Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Basic Sciences in Ophthalmology_Velayutham_2009

chronic inflammation 185 dolor or pain 184

functio laesa or 184 rubor or redness 183

subacute inflammation 185 tumor 184

Innate immunity 376 mechanism 376 types 376

racial immunity 376 species immunity 376

Internuclear system 82 Interphotoreceptor matrix 167

clinical aspect 167 functions 167

Intraocular foreign bodies 185 Irrigating solutions 287

K

Kaposi sarcoma 218 Keratoconus 199 Kinetic reflexes 331 Klebsiella 364

diagnosis 364 treatment 364

L

Lacrimal apparatus 11 conjunctiva 12 fornix 12 development 12 lacrimal gland 11

Lacrimal branch 86 Lacrimal drainage system 13

lacrimal canaliculi 14 lacrimal sac 14 nasolacrimal duct 15 puncta 13

Langhan’s giant cell 186 Lateral geniculate nucleus 69 Lens 23, 148

development 25 epithelium 149 function 149 parts 23 sutures 23

transport function 150 Lens capsule 314

Lens fibre cell 150

Lipid keratopathy 199 Lipid peroxidation 115

propagation phase 116 termination phase 116

Lipids 113 glycolipids 114 phospholipids 113

Local anesthetic 274 mechanism of action 274

Loiasis 413

clinical features 413 diagnosis 414 etiology 413 pathology 413 treatment 414

Lymphatic drainage of eye 38 Lymphoid tumors 219

M

Malignant melanoma of 225 uvea 225

yelid 225

Marginal degeneration 198 Masson’s trichrome 193 Metabolism in ocular tissues 117

aerobic glycolysis 120 carbohydrate metabolism 117

glycogen formation and degradation 122 glycolysis 118

pentose shunt 122 TCA cycle 120

Metabolism of cornea 138 Microbial characters of bacteria 338

Albert’s stain 341 procedure 341

Gram’s stain procedure 340 method 340

microscopy 338

electron microscope 339 fluorescent microscope 339

morphology 338 Morexella 362 Muller’s muscle 316

Muscles present in the lid 9 corrugator supercilii 10 Horner’s muscle 10 musculus procerus 10 occipitofrontalis 10 orbicularis oculi 9

Mycobacterium tuberculosis 371

N

Nasociliary nerve 86 Neuroprotective agents 304 Neurotrophic keratopathy 197 Nucleus of posterior commissure 83

O

Ocular anesthesia 276

akinasia orbicularis oculi 277 anesthesia for upper lid 276 infraorbital nerve block 277 lacrimal sac 276

Ocular cholinergics 293

direct acting cholinergics 294

indirect acting anticholinergic drugs 294 Ocular surface 126

conjunctiva 126

clinical application 126 conjunctival stroma 126 functions of epithelium 126

cornea 131

clinical application 131 corneal epithelium 131 corneal stroma 131 function 132

lids 126

precorneal tears 127

central aqueous layer 129 functions of aqueous layer 129 functions of lipid layer 128 functions of precorneal tears 128 regulation of aqueous layer 129

sclera 127

clinical application 127 Oculomotor nerve 76 Oculopupillary reflex 334

Ophthalmic pathology of diabetes mellitus 207

changes in iris in diabetes mellitus 209 choroid 210

cillary body 210 cornea 211

primary retinal changes 207 acellular capillaries 208

basement membrane thickening 207 intraretinal microvascular

abnormalities 208 loss of pericytes 207 microaneurysms 208 neovascularisation 208

risk of infection 211 secondary retinal changes 209

cotton wool spots 209 edema and exudates 209 hemorrhages 209

traction retinal detachment 209 surgical treatment 210

Optic nerve 64 intracanalicular portion 66 intracranial portion 67

development 67 intraocular part 64

blood supply 66 intraorbital portion 66

Optic radiations of gratiolet 71 Optic tract 69

Orbit 49

floor of orbit 51

inferior orbital fissure 52 lateral wall 52

medial wall 51 optic foramen 53

development 54 measurements 54

orbital roof 51

superior orbital fissure 52

Other corynebacteria 358 diagnosis 359 laboratory diagnosis 358 pathogenesis 358 treatment 359

Otitis media and sinusitis 363

P

Paramedian pontine reticular formation 82 Parasitology 395

ascaris lumbricoides 395 clinical features 397 lab diagnosis 397 pathogenicity 397 prevention 397 treatment 397

intestinal nematodes 395 intestinal parasites 395

Parasympathomimetics 264 carbachol 266

clinical use 266 side effects 266 echothiophate 266 clinical use 266 side effects 266

pilocarpine 264 contraindications 265 side effects 265

Parieto-occipital eye fields 83 Parsplana cysts 205

Pathways connected to visual system 95 accommodation reflex 96

clinical aspects 97 embryogenesis 97 light reflex 95 neural crest cells 98

organogenesis of the eye 98 pathway for dilatation 96

Pattern dystrophies 205

Pellucid degeneration of cornea 199 Penicillium 387

morphology 387 Peribulbar anesthesia 279

Perivascular pseudoretinitis pigmentosa 189 Phases of the inflammatory process 187 Photoreceptor dystrophies 203

retinitis pigmentosa 203 Pilocarpine 294

adverse effects 295

indirect parasympathomimetics 296 mechanism of action 294

systemic side effects 296 uses 295

various forms of pilocarpine 295 Pituitary gland 89

blood supply to eye and ocular adnexa 90 branches of ophthalmic artery 90

anterior ciliary arteries 92 anterior ethmoidal artery 92 central retinal artery 90 dorsalis nasal artery 92

episcleral and conjunctival arteries 92 lacrimal artery 91

lateral palpebral 91

medial palpebral arteries 92 muscular branches 92 posterior ciliary arteries 91 posterior ethmoidal artery 92 recurrent meningeal artery 92 supraorbital artery 92 supratrochlear artery 92

