIDIA
- •NAIL PATELLA SYNDROME
- •RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS
- •SUMMARY
- •REFERENCES
- •DIAGNOSIS
- •IDENTIFYING GLAUCOMA SUSPECTS
- •DETERMINING ADEQUACY OF TREATMENT
- •TREATMENT FOLLOW-UP
- •DOCUMENTATION OF PROGRESS
- •PATIENT EDUCATION
- •EFFECTIVE JUDGMENT
- •REFERENCES
- •TARGET PRESSURE
- •MEDICAL THERAPY
- •ADVANTAGES
- •DISADVANTAGES
- •SURGICAL THERAPY
- •ADVANTAGES
- •DISADVANTAGES
- •BASIC PHARMACOLOGY
- •BIOAVAILABILITY OF TOPICAL OCULAR MEDICATION
- •TEAR FILM
- •CORNEAL BARRIERS
- •DRUG FORMULATION
- •DRUG ELIMINATION
- •COMPLIANCE
- •GENERAL SUGGESTIONS FOR MEDICAL TREATMENT OF GLAUCOMA
- •ESTABLISH A TARGET PRESSURE
- •ADJUST THE TREATMENT PROGRAM TO THE PATIENT AND HIS OR HER LIFESTYLE
- •WHEN THERAPY IS INEFFECTIVE, SUBSTITUTE RATHER THAN ADD DRUGS
- •CONTINUALLY MONITOR THE TARGET PRESSURE
- •ASK ABOUT AND MONITOR OCULAR AND SYSTEMIC SIDE EFFECTS
- •SIMPLIFY AND REDUCE TREATMENT WHEN POSSIBLE
- •TEACH PATIENTS THE PROPER TECHNIQUE FOR INSTILLING EYEDROPS
- •PROVIDE WRITTEN INSTRUCTIONS
- •COMMUNICATE WITH THE PATIENT’S FAMILY PHYSICIAN
- •ASK ABOUT PROBLEMS WITH THE MEDICAL REGIMEN
- •CONSIDER DEFAULTING AS AN EXPLANATION FOR THE FAILURE OF MEDICAL TREATMENT
- •EDUCATE PATIENTS ABOUT THEIR ILLNESS AND ITS TREATMENT
- •STOP TREATMENT PERIODICALLY TO DETERMINE CONTINUING EFFECTIVENESS
- •MEASURE INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE AT DIFFERENT TIMES OF THE DAY AND AT DIFFERENT INTERVALS AFTER THE LAST ADMINISTRATION OF MEDICATION
- •RECOMMEND COMPARISON SHOPPING FOR MEDICATIONS
- •SUMMARY
- •REFERENCES
- •Prostaglandins
- •MECHANISM OF ACTION
- •DRUGS IN CLINICAL USE
- •LATANOPROST (XALATAN, PHXA41)
- •BIMATOPROST
- •TRAVOPROST
- •FIXED COMBINATION AGENTS
- •SIDE EFFECTS
- •SUGGESTIONS FOR USE
- •REFERENCES
- •MECHANISM(S) OF ACTION
- •EPINEPHRINE
- •DIPIVEFRIN
- •NOREPINEPHRINE
- •Phenylephrine
- •Clonidine
- •Apraclonidine
- •Brimonidine
- •Isoproterenol
- •Salbutamol
- •Others
- •DOPAMINERGIC AGONISTS
- •ADRENERGIC POTENTIATORS
- •MONOAMINE OXIDASE AND CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE INHIBITORS
- •6-HYDROXYDOPAMINE
- •PROTRIPTYLINE
- •GUANETHIDINE (ISMELIN)
- •NONADRENERGIC ACTIVATORS OF ADENYLATE CYCLASE
- •DRUGS IN CLINICAL USE
- •Epinephrine (Eppy, Epinal, Epifrin, and generics)
- •Dipivefrin (Propine and generics)
- •Suggestions for use
- •Side effects
- •Clonidine
- •Prophylaxis in anterior segment laser surgery
- •Argon laser trabeculoplasty
- •Laser iridotomy
- •Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomy
- •Management of acute pressure rises
- •Management of open-angle and other chronic glaucomas
- •Combination therapy
- •Side effects
- •Suggestions for use
- •SUMMARY
- •REFERENCES
- •Adrenergic antagonists
- •MECHANISM OF ACTION
- •DRUGS IN CLINICAL USE
- •TIMOLOL MALEATE
- •TIMOLOL HEMIHYDRATE
- •BETAXOLOL
- •LEVOBUNOLOL
- •CARTEOLOL
- •METIPRANOLOL
- •PROPRANOLOL
- •ATENOLOL
- •PINDOLOL
- •NADOLOL
- •METAPROLOL
- •LABETOLOL
- •SUGGESTIONS FOR USE
- •OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
- •ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
- •SECONDARY GLAUCOMA
- •GLAUCOMA IN CHILDREN
- •BLOOD FLOW AND NEUROPROTECTION
- •SIDE EFFECTS
- •OCULAR
- •SYSTEMIC
- •OTHER ADRENERGIC ANTAGONISTS
- •Thymoxamine
- •Dapiprazole
- •Bunazosin
- •Prazosin
- •Others
