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Файл:Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Advanced Surgical Facial Rejuvenation_Erian, Shiffman_2011.pdf
X
- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •1: Facial Anatomy
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Facial Skeleton
- •1.5 Retaining Ligaments
- •1.6 Mimetic Muscles
- •1.7 Deep Plane Including the Deep Fat Compartments
- •1.8 Facial Nerve
- •1.9 Sensory Nerves
- •1.10 Arteries of the Face
- •References
- •2: Facial Proportions
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Surface Markings
- •2.3 Proportions
- •2.4 The Golden Ratio
- •2.5 Planes and Angles
- •2.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Details of Zones
- •3.2.1 Zone 1
- •3.2.2 Zone 2
- •3.2.3 Zone 3
- •3.2.4 Zone 4
- •3.2.5 Zone 5
- •3.2.6 Zone 6
- •3.2.7 Zone 7
- •3.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •4: Muscles Used in Facial Expression
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Discussion
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Studies and Technique
- •5.3 Results
- •5.4 Discussion
- •5.4.1 SMAS and SMAFS: Concept and Variations
- •5.4.1.1 Sleep Lines
- •5.4.1.2 Membranous SMAFS
- •5.4.1.3 Fatty SMAFS
- •5.4.1.4 Flaccid SMAFS
- •5.4.1.5 Mixed SMAFS
- •5.4.1.7 Fleshy SMAFS
- •5.4.1.8 Fibrous SMAFS
- •5.4.1.9 SMAFS Sleep Lines Correction
- •5.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Surgical Facility
- •6.3 Ancillary Personnel
- •6.4 Preoperative Evaluation
- •6.4.1 Preoperative Risk Assessment
- •6.4.3 Cardiac Disease
- •6.4.4 Obesity
- •6.4.5 Hypertension
- •6.4.6 Diabetes Mellitus
- •6.4.7 Pulmonary Disease
- •6.4.8 Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- •6.4.9 Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility
- •6.5 Selections and Delivery of Anesthesia
- •6.5.1 Local Anesthesia
- •6.5.3 Regional Anesthesia
- •6.5.4 General Anesthesia
- •6.5.5 Preoperative Preparation
- •6.5.6 Perioperative Monitoring
- •6.5.7 Fluid Replacement
- •6.5.8 Recovery and Discharge
- •References
- •Recommended Reading
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.3 Other Considerations
- •7.4 Assessing Level of Sedation
- •7.5 Agents Used in Sedation
- •7.5.1 Propofol
- •7.5.2 Benzodiazepines
- •7.5.3 Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine
- •7.5.4 Ketamine
- •7.5.5 Opioids
- •7.5.6 Acetaminophen
- •7.5.8 Other Agents
- •7.6 Devices Used in the Delivery of Sedation
- •7.7 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)
- •7.7.1 Risk Factors
- •7.8 Techniques of Sedation
- •7.9 Conclusions
- •References
- •8: Preoperative and Postoperative Plan
- •8.1 Plan for Facelift Surgery
- •8.2 Facelift Preoperative Instructions
- •References
- •9: Facial Imaging
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 The Camera
- •Practical Tips
- •9.3 Resolution
- •Practical Tips on Resolution
- •9.4 Lighting
- •Practical Tips
- •9.5 Background
- •Practical Tips
- •9.6 Advertising and Ethics
- •9.7 Before and After Photos
- •9.8 Consent
- •Practical Tips for Consent for Photography
- •9.9 Special Problems with Consent
- •9.10 Radiology
- •9.10.1 Computed Tomography (CT)
- •9.10.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Skin Aging
- •10.3 Techniques
- •10.3.1 Skin Care Program
- •10.3.1.1 Tretinoin
- •10.3.1.2 Skin Cleansers
- •10.3.1.3 Sun Protection
- •10.3.1.4 Light Chemical Peel or “Friendly Peel”
- •10.3.1.5 Microdermabrasion
- •10.3.1.6 Carboxytherapy
- •10.4 Complications
- •10.5 Discussion
- •10.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •11: What Is Human Beauty?
