Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Advances in Understanding Mechanisms and Treatment of Infantile Forms of Nystagmus_Leigh, Devereaux_2008

Electroretinography (ERG), 88

for extraocular muscle surgery, for IPAN, 100–101 Emmetropization, 28

EOM. See extraocular muscles ERG. See electroretinography

eRISD. See electromechanical retinal image stabilization device

Exotropic animals, alternating saccades in, 49f, 50f Exotropic strabismus, 47

eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAFX), 88, 112 analysis, 94

-based therapy determination, for INS, 94 post-therapy outcomes, for INS, 94 predicted outcomes, for INS, 94

vertical, APN and, 114, 114f vertical/multiplanar data extension, 143–46

abstract, 143–44 discussion, 146 methods, 144–46 original tau surface, 144f

radial nystagmus waveform, 145f results, 146

Experimentally acquired myasthenia gravis (EAMG), 118, 119, 121, 122

Extraocular muscles (EOM), 3 afferent signal

anatomy/physiology of, 4–5 gamma motoneurons and, 5–8

dual innervation of, 5

feedback, future research directions in, 8 NMJ of, 122f

Extraocular muscle surgery, for IPAN, 99–110 abstract, 99–100

anomalous head posture, 106f change in acuity LogMar, 105t

change in best-corrected LogMar, 105f clinical data, 101–102

discussion, 105–10 ERG for, 100–101

eye movement recording data and, 101, 102f, 103f, 104f, 107f

eye movement variables and, 103, 105 foveation deviation, 106f

hypothetical model of quiet period, 109f inclusion criteria, 100

methods, 100–101 ophthalmologic examination, 100 outcome variables, 101–105 patients pursuing correction, 104t results, 101–105

strabismus deviation, 106f VEP for, 100–101

Extraretinal eye movement signals, 11 in IN, 15–16

low-pass filtering of, 16

Extraretinal signals, 3

Eye/head movements, ocular oscillations and abstract, 184–85

discussion, 188

energy comparison, 186f methods, 185

PSCR, 187, 187f results, 185–87

wavelet analysis for, 184–88 EyeLink II, 67

Eye movement recording data

extraocular muscle surgery, for IPAN, 101, 102f, 103f, 104f, 107f

ground-plane optic flow, involuntary versionvergence nystagmus induced by, 171

Eye movements. See also specific eye movements amplitudes, in IN, 12t

fixation, 24, 42–43 incessant, 16 involuntary, 11, 42–44 rhythmic horizontal, 12 variables, 103, 105

voluntary, perceptual fading (PF), 42–44 Eye muscle surgery

for APN, 112–15 abstract, 112

case reports, 112–14 discussion, 114–15

T&R, 112 Eye position

brain and, 3–4

brain signals for, 3–9 CNS and, 23 information sources, 3

Eye speeds, in APN, 113f

Fading time (FT), 42, 43

Feedback, sensorimotor movement control and, 4

Field-holding reflex, 24 Fixation behavior, 23

perception and, 23

Fixation cross, PF spot and, movement combinations applied to, 43t

Fixation eye movements drift during, 42–43

microsaccades during, 42–43 tremor during, 42–43

VA and, 24

Fixation failure, early, 23

Fixation instability, in visual stabilization devices, for acquired/infantile nystagmus, 64f

