- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •1: Facial Anatomy
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Facial Skeleton
- •1.5 Retaining Ligaments
- •1.6 Mimetic Muscles
- •1.7 Deep Plane Including the Deep Fat Compartments
- •1.8 Facial Nerve
- •1.9 Sensory Nerves
- •1.10 Arteries of the Face
- •References
- •2: Facial Proportions
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Surface Markings
- •2.3 Proportions
- •2.4 The Golden Ratio
- •2.5 Planes and Angles
- •2.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Details of Zones
- •3.2.1 Zone 1
- •3.2.2 Zone 2
- •3.2.3 Zone 3
- •3.2.4 Zone 4
- •3.2.5 Zone 5
- •3.2.6 Zone 6
- •3.2.7 Zone 7
- •3.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •4: Muscles Used in Facial Expression
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Discussion
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Studies and Technique
- •5.3 Results
- •5.4 Discussion
- •5.4.1 SMAS and SMAFS: Concept and Variations
- •5.4.1.1 Sleep Lines
- •5.4.1.2 Membranous SMAFS
- •5.4.1.3 Fatty SMAFS
- •5.4.1.4 Flaccid SMAFS
- •5.4.1.5 Mixed SMAFS
- •5.4.1.7 Fleshy SMAFS
- •5.4.1.8 Fibrous SMAFS
- •5.4.1.9 SMAFS Sleep Lines Correction
- •5.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Surgical Facility
- •6.3 Ancillary Personnel
- •6.4 Preoperative Evaluation
- •6.4.1 Preoperative Risk Assessment
- •6.4.3 Cardiac Disease
- •6.4.4 Obesity
- •6.4.5 Hypertension
- •6.4.6 Diabetes Mellitus
- •6.4.7 Pulmonary Disease
- •6.4.8 Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- •6.4.9 Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility
- •6.5 Selections and Delivery of Anesthesia
- •6.5.1 Local Anesthesia
- •6.5.3 Regional Anesthesia
- •6.5.4 General Anesthesia
- •6.5.5 Preoperative Preparation
- •6.5.6 Perioperative Monitoring
- •6.5.7 Fluid Replacement
- •6.5.8 Recovery and Discharge
- •References
- •Recommended Reading
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.3 Other Considerations
- •7.4 Assessing Level of Sedation
- •7.5 Agents Used in Sedation
- •7.5.1 Propofol
- •7.5.2 Benzodiazepines
- •7.5.3 Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine
- •7.5.4 Ketamine
- •7.5.5 Opioids
- •7.5.6 Acetaminophen
- •7.5.8 Other Agents
- •7.6 Devices Used in the Delivery of Sedation
- •7.7 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)
- •7.7.1 Risk Factors
- •7.8 Techniques of Sedation
- •7.9 Conclusions
- •References
- •8: Preoperative and Postoperative Plan
- •8.1 Plan for Facelift Surgery
- •8.2 Facelift Preoperative Instructions
- •References
- •9: Facial Imaging
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 The Camera
- •Practical Tips
- •9.3 Resolution
- •Practical Tips on Resolution
- •9.4 Lighting
- •Practical Tips
- •9.5 Background
- •Practical Tips
- •9.6 Advertising and Ethics
- •9.7 Before and After Photos
- •9.8 Consent
- •Practical Tips for Consent for Photography
- •9.9 Special Problems with Consent
- •9.10 Radiology
- •9.10.1 Computed Tomography (CT)
- •9.10.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Skin Aging
- •10.3 Techniques
- •10.3.1 Skin Care Program
- •10.3.1.1 Tretinoin
- •10.3.1.2 Skin Cleansers
- •10.3.1.3 Sun Protection
- •10.3.1.4 Light Chemical Peel or “Friendly Peel”
- •10.3.1.5 Microdermabrasion
- •10.3.1.6 Carboxytherapy
- •10.4 Complications
- •10.5 Discussion
- •10.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •11: What Is Human Beauty?
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Beauty
- •11.2.1 What Is Human Beauty? What Do the Books Say? Dictionaries? Philosophers?