- •REFERENCES
- •Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
- •MECHANISM OF ACTION
- •DIRECT EFFECT ON AQUEOUS HUMOR FORMATION
- •INDIRECT EFFECT ON AQUEOUS HUMOR FORMATION
- •DRUGS IN CLINICAL USE
- •TOPICAL CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
- •Dorzolamide
- •Brinzolamide
- •SYSTEMIC CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
- •Acetazolamide
- •Methazolamide
- •Ethoxzolamide
- •Dichlorphenamide
- •SIDE EFFECTS
- •TOPICAL CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
- •ORAL CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS
- •CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •Acidosis and sickling of red blood cells
- •Other severe symptoms
- •Retinal-choroidal blood flow and neuroprotection
- •SUGGESTIONS FOR USE
- •ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
- •OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
- •SECONDARY GLAUCOMA
- •INFANTILE AND JUVENILE GLAUCOMA
- •OTHER USES
- •REFERENCES
- •Cholinergic drugs
- •MECHANISMS OF ACTION
- •ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
- •OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
- •DRUGS IN CLINICAL USE
- •DIRECT-ACTING CHOLINERGIC AGENTS
- •Acetylcholine
- •Pilocarpine
- •Alternative drug delivery systems
- •Methacholine (Mecholyl)
- •Carbachol
- •Aceclidine (Glaucostat)
- •INDIRECT (ANTICHOLINESTERASE) AGENTS
- •Echothiophate iodide (phospholine iodide)
- •Demecarium bromide (Humorsol, Tosmilen)
- •Isoflurophate (Floropryl, di-isopropyl fluorophosphate, Dyflos)
- •Physostigmine (eserine)
- •Neostigmine (prostigmine)
- •SIDE EFFECTS
- •OCULAR
- •SYSTEMIC
- •SUGGESTIONS FOR USE
- •EXAMINATION
- •CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •REFERENCES
- •Hyperosmotic agents
- •MECHANISMS OF ACTION
- •DRUGS IN CLINICAL USE
- •ORAL AGENTS
- •Glycerol
- •Isosorbide
- •Ethyl alcohol
- •INTRAVENOUS AGENTS
- •Mannitol
- •Urea
- •SIDE EFFECTS
- •SUGGESTIONS FOR CLINICAL USE
- •ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA
- •SECONDARY GLAUCOMA
- •CILIARY BLOCK (MALIGNANT) GLAUCOMA
- •TOPICAL HYPEROSMOTIC AGENTS
- •OTHER
- •REFERENCES
- •General aspects of laser therapy
- •GENERAL ASPECTS OF LASER THERAPY
- •TISSUE EFFECTS OF LASER
- •THERMAL EFFECTS (PHOTOCOAGULATION, PHOTOVAPORIZATION)
- •PHOTODISRUPTION
- •PHOTOABLATION
- •PHOTOCHEMICAL EFFECTS
- •GENERAL PREPARATION OF THE PATIENT
- •BASIC LASER SAFETY
- •REFERENCES
- •LASER PERIPHERAL IRIDOTOMY
- •INDICATIONS
- •TYPES OF LASER
- •GENERAL PREPARATION
- •ND:YAG LASER IRIDOTOMY
- •ARGON OR SOLID-STATE LASER IRIDOTOMY
- •LIGHT BROWN IRIS
- •Dark brown iris
- •Light blue iris
- •COMPLICATIONS OF LASER IRIDOTOMY
- •Iritis
- •Pressure elevation
- •Cataract
- •Hyphema
- •Corneal epithelial injury
- •Endothelial damage
- •Corneal stroma
- •Failure to perforate
- •Late closure
- •Retinal burn
- •Aphakia and pseudophakia with pupillary block
- •LASER IRIDOPLASTY (GONIOPLASTY)
- •PLATEAU IRIS
- •NANOPHTHALMOS
- •LASERS IN MALIGNANT GLAUCOMA
- •REFERENCES
- •LASER TRABECULOPLASTY
- •HISTORY
- •RESULTS
- •SELECTIVE LASER TRABECULOPLASTY
- •Concept
- •Mechanism
- •Technique
- •Patient preparation
- •Procedure
- •POSTOPERATIVE TREATMENT
- •OUTCOMES
- •CONTRAINDICATIONS
- •AS INITIAL THERAPY
- •PREDICTORS OF OUTCOME
- •APHAKIC AND PSEUDOPHAKIC OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA