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Beauty
- •11.2.1 What Is Human Beauty? What Do the Books Say? Dictionaries? Philosophers?
- •11.2.2 Konrad Lorenz’s Theory
- •11.3 Conclusion
- •11.4 Summary
- •12: Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- •12.2 Symptoms
- •12.3 Consequences of BDD
- •12.4 Associated Disorders
- •12.5 Treatment
- •12.6 Discussion
- •12.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •13: Hair Transplantation
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.3 Modern Hair Transplantation and Terminology
- •13.4 Nonsurgical Treatment Options
- •13.4.1 Medications
- •13.5 Nonmedical Treatments
- •13.6 Preoperative Consultation
- •13.7 Female Considerations
- •13.8 Preoperative Instructions
- •13.9 Surgical Planning
- •13.9.1 Men with MPB
- •13.9.2 The Crown
- •13.9.3 Females
- •13.9.4 Selection of Donor Area Site and Size
- •13.9.5 Estimating Size of Donor Strip
- •13.10 Anesthesia
- •13.11 Removal of Donor Strip
- •13.12 Follicular Unit Extraction
- •13.12.1 Indications for FUE
- •13.12.2 Advantages of FUE
- •13.12.3 Disadvantages of FUE
- •13.13 Graft Preparation
- •13.14 Recipient Site Creation
- •13.15 Graft Orientation: CAG or SAG
- •13.16 Instruments (Table 13.3)
- •13.17 Re-creating a Natural Hairline
- •13.18 Planting Recipient Grafts
- •13.19 The Vertex Region
- •13.20 Postoperative Care
- •13.21 Complications
- •13.21.1 Surgical Complications/Side Effects
- •13.21.2 Cosmetic/Esthetic Complications
- •13.22 Examples of Applications for Hair Transplants
- •13.22.1 Male Pattern Baldness
- •13.22.2 Female Pattern Hair Loss
- •13.22.3 Transplants After Rhytidectomy
- •13.22.4 Transplants After Burns
- •13.23 Non-scalp Areas
- •13.24 Transgendered Patients
- •13.25 Conclusions
- •References
- •14: Ablative Laser Facial Resurfacing
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Technique
- •14.2.1 Preoperative Preparation
- •14.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Laser
- •14.2.3 Erbium Laser
- •14.2.4 Postoperative Care
- •14.3 Complications
- •14.4 Discussion
- •14.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •15: Photorejuvenation
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Technique
- •15.3 Complications
- •15.4 Discussion
- •15.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Skin Anatomy
- •16.3 Technique
- •16.3.1 Patient Selection
- •16.3.2 Pretreatment
- •16.3.3 Technique
- •16.4 Alpha Hydroxy Acids
- •16.5 Salicylic Acid
- •16.6 Jessner’s Peel
- •16.6.1 Medium Depth Peels
- •16.7 Trichloroacetic Acid
- •16.8 Adjunctive Measures
- •16.9 Postoperative Care
- •16.10 Complications
- •16.11 Discussion
- •16.12 Conclusions
- •References
- •17: Deep Phenol Chemical Peels
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.2 Patient Selection
- •17.3 Technique
- •17.4 Complications
- •17.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •18: Chemical Blepharoplasty
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Skin Preparation
- •18.3 Skin Evaluation and Chemical Agent Selection
- •18.4 Anesthesia and Sedation
- •18.5 Details of the Procedure
- •18.6 The Postoperative Period
- •18.7 Complications
- •18.7.1 Ectropion
- •18.7.4 Web Formation
- •18.7.5 Eyelid Skin Infection
- •18.8 Discussion
- •18.9 Conclusion
- •References
- •19: Facial Implants
- •19.1 Introduction
- •19.2 Technique
- •19.2.1 Midface Implants