- •11.2.2 Konrad Lorenz’s Theory
- •11.3 Conclusion
- •11.4 Summary
- •12: Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- •12.2 Symptoms
- •12.3 Consequences of BDD
- •12.4 Associated Disorders
- •12.5 Treatment
- •12.6 Discussion
- •12.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •13: Hair Transplantation
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.3 Modern Hair Transplantation and Terminology
- •13.4 Nonsurgical Treatment Options
- •13.4.1 Medications
- •13.5 Nonmedical Treatments
- •13.6 Preoperative Consultation
- •13.7 Female Considerations
- •13.8 Preoperative Instructions
- •13.9 Surgical Planning
- •13.9.1 Men with MPB
- •13.9.2 The Crown
- •13.9.3 Females
- •13.9.4 Selection of Donor Area Site and Size
- •13.9.5 Estimating Size of Donor Strip
- •13.10 Anesthesia
- •13.11 Removal of Donor Strip
- •13.12 Follicular Unit Extraction
- •13.12.1 Indications for FUE
- •13.12.2 Advantages of FUE
- •13.12.3 Disadvantages of FUE
- •13.13 Graft Preparation
- •13.14 Recipient Site Creation
- •13.15 Graft Orientation: CAG or SAG
- •13.16 Instruments (Table 13.3)
- •13.17 Re-creating a Natural Hairline
- •13.18 Planting Recipient Grafts
- •13.19 The Vertex Region
- •13.20 Postoperative Care
- •13.21 Complications
- •13.21.1 Surgical Complications/Side Effects
- •13.21.2 Cosmetic/Esthetic Complications
- •13.22 Examples of Applications for Hair Transplants
- •13.22.1 Male Pattern Baldness
- •13.22.2 Female Pattern Hair Loss
- •13.22.3 Transplants After Rhytidectomy
- •13.22.4 Transplants After Burns
- •13.23 Non-scalp Areas
- •13.24 Transgendered Patients
- •13.25 Conclusions
- •References
- •14: Ablative Laser Facial Resurfacing
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Technique
- •14.2.1 Preoperative Preparation
- •14.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Laser
- •14.2.3 Erbium Laser
- •14.2.4 Postoperative Care
- •14.3 Complications
- •14.4 Discussion
- •14.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •15: Photorejuvenation
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Technique
- •15.3 Complications
- •15.4 Discussion
- •15.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Skin Anatomy
- •16.3 Technique
- •16.3.1 Patient Selection
- •16.3.2 Pretreatment
- •16.3.3 Technique
- •16.4 Alpha Hydroxy Acids
- •16.5 Salicylic Acid
- •16.6 Jessner’s Peel
- •16.6.1 Medium Depth Peels
- •16.7 Trichloroacetic Acid
- •16.8 Adjunctive Measures
- •16.9 Postoperative Care
- •16.10 Complications
- •16.11 Discussion
- •16.12 Conclusions
- •References
- •17: Deep Phenol Chemical Peels
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.2 Patient Selection
- •17.3 Technique
- •17.4 Complications
- •17.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •18: Chemical Blepharoplasty
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Skin Preparation
- •18.3 Skin Evaluation and Chemical Agent Selection
- •18.4 Anesthesia and Sedation
- •18.5 Details of the Procedure
- •18.6 The Postoperative Period
- •18.7 Complications
- •18.7.1 Ectropion
- •18.7.4 Web Formation
- •18.7.5 Eyelid Skin Infection
- •18.8 Discussion
- •18.9 Conclusion
- •References
- •19: Facial Implants
- •19.1 Introduction
- •19.2 Technique
- •19.2.1 Midface Implants
- •19.2.2 Mandibular Implants
- •19.3 Complications
- •19.4 Discussion
- •19.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •20: Injectable Facial Fillers
- •20.1 Introduction
- •20.2 Historical Background
- •20.3 Available Facial Fillers
- •20.3.1 Autologous Fat
- •20.3.2 Collagen
- •20.3.3 Hyaluronic Acids (HAs)
- •20.3.4 Synthetic Polymers
- •20.4 Technical Considerations
- •20.5 Injection Techniques
- •20.6 Post-procedural Considerations
- •20.7 Facial Filler Complications
- •20.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •Recommended Reading
- •21: Botulinum Toxin for Facial Rejuvenation
- •21.1 Introduction
- •21.2 History
- •21.3 Chemical Overview
- •21.5 Onset and Duration of Paralysis
- •21.10 Locations of Treatment
- •21.10.1 Upper Face
- •21.10.2 Midface
- •21.10.3 Lower Face
- •21.11 New Frontiers for Botulinum Toxin in Facial Rejuvenation
- •21.12 Contraindications
- •21.13 Avoidance of Potential Pitfalls
- •21.15 Conclusions
- •References
- •22: History of Fat Transfer
- •22.1 Introduction
- •22.2 History
- •References
- •23.1 Introduction
- •23.2 Relevant Anatomy and Pathophysiology
- •23.3 Clinical Applications
- •23.3.1 Harvesting the Fat
- •23.3.2 Preparation
- •23.4 Applications and Injection Techniques
- •23.4.1 Injection Methods
- •23.5 Complications
- •References
- •24.1 Introduction
- •24.2 Patient Assessment
- •24.4 Anatomy
- •24.5 Liposuction
- •24.6 Tumescent Anesthesia
- •24.7 Liposuction Technique
- •24.8 Summary of Critical Points for Successful Liposuction
- •24.9 Chin Implantation
- •24.10 Submentoplasty
- •24.10.1 Submentoplasty Technique
- •24.11 Dealing with the Visible Submandibular Gland
- •24.12 Complications
- •24.12.1 Over-resection of Fat
- •24.12.2 Sialocele
- •24.12.3 Nerve Injury
- •24.12.4 Seroma
- •24.12.5 Skin Redundancy
- •24.12.6 Chronic Pain
- •24.12.8 Infection
- •24.12.9 Bleeding and Hematomas
- •24.12.10 Skin Slough
- •24.13 Conclusions
- •References
- •Submental Liposuction
- •26: Vaser UAL for the Heavy Face
- •26.1 Introduction
- •26.2 Technologies
- •26.3 Technique
- •26.4 Complications
- •27: Suture Facelift Techniques
- •27.1 Introduction
- •27.2 Concept
- •27.3 Patient Selection
- •27.4 Suture Types and Materials