Pneumococcus 351 antigenic structure 352 CRP 353

culture 352 diagnosis 353 morphology 352 quellung reaction 353 resistance 352

Pneumonia 363 diagnosis 363 treatment 364

Polymorphic amyloid degeneration 199 Posterior polymorphous dystrophy 196 Postural reflexes 331

Premotor structures of brainstem 82 Problems of carbohydrate transport and

metabolism 123 diabetes 123 galactosemia 124

ocular effects 125 Proliferative vitreoretinopathy 190 Proteoglycans 112

Pseudomonas aeruginosa 364 clinical manifestations 365 diagnosis 365 pathogenesis 365

Pseudophakic bullous keratopathy 196 Psychic stimulation 334

Pupillary pathways 332 Pupillary reflexes 333

consensual light reflex 333 afferent pathway 333 efferent pathway 334

direct light reflex 333 Pyogenic granuloma 220

R

Radii of curvature 315

Regional anatomic variations of retina 46 central retina 46

development 47 peripheral retina 46

Reis Buckler’s dystrophy 192, 193 Retina 39, 161

clinical aspects 161

external limiting membrane 42 ganglion cell layer 43

inner nuclear layer 42 inner plexiform layer 43

internal limiting membrane 44 nerve fiber layer 43

outer nuclear layer 42 outer plexiform layer 42 rods and cones layer 40

Retinal degenerations 200 angioid streaks 202 areolar atrophy 202 macular holes 203 retinoschisis 201

serous retinal pigment epithelial detachment 202

Retinal pigment epithelium 165 clinical aspects 166 composition 165

functions 166 autophagy 166 phagocytosis 166

pigment granules 165 Retinoblastoma 228

histogenesis 228

Retrobulbar (intraconal) anesthesia 278 Rhinosporidiosis 388

clinical features 388 diagnosis 388

Rose Bengal 284

Rostral interstitial nucleus of MLF 83

Routes of administration of drugs 233 addition of tear substitutes 234 changes of base 234

collagen shields 236 eye drops 233

intravenous injections 235 intravitreal infections 234 lipid solubility 234 liposomes 236

peribulbar injections 234 prodrugs 235

soft drugs 235

subconjunctival and sub-Tenon’s injections 234

surfactants 234 systemic drugs 235

Rubeosis iridis 190

S

Sabouraud’s agar 389

Salzmann’s nodular degeneration 198 Sandhoff disease 162

Schwalbe’s contraction 31 Schwalbe’s furrows 31 Sclera 22

development 22

Sequelae of ocular inflammation 187 Shedding of rod cone outer segments 165

clinical aspects 165 Sodium potassium pump 135 Stargardt’s disease 204 Static reflexes 331

Stimulation of sensory nerve 334 Streptococci 349

classification 349 epidemiology 351 laboratory diagnosis 351 pathogenicity 350 prophylaxis 351 streptococci pyogenes 349 treatment 351

Strongyloids stercoralis 402 characteristic features 402 clinical feature 402 laboratory diagnosis 403 prevention 403

treatment 403

Structural carbohydrates 111 oligomers 111

polymers 111

Structural proteins 109 Sub-Tenon anesthesia 279 Supranuclear connections 82

Synthesis and turnover of photoreceptor outer segments 164

renewal of outer segment 164 Systematic bacteriology 345

antigen structure 346 bacteriophage typing 347 biochemistry 346 coagulase 347

culture 346 enterotoxin 347 epidemiology 348 exfoliate toxin 347

laboratory diagnosis 348 morphology 345 pathogenicity 347 resistance 346 Staphylococcus 345

toxic and virulence factors 347 treatment 348

T

Taeniasis saginata 404 clinical manifestations 405 diagnosis 405 pathogenesis 404 prevention 405

treatment 405

Taeniasis solium and cysticercosis 405 clinical manifestations 406 diagnosis 406

pathogenesis 405 treatment 407

Tay-Sachs disease 162 Topical anesthesia 275 disadvantages 276

regional infiltration 275 Topical CA inhibitors 301 Touton giant cell 186 Trichiuris trichiura 401

characteristic features 401 clinical features 401 laboratory diagnosis 402 treatment 402

Trigeminal nerve 84

main sensory nucleus 84 motor nucleus 84 ophthalmic division 85

Trochlear nerve 79 Trophic ulcer 197

U

Uveal tract 29, 140 biomedical importance 141 blood vessels of iris 33, 140 ciliary body 33

epithelium 35 parts 34

ciliary muscle 141 choroid 36

development 37 double layer epithelium 141 stroma of the iris 140

V

Varicella zoster 419

clinical manifestations 420 laboratory findings 421 pathogenesis 419 prophylaxis 421 treatment 421

Vestibular stimulation 334 Vestibular system 83 Virology 415

viral structure 415

stages of infection 416 Viscoelastics 306

Visible spectrum 325 Visual direction 329 Visual pathway 74 Visual transduction 173 Vitelliform dystrophy 204 Vitreous 27, 158

development 27

molecular effects of aging and liquefaction 160

vitreous cells 159 Vitreous fluorophotometry 284

side effects 284 Vitreous substitutes 289

air and other gases 289 intraocular gas 291

complications 292

Index

intraoperative use 289

low viscosity perflurocarbon liquids 290 indications 290

silicone liquid 291 viscoelastic fluids 289

W

Wald’s visual cycle 169

X

Xanthophyll pigments 46

Xeroderma pigmentosum 225

439

Y

Yellow spotted fundus 204

Z

Zonular ligaments 315 Zonule of Zinn 24 Zygomycosis 386

clinical disease 386 diagnosis 387 etiology 386 pathogenesis 386