- •19.2.2 Mandibular Implants
- •19.3 Complications
- •19.4 Discussion
- •19.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •20: Injectable Facial Fillers
- •20.1 Introduction
- •20.2 Historical Background
- •20.3 Available Facial Fillers
- •20.3.1 Autologous Fat
- •20.3.2 Collagen
- •20.3.3 Hyaluronic Acids (HAs)
- •20.3.4 Synthetic Polymers
- •20.4 Technical Considerations
- •20.5 Injection Techniques
- •20.6 Post-procedural Considerations
- •20.7 Facial Filler Complications
- •20.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •Recommended Reading
- •21: Botulinum Toxin for Facial Rejuvenation
- •21.1 Introduction
- •21.2 History
- •21.3 Chemical Overview
- •21.5 Onset and Duration of Paralysis
- •21.10 Locations of Treatment
- •21.10.1 Upper Face
- •21.10.2 Midface
- •21.10.3 Lower Face
- •21.11 New Frontiers for Botulinum Toxin in Facial Rejuvenation
- •21.12 Contraindications
- •21.13 Avoidance of Potential Pitfalls
- •21.15 Conclusions
- •References
- •22: History of Fat Transfer
- •22.1 Introduction
- •22.2 History
- •References
- •23.1 Introduction
- •23.2 Relevant Anatomy and Pathophysiology
- •23.3 Clinical Applications
- •23.3.1 Harvesting the Fat
- •23.3.2 Preparation
- •23.4 Applications and Injection Techniques
- •23.4.1 Injection Methods
- •23.5 Complications
- •References
- •24.1 Introduction
- •24.2 Patient Assessment
- •24.4 Anatomy
- •24.5 Liposuction
- •24.6 Tumescent Anesthesia
- •24.7 Liposuction Technique
- •24.8 Summary of Critical Points for Successful Liposuction
- •24.9 Chin Implantation
- •24.10 Submentoplasty
- •24.10.1 Submentoplasty Technique
- •24.11 Dealing with the Visible Submandibular Gland
- •24.12 Complications
- •24.12.1 Over-resection of Fat
- •24.12.2 Sialocele
- •24.12.3 Nerve Injury
- •24.12.4 Seroma
- •24.12.5 Skin Redundancy
- •24.12.6 Chronic Pain
- •24.12.8 Infection
- •24.12.9 Bleeding and Hematomas
- •24.12.10 Skin Slough
- •24.13 Conclusions
- •References
- •Submental Liposuction
- •26: Vaser UAL for the Heavy Face
- •26.1 Introduction
- •26.2 Technologies
- •26.3 Technique
- •26.4 Complications
- •27: Suture Facelift Techniques
- •27.1 Introduction
- •27.2 Concept
- •27.3 Patient Selection
- •27.4 Suture Types and Materials
- •27.4.1 Barbed Sutures
- •27.4.1.2 Anchored Bidirectional Barbed Sutures
- •27.4.1.3 Unidirectional Barbed Sutures
- •27.4.2 Non-barbed Sutures
- •27.4.2.1 Nonabsorbable Non-barbed Sutures
- •27.4.2.2 Absorbable Non-barbed Sutures
- •Upper Face
- •Midface
- •Lower Face
- •Neck
- •27.4.3 Coned Sutures
- •27.4.3.1 Midface
- •27.4.3.2 Neck
- •27.5 Postoperative Care
- •27.6 Complications
- •27.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •28: Bio-Lifting and Bio-Resurfacing
- •28.1 Introduction
- •28.2 Patient Desires
- •28.3 Aging of the Face
- •28.4 T3 Bioresurfacing
- •28.4.2 Young-Peel Method
- •28.4.2.2 Transdermal Introduction of Substances (Trans Peel)
- •28.4.3 Photodynamic Treatment
- •28.6 Biolifting
- •28.6.1 Method
- •28.6.1.2 Middle Layer
- •28.6.1.3 Deep Layer
- •28.6.1.4 Threads of Support
- •28.7 Endo Light Lift
- •28.8 Biodermogenesi™
- •28.9 Bio-Lifting: Protocol of Treatment
- •28.10 Conclusions
- •References
- •29: Standard Facelifting
- •29.1 Introduction
- •29.2 Technique
- •29.3 Postoperative Care
- •29.4 Complications
- •29.4.1 Hematoma
- •29.4.2 Nerve Injury
- •29.4.3 Infection
- •29.4.4 Skin Flap Necrosis