- •27.4.1 Barbed Sutures
- •27.4.1.2 Anchored Bidirectional Barbed Sutures
- •27.4.1.3 Unidirectional Barbed Sutures
- •27.4.2 Non-barbed Sutures
- •27.4.2.1 Nonabsorbable Non-barbed Sutures
- •27.4.2.2 Absorbable Non-barbed Sutures
- •Upper Face
- •Midface
- •Lower Face
- •Neck
- •27.4.3 Coned Sutures
- •27.4.3.1 Midface
- •27.4.3.2 Neck
- •27.5 Postoperative Care
- •27.6 Complications
- •27.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •28: Bio-Lifting and Bio-Resurfacing
- •28.1 Introduction
- •28.2 Patient Desires
- •28.3 Aging of the Face
- •28.4 T3 Bioresurfacing
- •28.4.2 Young-Peel Method
- •28.4.2.2 Transdermal Introduction of Substances (Trans Peel)
- •28.4.3 Photodynamic Treatment
- •28.6 Biolifting
- •28.6.1 Method
- •28.6.1.2 Middle Layer
- •28.6.1.3 Deep Layer
- •28.6.1.4 Threads of Support
- •28.7 Endo Light Lift
- •28.8 Biodermogenesi™
- •28.9 Bio-Lifting: Protocol of Treatment
- •28.10 Conclusions
- •References
- •29: Standard Facelifting
- •29.1 Introduction
- •29.2 Technique
- •29.3 Postoperative Care
- •29.4 Complications
- •29.4.1 Hematoma
- •29.4.2 Nerve Injury
- •29.4.3 Infection
- •29.4.4 Skin Flap Necrosis
- •29.4.5 Hypertrophic Scarring
- •29.4.7 Parotid Gland Pseudocyst
- •29.5 Discussion
- •29.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •30.1 Introduction
- •30.4 Role of the Retaining Ligaments in Aging Face
- •30.5 Role of the Retaining Ligaments on Facelift
- •30.7 Presurgical Planning of Facelift
- •30.8 Facelift Procedure with Release and Suspension of the Retaining Ligaments and SMAS
- •30.8.1 Design of Skin Incision
- •30.8.2 Dissection
- •30.8.3 Liposuction
- •30.8.4 Treatment of Crow’s Feet and Sagging Lower Eyelid
- •30.8.5 Suspension
- •30.9 Clinical Cases
- •30.9.1 Case 1
- •30.9.2 Case 2
- •References
- •31.1 Introduction
- •31.2 Consultation
- •31.3.2 Photography
- •31.3.4 Preoperative Preparation on the Operating Table
- •31.3.5 Anesthesia: Intravenous Sedation
- •31.3.6 Nerve Mapping
- •31.3.8 Instrumentation
- •31.4 Procedure
- •31.5 The SMAS
- •31.6 Dressings
- •31.7 Results
- •References
- •32.1 Introduction
- •32.2 Technique
- •32.3 Complications
- •32.4 Discussion
- •32.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •33.1 Introduction
- •33.3.1 Marking
- •33.3.2 Anesthesia
- •33.4.1 Dressings
- •33.6 Disadvantages
- •References
- •34.1 Introduction
- •34.2 Strategy and Selection of SMAS Flap
- •34.3 SMAS Flap Study
- •34.4 Discussion
- •34.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •35.1 Introduction
- •35.2 Anatomic Considerations
- •35.2.1 The Facial Nerve
- •35.2.2 The SMAS Layer
- •35.3 Indications
- •35.4 Technique
- •35.5 Discussion
- •35.6 Complications
- •35.6.1 Hematoma
- •35.6.2 Nerve Injury
- •35.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •Recommended Reading
- •36.1 Introduction
- •36.2 Surgical and Functional Anatomy of the Face
- •36.2.1 Parotidomasseteric Fascia
- •36.2.2 Temporal Fascia
- •36.2.3 Deep Cervical Fascia
- •36.2.4 Malar: Buccal Fat Pad
- •36.2.5 Facial Mimetic Muscles
- •36.2.6 Facial Nerve
- •36.2.7 Retaining Ligaments
- •36.3 Anatomicohistologic Study of the Retaining Ligaments of the Face
- •36.3.1 Zygomatic Cutaneous Ligament (McGregor’s Patch)
- •36.3.2 Preauricular Parotid Cutaneous Ligament
- •36.3.3 Parotidomasseteric Cutaneous Ligament
- •36.3.4 Platysma Cutaneous Ligament
- •36.3.5 Mandibular Ligament
- •36.4 Aging Changes in the Face
- •36.5 Facelift and Historical Development of Retaining Ligaments of the Face
- •36.6 Retaining Ligament Correction and SMAS Plication in Facelift
- •36.6.1 Preparations for Surgery and Skin Marking
- •36.6.2 Surgical Technique
- •36.7 Postoperative Care and Complications
- •References
- •37.1 Introduction
- •37.2 Technique
- •37.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •38.1 Introduction
- •38.2 Preoperative Evaluation
- •38.3 Preoperative Markings
- •38.4 Anesthesia
- •38.5 Deep Plane Technique
- •38.6 Postoperative Care
- •38.7 Complications
- •38.8 Discussion
- •Recommended Reading
- •39: Subperiosteal Face-Lift
- •39.1 Introduction
- •39.2 Technique
- •39.2.1 Preoperative Evaluation
- •39.2.2 Surgical Technique
- •39.3 Complications
- •39.4 Discussion
- •39.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •40.1 Introduction
- •40.2 Limited Flap Rhytidectomy Procedures
- •40.3 Extended Flap Rhytidectomy Procedures
- •40.4 Deep-Plane Rhytidectomy
- •40.5 Adjuvant Procedures
- •References
- •41.1 Introduction
- •41.2 Pathomechanics
- •41.3 Preoperative Evaluation
- •41.3.1 Rhytidectomy in the Postbariatric Patient
- •41.4 Postoperative Care and Complications
- •41.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •42: Complications of Facelift Surgery
- •42.1 Introduction
- •42.2 Complications
- •42.2.1 Asymmetry
- •42.2.2 Bleeding
- •42.2.3 Dehiscence
- •42.2.5 Ear Deformities
- •42.2.6 Edema
- •42.2.7 Hair Loss
- •42.2.8 Hematoma
- •42.2.9 Infection
- •42.2.10 Irregularities
- •42.2.11 Necrosis
- •42.2.12 Neurological
- •42.2.13 Pain
- •42.2.14 Pigmentation Changes
- •42.2.15 Salivary Fistula
- •42.2.16 Scar
- •42.2.17 Seroma
- •References
- •43.1 Introduction
- •43.2 Historical Review
- •43.3 Anatomic Guidelines
- •43.4 The Eyebrow and Forehead as an Aesthetic Unit
- •43.5 Position of the Eyebrows
- •43.6 General Indications
- •43.7.1 Frontal Ptosis Degree
- •43.7.2 Depth of the Skin Furrows
- •43.7.3 Asymmetries
- •43.7.4 Frontal Redundant Skin
- •43.8 What Fixing Approaches and Techniques Do We Use?