Fixation stability, early visual loss and, 28 Flicker-fusion frequency, 34–36

Floating voice coils, 66

FMNS. See fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome

Foveal heterogeneity, 28 Foveation period, 25

vs. optotype size, 37f FRMD7 gene, 79, 82, 83

expression of, 80 FT. See fading time

Fusion maldevelopment nystagmus syndrome (FMNS), 33, 87

attention and, 38–39

digital light-processor video projectors and, 36 external influences on, 34–36

internal influences on, 36–39 LEDs and, 34–36

stress and, 38

surgical guidelines for, 93t visual effort and, 36–38 visual status changes, 39

GABAergic agents, for ICN, 81 Gabapentin, 82

Gamma motoneurons, afferent signal modulation by, 5–8

Gamma system, up-regulation of, 3 Gaze control, 55

Gaze-in position, 4 Gaze stability

cerebellar role in, 55 effects of cerebellar lesions

on interaural TVOR, 57 methods, 56

in monkeys, 55–59 pursuit experiments, 56 results, 56–57

step-ramp pursuit gains, 57f surgical lesions, 56

vertical step-ramp pursuit, 57f on vertical TVOR, 57–58

on TVOR experiments, 56, 59 Goldman perimeter, 28

Ground-plane optic flow, involuntary versionvergence nystagmus induced by, 170–73

abstract, 170 data analysis, 171 discussion, 173

experimental paradigms, 171 eye movement recording, 171 frontal plane motion, 171 ground plane motion, 171 methods, 170–71

results, 171–73 stimuli, 171 subjects, 171

velocity/position profiles, 172f

Hereditary spinocerebellar ataxia, DI associated with, 162–66

abstract, 162

case reports, 163–64 discussion, 164–66 MRI of, 164f outcomes, 165t treatment, 165t

Higher-order perceptual judgments, JM and, 7 Horizontal eye velocity, to interaural translation

steps, 58f

Horizontal/torsional amplitude beats, in IN, 14f Horizontal/torsional eye positions, in IN, 13f Hyperacuity tasks, 26

ICN. See idiopathic congenital nystagmus Idiopathic congenital nystagmus (ICN), 25, 28, 79

botulinum toxin injections for, 80 GABAergic agents for, 81 genetics of, 79–80

literature review, 79 non-GABAergic agents for, 81 X-linked, 80, 81f

IN. See infantile nystagmus

INC. See interstitial nucleus of Cajal Incessant eye movements, 16

Inertial/noninertial contributions, to translation and path perception, 147–50

abstract, 147–48 discussion, 150 methods, 148–50 results, 150

Infantile cataracts, 28

Infantile fixation instability, 24–25 Infantile nystagmus (IN), 11, 23

extraretinal eye movement signals in, 15–16 eye movement amplitudes in, 12t horizontal/torsional amplitude beats in, 14f horizontal/torsional eye positions in, 13f involuntary eye movements of, 11

multifocal electroretinographic study of, 189–92 abstract, 189–90

discussion, 191–92 methods, 190 results, 190–91 ring averages, 191f

trace array plots, 190f perceptual stability during, 11–15 slow phase of, 19

stabilization devices for, 61 torsional component of, 11, 12, 13 types of, 25

upper limit amplitude dismissal in, 18 vergence hysteresis in, 180–83

abstract, 180

Infantile nystagmus (IN) (continued) discussion, 181–83

methods, 180–81

plots of NAFX vs. time, 181f, 182f results, 181

visual perception/functioning in, 18–19 visual stabilization devices, selective image

stabilization for, 67–68 waveform shapes of, 25

Infantile nystagmus syndrome (INS), 33 attention and, 38–39 central/peripheral therapy for, 90–91 clinical characteristics, 88–90, 89t

digital light-processor video projectors and, 36 external influences on, 34–36

internal influences on, 36–39 Kestenbaum surgery for, 92 LEDs and, 34–36 NAFX-based therapy for, 94 nonsurgical therapy for, 94

ocular motor characteristics of, 88–90

OMS behavioral model expansion for, 139–42 abstract, 139

discussion, 140–41 methods, 139–40 results, 139–41

stress and, 38 surgery for, 92–93

surgical guidelines for, 93t treatment, 87–96

abstract, 87–88 discussion, 94–96 methods, 88

visual effort and, 36–38 visual status changes, 39 waveforms, 88

Infantile periodic alternating nystagmus (IPAN), extraocular muscle surgery, 99–110

abstract, 98–100

anomalous head posture, 106f change in acuity LogMar, 105t

change in best-corrected LogMar, 105f clinical data, 102–5 clinical/electrophysiological effects of, 100–10 discussion, 105–10