- •29.4.5 Hypertrophic Scarring
- •29.4.7 Parotid Gland Pseudocyst
- •29.5 Discussion
- •29.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •30.1 Introduction
- •30.4 Role of the Retaining Ligaments in Aging Face
- •30.5 Role of the Retaining Ligaments on Facelift
- •30.7 Presurgical Planning of Facelift
- •30.8 Facelift Procedure with Release and Suspension of the Retaining Ligaments and SMAS
- •30.8.1 Design of Skin Incision
- •30.8.2 Dissection
- •30.8.3 Liposuction
- •30.8.4 Treatment of Crow’s Feet and Sagging Lower Eyelid
- •30.8.5 Suspension
- •30.9 Clinical Cases
- •30.9.1 Case 1
- •30.9.2 Case 2
- •References
- •31.1 Introduction
- •31.2 Consultation
- •31.3.2 Photography
- •31.3.4 Preoperative Preparation on the Operating Table
- •31.3.5 Anesthesia: Intravenous Sedation
- •31.3.6 Nerve Mapping
- •31.3.8 Instrumentation
- •31.4 Procedure
- •31.5 The SMAS
- •31.6 Dressings
- •31.7 Results
- •References
- •32.1 Introduction
- •32.2 Technique
- •32.3 Complications
- •32.4 Discussion
- •32.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •33.1 Introduction
- •33.3.1 Marking
- •33.3.2 Anesthesia
- •33.4.1 Dressings
- •33.6 Disadvantages
- •References
- •34.1 Introduction
- •34.2 Strategy and Selection of SMAS Flap
- •34.3 SMAS Flap Study
- •34.4 Discussion
- •34.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •35.1 Introduction
- •35.2 Anatomic Considerations
- •35.2.1 The Facial Nerve
- •35.2.2 The SMAS Layer
- •35.3 Indications
- •35.4 Technique
- •35.5 Discussion
- •35.6 Complications
- •35.6.1 Hematoma
- •35.6.2 Nerve Injury
- •35.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •Recommended Reading
- •36.1 Introduction
- •36.2 Surgical and Functional Anatomy of the Face
- •36.2.1 Parotidomasseteric Fascia
- •36.2.2 Temporal Fascia
- •36.2.3 Deep Cervical Fascia
- •36.2.4 Malar: Buccal Fat Pad
- •36.2.5 Facial Mimetic Muscles
- •36.2.6 Facial Nerve
- •36.2.7 Retaining Ligaments
- •36.3 Anatomicohistologic Study of the Retaining Ligaments of the Face
- •36.3.1 Zygomatic Cutaneous Ligament (McGregor’s Patch)
- •36.3.2 Preauricular Parotid Cutaneous Ligament
- •36.3.3 Parotidomasseteric Cutaneous Ligament
- •36.3.4 Platysma Cutaneous Ligament
- •36.3.5 Mandibular Ligament
- •36.4 Aging Changes in the Face
- •36.5 Facelift and Historical Development of Retaining Ligaments of the Face
- •36.6 Retaining Ligament Correction and SMAS Plication in Facelift
- •36.6.1 Preparations for Surgery and Skin Marking
- •36.6.2 Surgical Technique
- •36.7 Postoperative Care and Complications
- •References
- •37.1 Introduction
- •37.2 Technique
- •37.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •38.1 Introduction
- •38.2 Preoperative Evaluation
- •38.3 Preoperative Markings
- •38.4 Anesthesia
- •38.5 Deep Plane Technique
- •38.6 Postoperative Care
- •38.7 Complications
- •38.8 Discussion
- •Recommended Reading
- •39: Subperiosteal Face-Lift
- •39.1 Introduction
- •39.2 Technique
- •39.2.1 Preoperative Evaluation
- •39.2.2 Surgical Technique
- •39.3 Complications
- •39.4 Discussion
- •39.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •40.1 Introduction
- •40.2 Limited Flap Rhytidectomy Procedures
- •40.3 Extended Flap Rhytidectomy Procedures
- •40.4 Deep-Plane Rhytidectomy
- •40.5 Adjuvant Procedures
- •References
- •41.1 Introduction
- •41.2 Pathomechanics
- •41.3 Preoperative Evaluation
- •41.3.1 Rhytidectomy in the Postbariatric Patient
