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ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY

Edited by Shimon Rumelt

Advances in Ophthalmology

Edited by Shimon Rumelt

Published by InTech

Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia

Copyright © 2012 InTech

All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source.

As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications.

Notice

Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book.

Publishing Process Manager Martina Durovic

Technical Editor Teodora Smiljanic

Cover Designer InTech Design Team

First published March, 2012

Printed in Croatia

A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from orders@intechweb.org

Advances in Ophthalmology, Edited by Shimon Rumelt p. cm.

ISBN 978-953-51-0248-9

Contents

 

Preface IX

 

 

 

Part 1

Basic Concepts in Ophthalmology

1

 

Chapter 1

Lasers in Ophthalmology 3

 

 

 

 

Magdalena Zdybel,

 

 

 

 

Barbara Pilawa and Anna Krzeszewska-Zaręba

 

Chapter 2

Microsurgical Techniques in Ophthalmology –

 

Current Procedures and Future Directions

25

 

Pradeep Prasad, Allen Hu,

 

 

 

 

Robert Beardsley and Jean-Pierre Hubschman

 

Chapter 3

Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) Channels in the Eye 35

 

Zan Pan, José E. Capó-Aponte and Peter S. Reinach

Part 2

Cornea and Ocular Surface

47

 

 

Chapter 4

Recent Advances in Mucosal

 

 

 

 

Immunology and Ocular Surface Diseases

49

 

De-Quan Li, Zuguo Liu, Zhijie Li,

 

 

 

Zhichong Wang and Hong Qi

 

 

 

Chapter 5

Trafficking of Immune Cells

 

 

 

 

in the Cornea and Ocular Surface

79

 

 

Yureeda Qazi, Aslihan Turhan and Pedram Hamrah

Chapter 6

Keratoconus Layer by Layer –

 

 

 

Pathology and Matrix Metalloproteinases

105

 

Dasha Nelidova and Trevor Sherwin

 

 

Chapter 7

Corneal Surgical Techniques

119

 

 

 

Miroslav Vukosavljević,

 

 

 

Milorad Milivojević and Mirko Resan

VI Contents

Part 3

Refraction and Refractive Correction

133

 

Chapter 8

Incidence of Refractive Error and Amblyopia

 

 

Among Young Adults – A Hospital Based Study 135

 

Ashok Kumar Narsani, Shafi Muhammad Jatoi,

 

 

Mohan Perkash Maheshwari and Khairuddin Shah

 

Chapter 9

Myopia, Light and Circadian Rhythms

141

 

 

John R. Phillips, Simon Backhouse and Andrew V. Collins

Chapter 10

Etiology and Clinical Presentation of Astigmatism

167

 

Sanja Masnec Olujić

 

 

 

 

Chapter 11

Wavefront Aberrations 191

 

 

 

 

Mirko Resan, Miroslav Vukosavljević and Milorad Milivojević

Chapter 12

Non-Surgical Treatment of Astigmatism 205

 

 

Luciane B. Moreira

 

 

 

 

Chapter 13

Treatment Strategies and

 

 

 

 

Clinical Outcomes of Aspheric Surgery for

 

 

Astigmatism Using the SCHWIND Amaris Platform

217

 

Maria C. Arbelaez and Samuel Arba-Mosquera

 

Chapter 14

Comparing Nomograms of Two Symmetric and

 

 

Two Asymmetric Intacs® Segments Implantation

 

 

for Treatment of Pellucid Marginal Degeneration

249

 

Luis A. Rodriguez and Anny E. Villegas

 

 

Chapter 15

Toric Intraocular Lenses

 

 

 

 

for the Correction of Astigmatism

267

 

 

Milorad Milivojević, Miroslav Vukosavljević and Mirko Resan

Chapter 16

Amblyopia and Foveal Thickness

279

 

 

 

Elina Landa, Shimon Rumelt,

 

 

 

 

Claudia Yahalom, Elaine Wong and Lionel Kowal

 

Part 4

Glaucoma 289

 

 

 

 

Chapter 17

Trabecular Surgery

291

 

 

 

 

Antonio Fea, Giulia Consolandi,

 

 

 

 

Giulia Pignata, Davide Turco, Paola Cannizzo,

 

 

Elena Bartoli, Teresa Rolle and Federico M. Grignolo

 

Part 5

Retina and Vitreous

305

 

 

 

Chapter 18

A Novel Artificial Vitreous

 

 

 

 

Substitute – Foldable Capsular Vitreous Body 307

 

 

Qianying Gao

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Contents VII

Chapter 19

Endophthalmitis 319

 

 

 

 