ERG for, 100–1

eye movement recording data and, 101, 102f, 103f, 104f, 107f

eye movement variables and, 103, 105 foveation deviation, 106f

hypothetical model of quiet period, 109f inclusion criteria, 100

methods, 100–101 ophthalmologic examination, 100 outcome variables, 100–102

patients pursuing correction, 104t results, 102–5

strabismus deviation, 104f VEP for, 100–1

Information technology (IT) syndrome, 70 INS. See infantile nystagmus syndrome

InterAural translation, mean perceptual response to, in translation and path perception, 148f

Interaural translation steps, horizontal eye velocity to, 58f

Interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC), 130 Inverted muscle spindle, 5 Involuntary eye movements

of IN, 11

PF during, 42–44

Involuntary fixation eye movements, normal fixation and, 24

Involuntary version-vergence nystagmus, induced by ground-plane optic flow, 170–73

abstract, 170 data analysis, 171 discussion, 173

experimental paradigms, 171 eye movement recording, 171 frontal plane motion, 171 ground plane motion, 171 methods, 170–71

results, 171–73 stimuli, 171 subjects, 171

velocity/position profiles, 172f

IPAN. See infantile periodic alternating nystagmus IT syndrome. See information technology

syndrome

Jendrassik maneuver (JM), 3, 5, 6, 7, 8 higher-order perceptual judgments and, 7 saccadic system and, 7–8

on vergence system, 5–7, 6f JM. See Jendrassik maneuver

Kestenbaum surgery, for INS, 92

Landolt C optotypes, 37f Latent nystagmus (LN), 25

Leicestershire Nystagmus Survey, 79 LFD. See longest foveation domain

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs), INS and, 34–36

Linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs), 67 Listing’s law, 12, 13

torsion calculation from, 13 LN. See latent nystagmus LogMAR chart, 25, 26

LogMAR visual acuity, 82, 83f, 84f Longest foveation domain (LFD), 90

Low-pass filtering, of extraretinal eye movement signals, 16

Lutz schematic, of supranuclear innervation, 157f LVDTs. See linear variable displacement transducers

MAC. See membrane attack complex

Manifest latent nystagmus (MLN), 23, 25, 26, 27–28 categories of, 27

squints and, 27 waveform of, 37f

MATLAB, 48, 49, 87, 101, 131, 139, 140, 144, 171, 185

MCP. See membrane cofactor protein Mean drift velocity, 24

Mean perceptual response, to InterAural translation, in translation and path perception, 148f

Membrane attack complex (MAC), 119, 120 Membrane cofactor protein (MCP), 120

Membrane inhibitor of reactive cell lysis (MIRL), 120 MFS. See Miller Fisher syndrome

MG. See myasthenia gravis Microophthalmic right eye, nystagmus

waveform of, 37f

Microsaccades, during fixation eye movements, 42–43 Midbrain lesion case study, of posterior internuclear

ophthalmoplegia of Lutz revisited, 156–61 abstract, 156

anatomical connections, 161f case report, 156–57 discussion, 157–59

gaze plot, 159f

mild right eye abduction limitation, 157f MRI findings, 158f

saccadic velocity/duration plotted, 160f MIF. See multiply innervated fibers

Mild right eye abduction limitation, midbrain lesion case study, 157f

Miller Fisher syndrome (MFS), NMJ dysfunction in, 167–69

abstract, 167

anti-GQ1b antibodies and, 167, 168 case report, 167–68

discussion, 168–69 ocular motility, 168f

spontaneous return of ocular motility, 169f MIRL. See membrane inhibitor of reactive cell lysis MLN. See manifest latent nystagmus Monosynaptic stretch reflexes, 4

Motion perception, CN and, 27

Motion processor, for visual stabilization devices, in acquired/infantile nystagmus, 63–64