- •41.4 Postoperative Care and Complications
- •41.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •42: Complications of Facelift Surgery
- •42.1 Introduction
- •42.2 Complications
- •42.2.1 Asymmetry
- •42.2.2 Bleeding
- •42.2.3 Dehiscence
- •42.2.5 Ear Deformities
- •42.2.6 Edema
- •42.2.7 Hair Loss
- •42.2.8 Hematoma
- •42.2.9 Infection
- •42.2.10 Irregularities
- •42.2.11 Necrosis
- •42.2.12 Neurological
- •42.2.13 Pain
- •42.2.14 Pigmentation Changes
- •42.2.15 Salivary Fistula
- •42.2.16 Scar
- •42.2.17 Seroma
- •References
- •43.1 Introduction
- •43.2 Historical Review
- •43.3 Anatomic Guidelines
- •43.4 The Eyebrow and Forehead as an Aesthetic Unit
- •43.5 Position of the Eyebrows
- •43.6 General Indications
- •43.7.1 Frontal Ptosis Degree
- •43.7.2 Depth of the Skin Furrows
- •43.7.3 Asymmetries
- •43.7.4 Frontal Redundant Skin
- •43.8 What Fixing Approaches and Techniques Do We Use?
- •43.8.1 Coronal
- •43.8.2 Pretrichial/Trichial
- •43.8.3 “Half Frontal”
- •43.8.4 Direct Eyebrow Lift
- •43.8.5 Endoscopic
- •43.9 Complications
- •43.10 Discussion
- •43.11 Conclusions
- •References
- •44: Endoscopic Forehead Lift
- •44.1 Forehead Aging Process
- •44.2 Indications
- •44.3 Alternative Methods
- •44.4 Anatomy
- •44.5 Endoscopic Forehead Lift Surgery: Rationale
- •44.6 Technique
- •44.6.1 Instruments
- •44.6.2 Anesthesia
- •44.6.3 Delimitation of the Working Areas
- •44.6.4 Skin Incisions
- •44.6.5 Subaponeurotic Supraperiosteal Dissection
- •44.6.6 Subperiosteal Dissection
- •44.6.7 Interfascial Dissection
- •44.6.8 Communication Between the Two Pockets
- •44.6.9 Endoscope Placement and Use
- •44.6.10 Periosteal and Muscular Sectioning
- •44.6.11 Fixation Suture Placement
- •44.6.12 Closure
- •44.6.13 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •44.7 Complications
- •44.8 Discussion
- •References
- •45.1 Introduction
- •45.2 History
- •45.3 Forehead Anatomy
- •45.5 Nonsurgical Techniques in Forehead Rejuvenation
- •45.6.1 Autogenous Fat Injection
- •45.6.2 Moisturizing Graft
- •45.6.3 Open Frontal Lift
- •45.6.4 Periorbital Approach
- •45.6.6 Forehead Endoscopic Rejuvenation
- •45.7 Complications
- •45.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •46.1 Introduction
- •46.2 Patient Marking
- •46.3 Surgical Procedure
- •46.4 Complications
- •46.5 Discussion
- •46.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •47: Endobrow Lift
- •47.1 Introduction
- •47.2 Anatomy
- •47.3 Endobrow Lift
- •47.3.1 Objectives of a Brow Lift
- •47.3.2 Preoperative Counseling
- •47.3.3 Learning Curve
- •47.3.5 Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatments of Forehead Rejuvenation
- •47.3.6 Direct Operations to the Brow
- •47.3.7 Endoscopic Brow Lift
- •47.3.8 Risks
- •47.4 Variations of Forehead and Brow Lift
- •47.5 Transpalpebral Corrugator Resection
- •47.6 Coronal Incision
- •47.7 Fat Grafting
- •47.8 Suspension and Suture Techniques
- •47.8.1 Thread Lift Guide
- •47.8.2 Thread Lift Risks
- •47.9 Botox (Chemodenervation with Botulinum Toxin)
- •47.10 Endobrow
- •47.10.1 Screw Placement
- •47.10.2 Possible Complications
- •References
- •48: Minimally Invasive Midface Lift
- •48.1 Introduction
- •48.2 Surgical Goals
- •48.3 Indications and Contraindications
- •48.4 Surgical Technique
- •48.4.1 Preoperative Markings
- •48.4.2 Anesthesia
- •48.4.5 Anchoring the Suture to the Deep Temporalis Fascia