- •COMPLICATIONS
- •Intraocular pressure elevation
- •Sustained intraocular pressure increase
- •Hyphema
- •Peripheral anterior synechiae
- •Iritis
- •Uveitis
- •EXCIMER LASER TRABECULOSTOMY
- •Concept
- •Technique
- •Outcomes
- •OTHER LASER SCLEROSTOMY TECHNIQUES
- •REFERENCES
- •CYCLOPHOTOCOAGULATION
- •OTHER LASER PROCEDURES
- •SEVERING OF SUTURES
- •REOPENING FAILED FILTRATION SITES
- •CYCLODIALYSIS AND LASER
- •LASER SYNECHIALYSIS
- •GONIOPHOTOCOAGULATION
- •PHOTOMYDRIASIS (PUPILLOPLASTY)
- •REFERENCES
- •General surgical care
- •THE SURGICAL DECISION
- •PREOPERATIVE CARE
- •INSTRUCTIONS TO THE PATIENT
- •OUTPATIENT VERSUS INPATIENT SURGERY
- •PREOPERATIVE MEDICATIONS
- •OPERATIVE CARE
- •THE OPERATING ROOM
- •ANESTHESIA
- •EQUIPMENT
- •POSTOPERATIVE CARE
- •ACTIVITY
- •MEDICATIONS
- •REFERENCES
- •Glaucoma outflow procedures
- •GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
- •EXTERNAL FILTRATION SURGERY
- •GUARDED PROCEDURES
- •FULL-THICKNESS PROCEDURES
- •RESULTS OF EXTERNAL FILTRATION SURGERY
- •THE CONJUNCTIVAL FLAP
- •LIMBUS-BASED FLAP
- •FORNIX-BASED FLAP
- •EXCISION OF TENON’S CAPSULE
- •GUARDED FILTRATION PROCEDURE
- •TRABECULECTOMY
- •Indications
- •Standard technique
- •Moorfields Safer Surgery System technique
- •Results
- •Surgical options and modifications
- •Triangular versus rectangular flap
- •Postoperative lasering, adjustment, or release of sutures
- •Wound-healing retardants
- •FULL-THICKNESS FILTRATION PROCEDURES
- •THERMAL SCLEROSTOMY (SCHEIE PROCEDURE)
- •SCLERECTOMY
- •Posterior lip sclerectomy
- •Anterior lip sclerectomy
- •TREPHINATION
- •IRIDENCLEISIS
- •GLAUCOMA DRAINAGE DEVICES
- •THE MOLTENO IMPLANT
- •Techniques
- •SCHOCKET PROCEDURE
- •KRUPIN VALVE AND EX-PRESS IMPLANT
- •AHMED VALVE
- •BAERVELDT IMPLANT
- •RESULTS AND COMPLICATIONS OF DRAINAGE DEVICES
- •REFERENCES
- •CATARACT SURGERY IN THE GLAUCOMATOUS EYE
- •TYPES OF GLAUCOMA AND THEIR INFLUENCE ON CATARACT MANAGEMENT
- •SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE SURGICAL APPROACH
- •SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE PROCEDURE: HISTORICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- •SURGICAL TECHNIQUES FOR COMBINED PROCEDURES
- •GENERAL PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS
- •SMALL-INCISION COMBINED SURGERY
- •Incision sites
- •Fornix versus limbal conjunctival flap
- •Scleral flap
- •Antimetabolite use
- •Managing the small pupil
- •Phacoemulsification techniques
- •Intraocular lens selection
- •Trabeculectomy formation
- •Flap closure
- •Postoperative medical management
- •EXTRACAPSULAR CATARACT EXTRACTION COMBINED SURGERY
- •Miotic pupil
- •Incision construction
- •CATARACT SURGERY WITH PRE-EXISTING FILTRATION BLEB
- •REFERENCES
- •BUTTONHOLING THE CONJUNCTIVA
- •THE SHALLOW AND FLAT ANTERIOR CHAMBER
- •FLAT ANTERIOR CHAMBER WITH HYPOTONY
- •FLAT ANTERIOR CHAMBER IN NORMOTENSIVE AND HYPERTENSIVE EYES
- •CILIARY BLOCK (MALIGNANT GLAUCOMA)
- •SUPRACHOROIDAL HEMORRHAGE (SCH)
- •INTRAOPERATIVE FLAT ANTERIOR CHAMBER
- •HYPHEMA
- •LARGE HYPHEMA
- •INTRAOCULAR INFECTION
- •SYMPATHETIC OPHTHALMIA
- •FILTRATION FAILURE
- •DIGITAL PRESSURE
- •FAILURE DURING THE FIRST POSTOPERATIVE WEEK
- •PLUGGED SCLEROSTOMY SITE
- •RETAINED VISCOELASTIC MATERIAL
- •TIGHT SCLERAL FLAP: RELEASABLE SUTURES AND LASER SUTURE LYSIS
- •INADEQUATE OPENING OF DESCEMET’S MEMBRANE