Phillip S. Coburn and Michelle C. Callegan

 

 

Chapter 20

Retinal Detachment –

 

 

 

 

An Update of the Disease and Its Epidemiology –

 

 

A Discussion Based on Research and Clinical Experience

 

at the Prince Charles Eye Unit, Windsor, England

341

 

Irina Gout, Faye Mellington, Vikas Tah, Mahmoud Sarhan,

 

Sofia Rokerya, Michael Goldacre and Ahmed El-Amir

 

Chapter 21

Retinal Vascular Occlusions

357

 

 

 

Mario Bradvica, Tvrtka Benašić and Maja Vinković

 

 

Chapter 22

Induction of Branch Retinal

 

 

 

 

Vein Occlusion by Photodynamic

 

 

 

Therapy with Rose Bengal in a Rabbit Model

399

 

Xiao-Xu Zhou, Yan-Ping Song, Yu-Xing Zhao and Jian-Guo Wu

Chapter 23

Regulation of Angiogenesis in Choroidal

 

 

 

Neovascularization of Age Related Macular

 

 

 

Degeneration by Endogenous Angioinhibitors

409

 

Venugopal Gunda and Yakkanti A. Sudhakar

 

 

Chapter 24

NRF2 and Age-Dependent RPE Degeneration

427

 

Yan Chen, Zhenyang Zhao, Paul Sternberg and Jiyang Cai

Chapter 25

Retinitis Pigmentosa

 

 

 

 

in Northern Sweden – From Gene to Treatment

451

 

Irina Golovleva and Marie Burstedt

 

 

Chapter 26

Mechanisms of RDH12-Induced Leber

 

 

 

Congenital Amaurosis and Therapeutic Approaches 473

 

Anne Kasus-Jacobi, Lea D. Marchette, Catherine Xu,

 

 

Feng Li, Huaiwen Wang and Mark Babizhayev

 

 

Part 6

Eye Plastics and Orbital Disorders 497

 

 

Chapter 27

Eyelid and Orbital Infections

499

 

 

 

Ayub Hakim

 

 

 

Chapter 28

Extended Applications of Endoscopic

 

 

 

Sinus Surgery to the Orbit and Pituitary Fossa

519

 

Balwant Singh Gendeh

 

 

 

Preface

This book covers selected topics in ophthalmology, providing a glimpse into the advancements in different aspects of the field. It is not aimed to cover the whole field of ophthalmology, and hopefully, more topics will be covered in future books. The book is intended for the general ophthalmologists, sub-specialists, researchers, residents, and fellows. It covers both basic and clinical concepts of ophthalmology. Each author incorporated his/her own perspectives on each topic adding his/her won theories, future trends, and research. Therefore, the book should enable researchers and clinicians to adopt new ideas for further basic research and clinical practice.

This book, arranged in a systematic approach, discusses first the general aspects of ophthalmology (surgery), and then disorders affecting different structures of the eye from the cornea and ocular surface backwards to the retina and the structures surrounding the globe. It is a product of a balance between the expedited publishing process and encompassing broad aspects of the field.

This book is a result of multi-national ophthalmologists from around the globe, with a common desire to take care of patients. Some of the authors have been involved for many years within this field, some are just at their beginning. Some authors are researches, others are clinicians. Some are world leaders, others will be. I hope that our readers will be as much a wide variety as our authors are.

The book is accessible online to allow free access to as many readers as possible, and is also available on print for those who do not have online access, or are interested in having their own hard copy. This will definitely contribute to the worldwide distribution of the knowledge on ophthalmology between researchers and clinicians.

I would like to acknowledge each and every one of the contributors for their excellent work on each chapter. Each one of them devoted time and effort to write a chapter, contributing to the success of this book and the advancement of ophthalmology. I would thank Ms. Martina Durovic and Mr. Jan Hyrat, the book Publishing Process Managers for their expert assistance in all the issues concerning this book, to Ms. Ana Nikolic, the Head of Editorial Consultants for her useful assistance, and for all for choosing me to be the editor of the book. My gratitude to the technical editors for arranging the book in a uniform format and for the publisher InTech, for undertaking this mission. Lastly, thanks to my family, teachers, and students from whom I studied throughout the years.

XPreface

I hope that this book will be part of a series of books in all the sub-specialties of ophthalmology, and that it will be an example for global collaboration, not only between physicians, but also between everyone for the betterment of the humankind. I wish you, the reader, an enjoyable journey throughout ophthalmology and I hope that you will find the book interesting.

Shimon Rumelt, MD, MPA

Department of Ophthalmology,

Western Galilee – Nahariya Medical Center,

Nahariya,

Israel