- •48.5 Complications
- •48.6 Conclusions
- •Recommended Reading
- •49: Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty
- •49.1 Introduction
- •49.2 Periorbital Aging
- •49.3 Anatomic Considerations
- •49.4 Musculature
- •49.5 Orbital Septum
- •49.6 Levator Palpebrae Superioris
- •49.7 Orbital Fat
- •49.8 Preoperative Evaluation
- •49.9 Ocular Assessment
- •49.10 Operative Procedure
- •49.11 Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty Approach
- •49.12 Preparation
- •49.13 Postoperative Care
- •49.14 Complementary Treatments
- •49.14.1 Restoration of Infrabrow and Lateral Brow Volume
- •49.14.2 Injectable Fillers
- •49.14.3 Structural Fat Grafting of the Infrabrow Region
- •49.15 Complications
- •49.15.1 Hematomas
- •49.15.2 Blindness
- •49.15.3 Epiphora
- •49.15.4 Suture Line Complications
- •49.15.5 Wound Healing Complications
- •49.15.6 Ocular Injury
- •49.15.7 Contour Irregularities
- •References
- •50: Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty
- •50.1 Introduction
- •50.2 Periorbital Aging
- •50.3 Anatomic Considerations
- •50.3.1 Lamellae
- •50.3.2 Musculature
- •50.3.3 Orbital Fat
- •50.3.4 Infraorbital and Midface Anatomy
- •50.4 Preoperative Evaluation
- •50.4.1 Ocular Assessment
- •50.4.3 Assessment of Tear Trough or Nasojugal Deformity
- •50.5 Operative Procedure
- •50.5.1 Technique
- •50.5.1.1 Transconjunctival Approach
- •Preparation
- •Postoperative Care
- •50.5.1.2 Skin–Muscle Flap Approach
- •Preparation
- •Incision
- •Fat Removal
- •Closure
- •Postoperative Care
- •50.6 Complementary Treatments with Restoration of Infraorbital Volume
- •50.6.1 Injectable Fillers
- •50.6.2 Orbital Fat Repositioning
- •50.6.3 Suborbicularis Oculi Fat Lift
- •50.7 Structural Fat Grafting of the Infraorbital Region
- •50.8 Complications
- •50.8.1 Ectropion
- •50.8.2 Hematomas
- •50.8.3 Blindness
- •50.8.4 Epiphora
- •50.8.5 Suture Line Complications
- •50.8.6 Wound Healing Complications
- •50.8.7 Skin Discoloration
- •50.8.8 Ocular Injury
- •50.8.9 Contour Irregularities
- •References
- •51: Upper Blepharoplasty of the Asian Eyelid
- •51.1 Introduction
- •51.2 Instrument List
- •51.3 Operative Technique
- •51.4 Postoperative Care
- •Reference
- •52: Medial and Lateral Epicanthoplasty
- •52.1 Introduction
- •52.3 Technique
- •52.3.1 Medial Epicanthoplasty
- •52.3.1.1 Elliptical excision: Von Ammon, Arlt, Hiraga, and Watanabe methods
- •52.3.1.2 Z-Plasty Method
- •52.3.2 Lateral Epicanthoplasty
- •52.4 Complications
- •52.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •53.1 Introduction
- •53.2 Hyaluronic Acid Gel Filler
- •53.3 Patient Marking and Preparation
- •53.4 The Injection
- •53.5 Complications
- •53.6 Discussion
- •53.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •54: Combined Technique in Otoplasty
- •54.1 Introduction
- •54.2 Technique
- •54.3 Complications
- •54.4 Discussion
- •54.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •55: Rhinoplasty
- •55.1 Introduction
- •55.2 Types of Nasal Deformity
- •55.3 Preoperative Analysis
- •55.4 Surgical Techniques
- •55.4.1 Incisions in Rhinoplasty
- •55.4.2 Osteotomies in Rhinoplasty
- •55.5 Complications
- •55.5.1 Intrasurgical Complications
- •55.5.2 Immediate Postoperative Complications
- •55.5.3 Early Postoperative Complications
- •55.5.4 Late Postoperative Complications