- •ENCAPSULATED BLEB
- •REOPERATION AFTER FAILED FILTRATION
- •REVISION OF ENCYSTED BLEB
- •Needling of failed blebs
- •Slit-lamp or minor surgery setting
- •Operating room setting
- •FAILED FILTRATION WITH NO BLEB
- •BLEB COMPLICATIONS AND MANAGEMENT
- •THIN-WALLED BLEBS
- •DIFFUSE BLEBS
- •OVERFUNCTIONING BLEBS
- •DELLEN
- •HYPOTONOUS MACULOPATHY
- •LATE HYPOTONY AFTER FILTERING SURGERY
- •HYPOTONY WITH OCCULT FILTERING ‘BLEB’
- •HYPOTONY WITH OCCULT CYCLODIALYSIS CLEFTS
- •HYPOTONY WITH AQUEOUS SUPPRESSION THERAPY IN CONTRALATERAL EYE
- •HYPOTONY FROM RETINAL DETACHMENT
- •HYPOTONY FROM IRITIS OR ISCHEMIA
- •REFERENCES
- •SURGERY FOR INFANTILE AND JUVENILE GLAUCOMA
- •GONIOTOMY
- •Preoperative considerations
- •Intraoperative procedures
- •Complications
- •Practice goniotomy
- •Other ab-interno angle surgery
- •TRABECULOTOMY AB EXTERNO
- •EVALUATION OF GONIOTOMY AND TRABECULOTOMY
- •COMBINED TRABECULOTOMY AND TRABECULECTOMY
- •TRABECULODIALYSIS
- •MISCELLANEOUS PROCEDURES
- •Goniosynechialysis
- •Cyclocryotherapy
- •Retrobulbar alcohol injection
- •Earlier procedures
- •REFERENCES
- •New ideas in glaucoma surgery
- •INTRODUCTION
- •NON-PENETRATING GLAUCOMA SURGERY
- •VISCOCANALOSTOMY
- •BYPASS INTRASCLERAL CHANNELS (NON-PENETRATING DEEP SCLERECTOMY)
- •SHUNTS INTO SCHLEMM’S CANAL
- •TRABECTOME®
- •SHUNTS INTO THE SUPRACHOROIDAL SPACE
- •SUMMARY
- •REFERENCES
- •Challenges for the new century
- •PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
- •CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS
- •SCREENING
- •TREATMENT
- •CONCLUSION
- •REFERENCES
- •Appendix
- •GLAUCOMA CONSENSUS
- •GLAUCOMA DIAGNOSIS – STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION (2004)
- •CONSENSUS STATEMENTS
- •Structure
- •Function
- •Function and structure
- •GLAUCOMA SURGERY – OPEN ANGLE GLAUCOMA (2005)
- •CONSENSUS STATEMENTS
- •Indications for glaucoma surgery
- •Argon laser trabeculoplasty
- •Wound healing
- •Trabeculectomy
- •Combined cataract/trabeculectomy
- •Aqueous shunting procedures with glaucoma drainage devices
- •Comparison of procedures: trabeculectomy versus aqueous shunting procedures with glaucoma drainage devices
- •Non-penetrating glaucoma drainage surgery
- •Comparison of trabeculectomy with non-penetrating drainage glaucoma surgery in open-angle glaucoma
- •Cyclodestruction
- •Comparison of cyclophotocoagulation and glaucoma drainage device implantation
- •ANGLE CLOSURE AND ANGLE-CLOSURE GLAUCOMA (2006)
- •CONSENSUS STATEMENTS
- •Management of acute angle closure crisis
- •Surgical management of primary angle-closure glaucoma
- •Laser and medical treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma
- •Laser and medical treatment of primary angle-closure glaucoma
- •Detection of primary angle closure and angle-closure glaucoma
- •INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE (2007)
- •CONSENSUS STATEMENTS
- •Measurement of intraocular pressure
- •Intraocular pressure as a risk factor for glaucoma development & progression
- •Epidemiology of intraocular pressure
- •Clinical trials and intraocular pressure
- •Target intraocular pressure in clinical practice
- •Index
|
chapter |
Primary angle-closure glaucoma |
15 |
|
|
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4 Clinical entities
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