Müller-Lyer illusion, 153

Multifocal electroretinographic study of IN, 189–92

abstract, 189–90

discussion, 191–92 methods, 190 results, 190–91 ring averages, 191f

trace array plots, 190f

of oculocutaneous albinism, 189–92 abstract, 189–90

discussion, 191–92 methods, 190 results, 190–91 ring averages, 191f

trace array plots, 190f

Multiply innervated fibers (MIF), 4, 5, 119 Muscle spindle, inverted, 5

Myasthenia gravis (MG), 117 complement system and, 119–21 EOM involvement in, 117–22

abstract, 117

complement hypothesis for, 121–22 future directions, 122

EOM susceptibility to, 118–19 NMJ injury and, 117 pathophysiology of, 117–18

NAFX. See eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function NBS. See nystagmus blockage syndrome

Near response, in VDT syndrome, 72f Neuroanatomical tracing studies, 3 Neuromuscular junction (NMJ), 119, 121, 122

complement deposition and, 121f complement inhibitors and, 120f of EOM, 122f

injury, MG and, 117

Neuromuscular junction (NMJ) dysfunction, in MFS, 167–69

abstract, 167

anti-GQ1b antibodies and, 167, 168 case report, 167–68

discussion, 168–69 ocular motility, 168f

spontaneous return of ocular motility, 169f Neuro-ophthalmologic complications, of chiropractic

manipulation, 175–78 abstract, 175

case reports, 175–76 conclusion, 178 discussion, 176–77

therapy-induced stroke, 177t vertebrobasilar stroke, 177t

NMJ. See neuromuscular junction Noncompressive ocular motor nerve palsy, eye

exercises for, 136–38 abstract, 136 conclusions, 138 discussion, 138

Noncompressive ocular motor nerve palsy, eye exercises for (continued)

methods, 136–37 patients, 136–37 results, 137 variables, 137t

Non-GABAergic agents, for ICN, 81 Non-twitch (NT) motoneurons, 3 Normal fixation

involuntary fixation eye movements and, 24 physiological behavior of, 24

vision and, 24

NPH/MVN. See nucleus prepositus hypoglossi/ medial vestibular nuclei complex

NT motoneurons. See non-twitch motoneurons Nucleus prepositus hypoglossi/medial vestibular nuclei complex (NPH/MVN), 130

Nystagmus. See also specific nystagmus pathological, 61

Nystagmus blockage syndrome (NBS), 87 Nystagmus waveform, of microophthalmic

right eye, 37f

Ocular control, hybrid model, 4

Ocular motor characteristics, of INS, 88–90 Ocular motor system (OMS)

behavioral model expansion for abstract, 139

discussion, 141–42 fixation data, 140f in INS, 139–42 methods, 139–40

model output of PPfs waveform, 141f results, 140–41

block diagram of, 91f

Ocular oscillations, eye/head movements and abstract, 184–85

discussion, 188

energy comparison, 186f methods, 185

PSCR, 187, 187f results, 185–87

wavelet analysis for, 184–88 Oculocutaneous albinism. See also albinism

multifocal electroretinographic study of, 189–92 abstract, 189–90

discussion, 191–92 methods, 190 results, 190–91 ring averages, 191f

trace array plots, 190f

Oculopalatal tremor (OPT), 184, 185, 186f OKN. See optokinetic nystagmus

OMS. See ocular motor system Opposite target motion, 16

OPT. See oculopalatal tremor Optic nerve hypoplasia, 25 Optokinetic nystagmus (OKN), 12 Optokinetic systems, 24 Optotype charts, 25, 26

Optotype size, vs. foveation period, 37f Original tau surface, vertical/multiplanar data

extension, of NAFX, 144f Oscillopsia, 11, 12, 15, 61

contrast provoked, 33 instances of, 35f

Palisade endings (PE), 3, 4

PAN. See periodic alternating nystagmus PAR. See pupil-asthenia ratio Pathological nystagmus, 61