- •55.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •56.1 Introduction
- •56.2 Biochemistry
- •56.3 Storage
- •56.4 Mechanism of Action
- •56.5 Duration of Action
- •56.6 Clinical Uses
- •56.6.1 FDA-Approved Uses
- •56.6.2 Aesthetic Off-Label Uses
- •56.8 Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty
- •56.8.1 Initial Consult
- •56.8.2 Physical Examination
- •56.8.3 Nasal Anatomy
- •56.8.4 Anesthesia and Prophylaxis
- •56.8.5 Needles
- •56.8.6 Injection Technique
- •56.8.7 Dosage
- •56.8.8 Postinjection Care
- •56.8.9 Patient Satisfaction
- •56.9.1 Asian
- •56.9.2 African-American
- •56.9.3 Hispanic
- •56.9.4 Arabic (Middle Eastern)
- •56.9.5 Aging
- •56.9.6 Revision Rhinoplasty
- •56.10 Discussion
- •56.11 Conclusions
- •References
- •57: Lip Enhancement: Personal Technique
- •57.1 Introduction
- •57.2 Anatomical Basics of the Human Lip
- •57.3 Injectable Materials
- •57.4 Technique
- •57.5 Postoperative Instructions
- •57.6 Complications
- •57.7 Discussion
- •References
- •58.1 Introduction
- •58.2 Advantages
- •58.3 Mechanism of Action
- •58.4 The Tumescent Technique
- •58.5 Indications
- •58.6 Contraindications
- •58.7 Technique
- •58.8 Complications
- •58.9 Special Considerations
- •58.9.1 Submandibular Gland Exposure
- •58.9.2 Platysmal Band Exposure
- •58.9.3 Thyroid Thickness or Band
- •58.9.4 Receding Chin
- •References
- •59: Neck Lifting Variations
- •59.1 Introduction
- •59.2 Pathophysiology of the Aging Neck
- •59.2.1 Aging Skin
- •59.2.2 Aging Soft Tissue
- •59.2.3 Aging Facial Skeleton
- •59.3 Other Factors
- •59.4 Evaluation of the Aging Neck
- •59.4.2 Physical Findings
- •59.5 Jowl/Mandibular Evaluation
- •59.6 Submental/Neck Evaluation
- •59.7 Surgical Technique Selection
- •59.7.1 Nonsurgical Intervention
- •59.7.2 Botulinum Toxin A
- •59.7.3 Skin Tightening Procedures
- •59.7.4 Intradermal Fillers
- •59.7.5 Laser Resurfacing
- •59.8 Surgical Treatment
- •59.8.1 Liposculpting
- •59.8.2 Platysmaplasty
- •59.8.3 Rhytidoplasty
- •59.9 Special Neck Lifting
- •59.9.1 Vertical Neck Lift
- •59.9.2 Horizontal Neck Lift
- •59.10 Clinical Pearls and Pitfalls
- •References
- •60.1 Introduction
- •60.2 Technique
- •60.3 Instructions
- •60.3.1 Day of Treatment
- •60.3.2 Second Day: Micropore Tape Mask Removal and Application of Subgalatic Mask
- •60.3.3 Eighth Day: Bismuth Subgalatic Mask Removal
- •60.4 Patient Instructions
- •60.4.1 Shopping List
- •60.4.2 Night Before Procedure
- •60.4.3 The Procedure (Day 1)
- •60.4.6 Days Four (4) to Seven (7)
- •60.4.7 Mask Removal on Day Eight (8)
- •60.5 Remember
- •60.6 Complications
- •60.7 Discussion
- •60.8 Conclusions
- •61.1 Applications of Permanent Cosmetics
- •61.2 Preprocedure Preparation
- •61.3 Pigment Blends
- •61.4 Eyebrows
- •61.5 Lips
- •61.6 Postprocedure Considerations
- •61.6.1 Longevity
- •61.6.2 Risks
- •61.7 Conclusions
- •Recommended Reading
- •62.1 Introduction
- •62.4 Mechanism of Action/Histology
- •62.5 Technique
- •62.6 Longevity
- •62.7 Complications
- •62.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •63.2 Prevalence
- •63.3 Clinical Features
- •63.3.1 Morphological Changes
- •63.3.2 Metabolic Changes
- •63.3.3 Pathogenesis
- •63.3.4 Protease Inhibitors
- •63.4 HIV Infection
- •63.5 Nutritional Status, Age, and Adiposity
- •63.6 Female Sex
- •63.7 Cytokines
- •63.8 Management
- •63.8.1 Nonsurgical Treatment of HIV Facial Lipoatrophy
- •63.9 Autologous Fat Transfer