- •43.8.1 Coronal
- •43.8.2 Pretrichial/Trichial
- •43.8.3 “Half Frontal”
- •43.8.4 Direct Eyebrow Lift
- •43.8.5 Endoscopic
- •43.9 Complications
- •43.10 Discussion
- •43.11 Conclusions
- •References
- •44: Endoscopic Forehead Lift
- •44.1 Forehead Aging Process
- •44.2 Indications
- •44.3 Alternative Methods
- •44.4 Anatomy
- •44.5 Endoscopic Forehead Lift Surgery: Rationale
- •44.6 Technique
- •44.6.1 Instruments
- •44.6.2 Anesthesia
- •44.6.3 Delimitation of the Working Areas
- •44.6.4 Skin Incisions
- •44.6.5 Subaponeurotic Supraperiosteal Dissection
- •44.6.6 Subperiosteal Dissection
- •44.6.7 Interfascial Dissection
- •44.6.8 Communication Between the Two Pockets
- •44.6.9 Endoscope Placement and Use
- •44.6.10 Periosteal and Muscular Sectioning
- •44.6.11 Fixation Suture Placement
- •44.6.12 Closure
- •44.6.13 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •44.7 Complications
- •44.8 Discussion
- •References
- •45.1 Introduction
- •45.2 History
- •45.3 Forehead Anatomy
- •45.5 Nonsurgical Techniques in Forehead Rejuvenation
- •45.6.1 Autogenous Fat Injection
- •45.6.2 Moisturizing Graft
- •45.6.3 Open Frontal Lift
- •45.6.4 Periorbital Approach
- •45.6.6 Forehead Endoscopic Rejuvenation
- •45.7 Complications
- •45.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •46.1 Introduction
- •46.2 Patient Marking
- •46.3 Surgical Procedure
- •46.4 Complications
- •46.5 Discussion
- •46.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •47: Endobrow Lift
- •47.1 Introduction
- •47.2 Anatomy
- •47.3 Endobrow Lift
- •47.3.1 Objectives of a Brow Lift
- •47.3.2 Preoperative Counseling
- •47.3.3 Learning Curve
- •47.3.5 Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatments of Forehead Rejuvenation
- •47.3.6 Direct Operations to the Brow
- •47.3.7 Endoscopic Brow Lift
- •47.3.8 Risks
- •47.4 Variations of Forehead and Brow Lift
- •47.5 Transpalpebral Corrugator Resection
- •47.6 Coronal Incision
- •47.7 Fat Grafting
- •47.8 Suspension and Suture Techniques
- •47.8.1 Thread Lift Guide
- •47.8.2 Thread Lift Risks
- •47.9 Botox (Chemodenervation with Botulinum Toxin)
- •47.10 Endobrow
- •47.10.1 Screw Placement
- •47.10.2 Possible Complications
- •References
- •48: Minimally Invasive Midface Lift
- •48.1 Introduction
- •48.2 Surgical Goals
- •48.3 Indications and Contraindications
- •48.4 Surgical Technique
- •48.4.1 Preoperative Markings
- •48.4.2 Anesthesia
- •48.4.5 Anchoring the Suture to the Deep Temporalis Fascia
- •48.5 Complications
- •48.6 Conclusions
- •Recommended Reading
- •49: Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty
- •49.1 Introduction
- •49.2 Periorbital Aging
- •49.3 Anatomic Considerations
- •49.4 Musculature
- •49.5 Orbital Septum
- •49.6 Levator Palpebrae Superioris
- •49.7 Orbital Fat
- •49.8 Preoperative Evaluation
- •49.9 Ocular Assessment
- •49.10 Operative Procedure
- •49.11 Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty Approach
- •49.12 Preparation
- •49.13 Postoperative Care
- •49.14 Complementary Treatments
- •49.14.1 Restoration of Infrabrow and Lateral Brow Volume
- •49.14.2 Injectable Fillers
- •49.14.3 Structural Fat Grafting of the Infrabrow Region
- •49.15 Complications
- •49.15.1 Hematomas
- •49.15.2 Blindness
- •49.15.3 Epiphora
- •49.15.4 Suture Line Complications
- •49.15.5 Wound Healing Complications
- •49.15.6 Ocular Injury
- •49.15.7 Contour Irregularities
- •References
- •50: Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty
- •50.1 Introduction
- •50.2 Periorbital Aging
- •50.3 Anatomic Considerations
- •50.3.1 Lamellae
- •50.3.2 Musculature
- •50.3.3 Orbital Fat
- •50.3.4 Infraorbital and Midface Anatomy
- •50.4 Preoperative Evaluation
- •50.4.1 Ocular Assessment
- •50.4.3 Assessment of Tear Trough or Nasojugal Deformity
- •50.5 Operative Procedure
- •50.5.1 Technique
- •50.5.1.1 Transconjunctival Approach