PCR. See pupil-constriction ratio PE. See palisade endings

Peak slow phase velocity, 25 Perceived distance, 7 Perceived motion smear, 16

contribution of, 19

possible reduction mechanism for, 17–18 Perception

fixation behavior and, 23 of motion smear, 11

unstable fixation with, 23–29 Perceptual fading (PF), 42

abstract, 42–43 blind spot and, 42 discussion, 44

during involuntary eye movements, 42–44 methods, 43

pursuit task and, 42 results, 43–44

during voluntary eye movements, 42–44 Perceptual fading spot, fixation cross and,

movement combinations applied to, 43t

Perceptual responses, during target stabilization task, translation and path perception, 149f

Perceptual stability, during IN, 11–15 Periodic alternating nystagmus (PAN), 56, 101 PF. See perceptual fading

Phase-locked loop (PLL), 64

Phase shift changing rate (PSCR), 187, 187f PLL. See phase-locked loop

Point of usage, of VDT, 73t Polhemus FASTRAK system, 153

Posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia of Lutz revisited, midbrain lesion case study, 156–61

abstract, 156

anatomical connections, 161f

Posterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia of Lutz revisited, midbrain lesion case study (continued)

case report, 156–57 discussion, 157–59 gaze plot, 159f

mild right eye abduction limitation, 157f MRI findings, 158f

saccadic velocity/duration plotted, 160f

Primate model of strabismus, alternating saccades in, 47–53

comparison of saccade latency, 52 comparison of saccade main-sequence

relationships, 50–52, 51f data analysis, 48–49 discussion, 52–53 experimental paradigms, 48–49

eye movement measurements, 48 goals, 48

methods, 48 results, 49

spatial pattern, 49–50 surgical procedures, 48

Proprioception, 3 Proprioceptive hypothesis, 5 Proprioceptors, function, 3

PSCR. See phase shift changing rate Pulfrich illusion, 7

Pupil abnormalities, with VDT syndrome, 70–75

in adults, 71

analysis methods, 72f in children, 71–72 data analysis, 71–72 measurements, 71–72 methods, 71–72

near stimulation, 74f results, 72–73

Pupil-asthenia ratio (PAR), 71, 73–74, 74f proportion of, 74f

Pupil-constriction ratio (PCR), 71, 73f Pursuit task, PF and, 42

Radial nystagmus waveform, vertical/multiplanar data extension, of NAFX, 145f

Retinal image

slip velocities, 24

visual perception/functioning and, 23 Retinal image cancelling, 11

Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 80

Rhythmic horizontal eye movements, 12

Right eye horizontal nystagmus reconstructed, for APN, 114f

Risley prism, 64, 66

Rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex (RVOR), 55 RT-PCR. See reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain

reaction

RVOR. See rotational vestibulo-ocular reflex

Saccade latency, 47 Saccadic intrusions, 24

Saccadic system, JM and, 7–8

Saccadic velocity/duration plotted, midbrain lesion case study, 160f

Sample eye movement responses, to vertical translation, 58f

Secondary nystagmus (SN), 79, 82

Selective image stabilization, visual stabilization devices for, in IN, 67–68

Sensorimotor movement control, feedback and, 4

SIF. See singly innervated fiber Simulated foveation periods, 11 Simulink-based motion processor, 66 Singly innervated fiber (SIF), 5, 119 Slow-control reflex, 24

Slow phase of IN, 19

eye movements, 11

SN. See secondary nystagmus Snellen charts, 25, 26 Snellen visual acuity, 25

SNS. See spasmus nutans syndrome Spasmus nutans syndrome (SNS), 87

Spatial constancy ranges, for absolute/relative target motion, 26f

Spatial tracking system (STS), 153 Squints, MLN and, 27 Stabilization devices, for IN, 61 Stabilization plant

options for, 63t

for visual stabilization devices, in acquired/ infantile nystagmus, 63, 63f

Step-ramp pursuit gains, cerebellar lesions, effects on gaze stability, 57f

Strabismus, 47 exotropic, 47

Strabismus deviation, IPAN, extraocular muscle surgery, 106f

Strabismus surgery, 8

Straight-ahead gaze, recordings of, 12 Stress

FMNS and, 38 INS and, 38

STS. See spatial tracking system

Supranuclear innervation, Lutz schematic of, 157f

Target stabilization task, perceptual responses during, translation and path perception, 149f