- •63.9.1 History of Autologous Fat Transfer
- •63.10 Theories of Fat Graft Survival
- •63.11 Histological Evaluation of Transplanted Fat
- •63.12 Technique
- •63.13 Surgical Technique
- •63.13.1 Anaesthesia of the Donor Site
- •63.13.2 Choice of Donor Site
- •63.13.3 Harvesting Method
- •63.15 Placement
- •63.16 Post-operative Care
- •63.17 Complications
- •63.18 Discussion
- •63.19 Conclusions
- •References
- •64.1 Introduction
- •64.2 Comparative Studies
- •References
- •65.1 Introduction
- •65.2.1 Duty
- •65.2.2 Breach of Duty (Negligence)
- •65.2.3 Causation
- •65.2.4 Damages
- •65.3 Avoiding Lawsuits
- •65.4 What to Do When a Lawsuit Is Threatened or Filed
- •Index
Facial Imaging |
9 |
|
John Flynn
9.1 Introduction
There are many variations of the theme of facial imaging and in this chapter the author endeavors to present some of the applications of imaging and some of the pitfalls. One could easily envisage that a chapter with this title will be focussed on photography, especially in the context of a text on facial rejuvenation. In fact this is indeed the case, but there is a wider dimension to straightforward photography. There is a need to consider elements beyond before and after photographs. This would include problems of photo storage and retrieval, issues of privacy and copyright. Consent of the subject to the capture of their image and the subsequent display of that image is an issue often neglected or at least discounted by many practitioners.
The author will try to focus on practical issues and identify problems pertinent to an active clinical esthetic practice. There are many publications which cover in great detail photo-optics, light physics, and tips on taking a great photo. F-stops, aperture, shutter speed do not feature significantly in this chapter.
9.2 The Camera
Digital photography has overwhelmed the print/film version of the art, certainly in the realm of a clinical practice. The choice of camera comes down to digital SLR and the compact digital pocket version.
The digital SLR style owes much to its film version predecessor. This camera allows a great deal of manipulation of variables. The value is of course great flexibility in taking the photo with the right exposure and depth of focus, the challenge however is becoming a master of that very flexibility. There is clearly going to be more onus on the operator. Luckily, most of the newer ones still have a fully automatic function.
Great examples of digital SLR cameras are Nikon and Canon. If, however, you are like me and prefer the “point and shoot” variety then the compact fully automatic digital is worth looking at. There is a plethora of brands and degrees of complexity and sophistication from which to choose (Figs. 9.1 and 9.2).
J. Flynn
Cosmetic and Skin Clinic, Suite 1, Level 1, 98 Marine Parade, Southport, Queensland 4215, Australia e-mail: drflynn@cosmedic.com.au
Fig. 9.1 A digital SLR camera with automatic function but also fully selectable for shutter speed, aperture, F stop, and the rest. Most of these cameras also have an interchangeable lens capacity and produce an excellent image
A. Erian and M.A. Shiffman (eds.), Advanced Surgical Facial Rejuvenation, |
95 |
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17838-2_9, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 |
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