- •Preparation
- •Postoperative Care
- •50.5.1.2 Skin–Muscle Flap Approach
- •Preparation
- •Incision
- •Fat Removal
- •Closure
- •Postoperative Care
- •50.6 Complementary Treatments with Restoration of Infraorbital Volume
- •50.6.1 Injectable Fillers
- •50.6.2 Orbital Fat Repositioning
- •50.6.3 Suborbicularis Oculi Fat Lift
- •50.7 Structural Fat Grafting of the Infraorbital Region
- •50.8 Complications
- •50.8.1 Ectropion
- •50.8.2 Hematomas
- •50.8.3 Blindness
- •50.8.4 Epiphora
- •50.8.5 Suture Line Complications
- •50.8.6 Wound Healing Complications
- •50.8.7 Skin Discoloration
- •50.8.8 Ocular Injury
- •50.8.9 Contour Irregularities
- •References
- •51: Upper Blepharoplasty of the Asian Eyelid
- •51.1 Introduction
- •51.2 Instrument List
- •51.3 Operative Technique
- •51.4 Postoperative Care
- •Reference
- •52: Medial and Lateral Epicanthoplasty
- •52.1 Introduction
- •52.3 Technique
- •52.3.1 Medial Epicanthoplasty
- •52.3.1.1 Elliptical excision: Von Ammon, Arlt, Hiraga, and Watanabe methods
- •52.3.1.2 Z-Plasty Method
- •52.3.2 Lateral Epicanthoplasty
- •52.4 Complications
- •52.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •53.1 Introduction
- •53.2 Hyaluronic Acid Gel Filler
- •53.3 Patient Marking and Preparation
- •53.4 The Injection
- •53.5 Complications
- •53.6 Discussion
- •53.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •54: Combined Technique in Otoplasty
- •54.1 Introduction
- •54.2 Technique
- •54.3 Complications
- •54.4 Discussion
- •54.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •55: Rhinoplasty
- •55.1 Introduction
- •55.2 Types of Nasal Deformity
- •55.3 Preoperative Analysis
- •55.4 Surgical Techniques
- •55.4.1 Incisions in Rhinoplasty
- •55.4.2 Osteotomies in Rhinoplasty
- •55.5 Complications
- •55.5.1 Intrasurgical Complications
- •55.5.2 Immediate Postoperative Complications
- •55.5.3 Early Postoperative Complications
- •55.5.4 Late Postoperative Complications
- •55.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •56.1 Introduction
- •56.2 Biochemistry
- •56.3 Storage
- •56.4 Mechanism of Action
- •56.5 Duration of Action
- •56.6 Clinical Uses
- •56.6.1 FDA-Approved Uses
- •56.6.2 Aesthetic Off-Label Uses
- •56.8 Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty
- •56.8.1 Initial Consult
- •56.8.2 Physical Examination
- •56.8.3 Nasal Anatomy
- •56.8.4 Anesthesia and Prophylaxis
- •56.8.5 Needles
- •56.8.6 Injection Technique
- •56.8.7 Dosage
- •56.8.8 Postinjection Care
- •56.8.9 Patient Satisfaction
- •56.9.1 Asian
- •56.9.2 African-American
- •56.9.3 Hispanic
- •56.9.4 Arabic (Middle Eastern)
- •56.9.5 Aging
- •56.9.6 Revision Rhinoplasty
- •56.10 Discussion
- •56.11 Conclusions
- •References
- •57: Lip Enhancement: Personal Technique
- •57.1 Introduction
- •57.2 Anatomical Basics of the Human Lip
- •57.3 Injectable Materials
- •57.4 Technique
- •57.5 Postoperative Instructions
- •57.6 Complications
- •57.7 Discussion
- •References
- •58.1 Introduction
- •58.2 Advantages
- •58.3 Mechanism of Action
- •58.4 The Tumescent Technique
- •58.5 Indications
- •58.6 Contraindications
- •58.7 Technique
- •58.8 Complications
- •58.9 Special Considerations
- •58.9.1 Submandibular Gland Exposure
- •58.9.2 Platysmal Band Exposure
- •58.9.3 Thyroid Thickness or Band
- •58.9.4 Receding Chin
- •References
- •59: Neck Lifting Variations
- •59.1 Introduction
- •59.2 Pathophysiology of the Aging Neck
- •59.2.1 Aging Skin
- •59.2.2 Aging Soft Tissue
- •59.2.3 Aging Facial Skeleton
- •59.3 Other Factors
- •59.4 Evaluation of the Aging Neck
- •59.4.2 Physical Findings
- •59.5 Jowl/Mandibular Evaluation
- •59.6 Submental/Neck Evaluation
- •59.7 Surgical Technique Selection
- •59.7.1 Nonsurgical Intervention
- •59.7.2 Botulinum Toxin A
- •59.7.3 Skin Tightening Procedures
- •59.7.4 Intradermal Fillers
- •59.7.5 Laser Resurfacing