Temporal impulse response function (TIRf), 15, 17, 18f

Tenotomy, 19, 87, 90, 92, 93t

Tenotomy and reattachment (T&R), eye muscle surgery, 112

ThiIRIS C9000, 71f, 74, 75

TIRf. See temporal impulse response function Titmus test, 6

Torsional component, of IN, 11, 12, 13 Torsional nystagmus, 12

T&R. See tenotomy and reattachment Translational vestibulo-ocular reflex (TVOR), 55

experiments, on gaze stability, 56, 59 vertical, cerebellar lesions and, 57–58

Translation and path perception inertial/noninertial contributions to, 147–50

abstract, 147–48 discussion, 150 methods, 148–50 results, 150

mean perceptual response, to InterAural translation, 148f

perceptual responses, during target stabilization task, 149f

Tremor, during fixation eye movements, 42–43 TVOR. See translational vestibulo-ocular reflex

Unstable fixation, perception with, 23–29 Upper limit amplitude dismissal, in IN, 18 Up-regulation, of gamma system, 3

VA. See visual acuity

VDT syndrome. See visual display terminal syndrome

VEP. See visual evoked potential Vergence hysteresis, in IN, 180–83

abstract, 180 discussion, 181–83 methods, 180–81

plots of NAFX vs. time, 181f, 182f results, 181

Vergence system, JM and, 5–7

Vertebrobasilar stroke, nontherapeutic mechanical causes, 177t

Vertical eXpanded Nystagmus Acuity Function (NAFX), APN and, 114, 114f

Vertical/multiplanar data extension, of NAFX, 143–46

abstract, 143–44 discussion, 146 methods, 144–46 original tau surface, 144f

radial nystagmus waveform, 145f results, 146

Vertical step-ramp pursuit, cerebellar lesions, effects on gaze stability, 57f

Vertical translation, sample eye movement responses to, 58f

Vertical translational vestibulo-ocular reflex cerebellar lesions, effects on gaze stability on,

57–58

response sensitivities, 59f Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR), 64 Vestibulo-ocular systems, 24 Vision

abnormal fixation and, 24–25 normal fixation and, 24

Visual acuity (VA)

contrast detection thresholds and, 25–27 fixation eye movements and, 24

Visual display terminal (VDT) frequency of use, 74f point of usage, 73t

student usage, 74f

Visual display terminal (VDT) syndrome, 70 near response, 72f

PAR, 74f PCR, 71–72

prevalence, 70

pupil abnormalities with, 70–75 in adults, 71

analysis methods, 72f in children, 71–72 data analysis, 71–72 measurements, 71–72 methods, 71–72

near stimulation, 74f results, 72–73

Visual effort

FMNS and, 36–38 INS and, 36–38

Visual evoked potential (VEP), for extraocular muscle surgery, for IPAN, 100–101

Visual loss, early, fixation stability and, 28 Visual perception/functioning

in IN, 18–19

retinal image and, 23 Visual stabilization devices

in IN, selective image stabilization for, 67–68

for acquired/infantile nystagmus, 61–68 abstract, 61–63

first-generation device, 64–65 fixation instability in, 64f motion processor, 63–64

second-generation device, 65–66 stabilization plant, 63, 63f third-generation device, 66–67, 66f

Visual status changes FMNS and, 39 INS and, 39

Visual suppression mechanisms, 47 Voluntary eye movements, PF during, 42–44 VOR. See vestibulo-ocular reflex

Waveforms, INS, 88 Wavelet transform (WT), 184 WT. See wavelet transform

X-linked, ICN, 80, 81f