- •59.8 Surgical Treatment
- •59.8.1 Liposculpting
- •59.8.2 Platysmaplasty
- •59.8.3 Rhytidoplasty
- •59.9 Special Neck Lifting
- •59.9.1 Vertical Neck Lift
- •59.9.2 Horizontal Neck Lift
- •59.10 Clinical Pearls and Pitfalls
- •References
- •60.1 Introduction
- •60.2 Technique
- •60.3 Instructions
- •60.3.1 Day of Treatment
- •60.3.2 Second Day: Micropore Tape Mask Removal and Application of Subgalatic Mask
- •60.3.3 Eighth Day: Bismuth Subgalatic Mask Removal
- •60.4 Patient Instructions
- •60.4.1 Shopping List
- •60.4.2 Night Before Procedure
- •60.4.3 The Procedure (Day 1)
- •60.4.6 Days Four (4) to Seven (7)
- •60.4.7 Mask Removal on Day Eight (8)
- •60.5 Remember
- •60.6 Complications
- •60.7 Discussion
- •60.8 Conclusions
- •61.1 Applications of Permanent Cosmetics
- •61.2 Preprocedure Preparation
- •61.3 Pigment Blends
- •61.4 Eyebrows
- •61.5 Lips
- •61.6 Postprocedure Considerations
- •61.6.1 Longevity
- •61.6.2 Risks
- •61.7 Conclusions
- •Recommended Reading
- •62.1 Introduction
- •62.4 Mechanism of Action/Histology
- •62.5 Technique
- •62.6 Longevity
- •62.7 Complications
- •62.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •63.2 Prevalence
- •63.3 Clinical Features
- •63.3.1 Morphological Changes
- •63.3.2 Metabolic Changes
- •63.3.3 Pathogenesis
- •63.3.4 Protease Inhibitors
- •63.4 HIV Infection
- •63.5 Nutritional Status, Age, and Adiposity
- •63.6 Female Sex
- •63.7 Cytokines
- •63.8 Management
- •63.8.1 Nonsurgical Treatment of HIV Facial Lipoatrophy
- •63.9 Autologous Fat Transfer
- •63.9.1 History of Autologous Fat Transfer
- •63.10 Theories of Fat Graft Survival
- •63.11 Histological Evaluation of Transplanted Fat
- •63.12 Technique
- •63.13 Surgical Technique
- •63.13.1 Anaesthesia of the Donor Site
- •63.13.2 Choice of Donor Site
- •63.13.3 Harvesting Method
- •63.15 Placement
- •63.16 Post-operative Care
- •63.17 Complications
- •63.18 Discussion
- •63.19 Conclusions
- •References
- •64.1 Introduction
- •64.2 Comparative Studies
- •References
- •65.1 Introduction
- •65.2.1 Duty
- •65.2.2 Breach of Duty (Negligence)
- •65.2.3 Causation
- •65.2.4 Damages
- •65.3 Avoiding Lawsuits
- •65.4 What to Do When a Lawsuit Is Threatened or Filed
- •Index
Index
A
Abdelkader, M., 18 Abscess, 619
Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), 50 Allergic reactions, 217
Alopecia, 129, 334, 475, 515, 531 Aly, A.S., 467
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA), 49, 51, 77 American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive
Surgery (ASPRS), 232
American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS), 211, 463 Arlt’s method, 578–580
ASA classification, 51 Ascher, B., 691
ASPRS. See American Society of Plastic
and Reconstructive Surgery
ASPS. See American Society of Plastic Surgeons Asymmetry, 308, 449, 471, 480, 515, 538, 575, 645, 668, 686 Aufricht, G., 241, 459
Autologous fat, 212, 235–239, 346 grafting, 532, 552, 564, 592 transfer, 465, 710, 711, 724
B
Baker, D.C., 247
Baker, T.J., 193
Basal metabolic index (BMI), 463 Basic life support (BLS), 50 Baum ratio, 17, 18
Beck depression inventory (BDI), 726 Becker, D.G., 661
Beeson, W.H., 193 Bell’s phenomenon, 557 Berg, D., 137, 149, 151 Bettman, A.G., 449, 459
Bichat’s fat pad, 447, 451 Biller, J.A., 18
Bircoll, M., 232
Blair’s method, 580, 582
Bleeding, 157, 217, 259, 261–262, 308, 442, 471, 538, 618, 619, 650, 715
Blepharochalasis, 549
Blindness, 218, 553, 566, 592, 715 BMI. See Basal metabolic index Boulogne, G.B., 31
Bourguet, J., 449, 459
Bourguet, J., 241, 558
Brow ptosis, 227
Bruning, P., 710
Buccal fat pad, 39
Buck, D.W., 216
Bukkewitz, H., 288
Bulstrode, N.W., 602, 603
Burgess, C.M., 701
Burrow’s triangle, 364
C
Carboxytherapy, 112, 113 Carey, D.L., 697 Carpaneda, C.A., 711 Carruthers, J., 177 Castañares, S., 519, 524
Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA), 49, 50, 62 Cervicomental angle, 655
Chajchir, A., 476
Chajchir, J., 711
Chemical peel, 109–111, 113, 181, 182, 184, 186–189, 193–199, 559, 560, 567, 671, 672, 674, 675
Cheney, M.L., 482 Christie, J.L., 57 Coiffman, F., 512
Coleman, S.R., 232, 710, 714 Coleman technique, 716 Connelly, B.F., 241 Converse, J.M., 580 Converse’s method, 581 Cook, T.A., 560
Core, G.B., 495
Courtiss, E., 241
CRNA. See Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist Crow’s feet, 227, 497, 500, 534, 550, 556 Crumley, R.J., 17
Cytochrome P450, 248 Czerny, A., 710 Czerny, V., 231, 233
D
Davis, R.A., 403
de Castro, C.C., 246 Dedo, D.D., 245, 655
Dehiscence, 158, 471, 520, 554, 567, 618, 619 Del Campo method, 582
A. Erian and M.A. Shiffman (eds.), Advanced Surgical Facial Rejuvenation, |
737 |
DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-17838-2, © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012 |
|
738 |
Index |
Dermatochalasis, 571
Diabetes mellitus, 54
Dieffenbach, J.E., 601
Dingman, R.O., 247, 403
Dog ear, 471
Douse-Dean, T., 592
Duchenne, D.E., 31
Dzubow, L.M., 316
E
Ecchymosis, 227, 308 Ectropion, 201, 557, 565
Edema, 157, 260, 308, 449, 472, 575, 619, 715 Edwars, 511
Entropion, 557 Epiphora, 553, 566 Erol, Ö.O., 289 Ersek, R.A., 710
Erythema, 189, 195, 589, 644 Eviatar, J.A., 716
Eyebrow ptosis, 479, 486, 491, 506, 512, 516, 519, 524, 527–529
Eyelid ptosis, 227, 549
F
Facial
arteries, 13, 40, 234 fat, 4, 5, 9, 10 ligaments, 234
mimetic muscles, 7–9, 406–407 muscles, 31–33, 477, 478, 528
nerves, 11–13, 23–28, 39, 40, 44, 198, 219, 234, 235, 247, 260, 331, 355, 397–398, 403, 407, 476, 485, 488, 498, 499, 644
retaining ligaments, 6, 7, 336–337, 339–346, 349, 407–408
skeleton, 3, 4 Faivre, J., 461
Farrior technique, 603 Fat graft hypertrophy, 716 Fat hypertrophy, 715, 724 Fat transfer, 233 Feldman, J.J., 241
Fernandez-Cossío, S., 592 Fibrosis, 316
Fillers, 468, 469, 552, 563, 587, 588, 591, 625, 626, 630–638, 642–644, 659, 692, 693, 695, 696, 698, 700–703, 718
Fischer, G., 231
Fitzpatrick classification, 170
Fitzpatrick skin types, 183, 196, 261, 365 Flowers’ method, 582
Follicular unit, 131, 132, 144–149, 151, 152 Fomon, S., 511
Fournier, P.F., 710 Francesconi, G., 602, 603 Frankfurt horizontal line, 656
Frankfurt’s horizontal plane, 243–244, 251 Frankfurt horizontal plane, 17, 19
Furnas, D.W., 408, 409, 602 Furnas ligaments, 42
G
Giampapa, V.C., 662
Gibson, T., 602
Glogau classification of photoaging, 183
Gogolewski, S., 698
Golden ratio, 19, 20
Goldman, L., 51
Gonzalez Ulloa, M., 476
Gosain, A.K., 403
Granulomas, 554, 637, 711
Granulomatous reactions, 217
Greenberg, R., 408
Gryskiewicz, J., 242
Gunter, J.P., 450
H
Hamra, S.T., 379, 425, 450, 460, 461 Har-Shaip, Y., 405
Hematoma, 259, 261–262, 333, 403, 448, 449, 472, 482, 515, 521, 552–554, 565–566, 600, 618, 619, 650
Hernandez-Perez, E., 289, 290 Hester, T.R., 450
Hiraga’s method, 579 Hoeffin states, 118 Holdaway, R., 21 Hollander, E., 459 Hume, 117
Hunt, H.L., 475, 511
Hyperpigmentation, 173, 175, 177, 187, 188, 195, 197, 201, 202, 261, 473
Hypertension, 53, 54 Hypopigmentation, 175, 558
I
Illouz, Y.G., 234, 710
Implants, 206–209, 251–252, 468
Infection, 157, 173, 177, 188, 189, 195, 202, 217, 237, 261, 308, 333, 442, 448, 472, 492, 515, 521, 538, 600, 611, 618, 619, 650, 686
Intense pulsed light (IPL), 175–178, 321, 322 Isse, N.G., 476
J
James, J., 711
Jessner’s peel, 186
Johnson, G.W., 232
Joseph, J., 459, 511
K
Kamer, F.M., 460, 461
Kaye, B.L., 476, 602
Kelley, P., 602
Klein, J.A., 241, 247, 248
Knize, D.M., 522
Krulig, E., 232
L
Lafaurie, M., 693, 696
Lagophthalmus, 549, 550, 553
Lambros, V.S., 592
Index |
739 |
Lazor, J.B., 482 |
Ostad, A., 57 |
LD. See Lipodystrophy |
Osteomyelitis, 619 |
Leach, J., 17 |
|
Lemmon, M.L., 460 |
P |
Lemperle, G., 698 |
Papules, 703 |
Levan, P., 716 |
Park’s method, 580, 581 |
Lexer, E., 231, 459, 511, 710 |
Passot, R., 459, 475, 476 |
Lipodystrophy (LD), 707, 708, 715, 716, 723 |
Peck, H., 20, 21 |
Lipodystrophy syndrome, 691 |
Peer, L.A., 231, 234, 710 |
Lipohypertrophy, 708 |
Peyronie, M., 460 |
Little, J.W., 243 |
Pitanguy, I., 403 |
Local anesthetic toxicity, 57, 58, 248 |
Pitman, G.H., 57 |
Lorenz, 118 |
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP), 469 |
Lowe, N.J., 468 |
Platysmal banding, 459, 654, 658, 661, 662 |
Ludwig, E., 130 |
Polyacrylamide gel filler, 724, 725 |
Ludwig classification, 131 |
Powell, N., 17, 20 |
Lyand, M., 495 |
PRP. See Platelet-rich plasma |
|
Psillakis, J.M., 446, 450, 461 |
M |
Pulmonary embolism, 65 |
MAC. See Monitored Anesthesia Care |
|
Malignant hyperthermia, 56 |
R |
Marchand, F., 233 |
Ramirez, J., 479, 482, 484–492 |
Marino, H., 476, 511 |
Ramirez, O.M., 446, 450, 460 |
Marquardt, S.R., 20 |
Rehn, E., 710 |
Matsuo, K., 595 |
Res ipsa loquitur, 732 |
McDowell, A.J., 596 |
Retaining ligament, 408–418 |
McGregor’s patch, 7, 42, 408–409 |
Retro-orbicularis oculi fat (ROOF), 699 |
Mendelson, B.C., 409, 415 |
Rettinger, G., 617 |
Mest, D.R., 696, 701 |
Richards, S.D., 596 |
Microdermabrasion, 111, 113, 320 |
Ricketts, R.M., 20 |
Microgenia, 207 |
Rogman’s method, 579 |
Midfacial fat atrophy, 467 |
Roizen, M.F., 51 |
Milia, 195, 553, 566 |
ROOF. See Retro-orbicularis oculi fat |
Miller, C.C., 459, 495, 710 |
Ruff, G., 286 |
Mitz, V., 6, 450, 460 |
|
Moelleken, B., 450 |
S |
Monitored Anesthesia Care (MAC), 77, 78 |
Santana, P.M., 446 |
Moyle, G.J., 693, 718 |
Sasaki, G.H., 290 |
Mueller’s muscle, 548 |
Scar, 158, 173, 177, 188, 195, 333, 334, 340, 341, 373, 374, |
Mustarde, J.C., 602 |
448, 449, 467, 473, 475, 476, 482–484, 486, 491, 492, |
Mustarde’s method, 581, 582 |
508, 515, 521, 523, 531, 558, 567, 584, 600, 645, 649, |
|
650, 666, 675, 677, 686, 703, 715 |
N |
Schaeffer, B.T., 661 |
Nasal septum perforation, 620 |
Serdev, N.P., 291 |
Nasal stenosis, 620 |
Seroma, 260, 449, 473, 650 |
Necrosis, 218, 276, 333, 472, 492, 515, 600, 619 |
Simons ratio, 17, 18 |
Negredo, E., 724 |
Skoog, K., 460 |
Nerve block, 630 |
Skoog, T., 450 |
Neuber, F., 211, 212, 231, 468, 532 |
Sleep apnea, 55 |
Neuber, G., 710 |
SMAS. See Subcutaneous musculoaponeurotic system; |
Neuhof, H., 234, 710 |
Superficial musculoaponeurotic system |
Newman, J., 232 |
Smoking, 55, 316, 329 |
Niechajev, I., 711 |
SOOF. See Suborbicularis oculi fat |
Noël, A., 459, 511 |
Stenstrom, S.J., 602 |
Nordstrom, R.E., 131 |
Stenström otoabraders, 598 |
Norwood classification, 130 |
Straatsma, C.R., 231 |
|
Stuzin, J.M., 403, 415 |
O |
Subcutaneous musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), 207, 405, |
Obesity, 52, 463 |
406, 414, 416–418, 437, 445, 447, 450, 478 |
Olsen, E.A., 130 |
Suborbicularis oculi fat (SOOF), 447, 448, 461, 557, 564, 669 |
Orlando, G., 696 |
Sulamanidze, M.A., 282, 286, 290 |
740 |
Index |
Superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS), 6, 7, 24, 25, |
V |
35, 37, 39, 234, 247, 279, 293–295, 298, 299, 301, 318, |
Vanluchene, A.L., 79 |
331, 332, 335, 336, 339–347, 349, 358–360, 373–382, |
Vasconez. L.O., 476 |
384–386, 388–391, 393, 394, 397–402, 404, 460, 461, |
Verderame, P., 233 |
466, 467, 653, 654, 664 |
Vermillion border, 15 |
Superficial peels, 185 |
Viñas, J.C., 476, 512, 519, 523, 524 |
Swelling, 200, 237, 515, 534, 589 |
Von Ammon’s method, 578, 583, 584 |
T |
W |
Talmor, M., 716 |
Watanabe’s method, 579 |
Telangiectasias, 567 |
Webster, R.C., 460 |
Telephone ear deformity, 600 |
Weinzweig, N., 602 |
Tessier, P., 446, 451 |
Wilson sedation scale, 78 |
Thromboembolism, 65 |
Wu, W., 285 |
Tosti, A., 133 |
|
Toxic shock syndrome, 189, 619 |
Y |
Tubercle of Whitnall, 556 |
Yousif, N.J., 290 |
Tuffier, T., 231 |
|
U |
|
Uchida, J.I., 511 |
|
Uchida method, 582, 583 |
|
Unna, P.G., 181 |
|