- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Contents
- •1: Facial Anatomy
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 Facial Skeleton
- •1.5 Retaining Ligaments
- •1.6 Mimetic Muscles
- •1.7 Deep Plane Including the Deep Fat Compartments
- •1.8 Facial Nerve
- •1.9 Sensory Nerves
- •1.10 Arteries of the Face
- •References
- •2: Facial Proportions
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 Surface Markings
- •2.3 Proportions
- •2.4 The Golden Ratio
- •2.5 Planes and Angles
- •2.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Details of Zones
- •3.2.1 Zone 1
- •3.2.2 Zone 2
- •3.2.3 Zone 3
- •3.2.4 Zone 4
- •3.2.5 Zone 5
- •3.2.6 Zone 6
- •3.2.7 Zone 7
- •3.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •4: Muscles Used in Facial Expression
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2 Discussion
- •References
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Studies and Technique
- •5.3 Results
- •5.4 Discussion
- •5.4.1 SMAS and SMAFS: Concept and Variations
- •5.4.1.1 Sleep Lines
- •5.4.1.2 Membranous SMAFS
- •5.4.1.3 Fatty SMAFS
- •5.4.1.4 Flaccid SMAFS
- •5.4.1.5 Mixed SMAFS
- •5.4.1.7 Fleshy SMAFS
- •5.4.1.8 Fibrous SMAFS
- •5.4.1.9 SMAFS Sleep Lines Correction
- •5.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Surgical Facility
- •6.3 Ancillary Personnel
- •6.4 Preoperative Evaluation
- •6.4.1 Preoperative Risk Assessment
- •6.4.3 Cardiac Disease
- •6.4.4 Obesity
- •6.4.5 Hypertension
- •6.4.6 Diabetes Mellitus
- •6.4.7 Pulmonary Disease
- •6.4.8 Obstructive Sleep Apnea
- •6.4.9 Malignant Hyperthermia Susceptibility
- •6.5 Selections and Delivery of Anesthesia
- •6.5.1 Local Anesthesia
- •6.5.3 Regional Anesthesia
- •6.5.4 General Anesthesia
- •6.5.5 Preoperative Preparation
- •6.5.6 Perioperative Monitoring
- •6.5.7 Fluid Replacement
- •6.5.8 Recovery and Discharge
- •References
- •Recommended Reading
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.3 Other Considerations
- •7.4 Assessing Level of Sedation
- •7.5 Agents Used in Sedation
- •7.5.1 Propofol
- •7.5.2 Benzodiazepines
- •7.5.3 Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine
- •7.5.4 Ketamine
- •7.5.5 Opioids
- •7.5.6 Acetaminophen
- •7.5.8 Other Agents
- •7.6 Devices Used in the Delivery of Sedation
- •7.7 Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting (PONV)
- •7.7.1 Risk Factors
- •7.8 Techniques of Sedation
- •7.9 Conclusions
- •References
- •8: Preoperative and Postoperative Plan
- •8.1 Plan for Facelift Surgery
- •8.2 Facelift Preoperative Instructions
- •References
- •9: Facial Imaging
- •9.1 Introduction
- •9.2 The Camera
- •Practical Tips
- •9.3 Resolution
- •Practical Tips on Resolution
- •9.4 Lighting
- •Practical Tips
- •9.5 Background
- •Practical Tips
- •9.6 Advertising and Ethics
- •9.7 Before and After Photos
- •9.8 Consent
- •Practical Tips for Consent for Photography
- •9.9 Special Problems with Consent
- •9.10 Radiology
- •9.10.1 Computed Tomography (CT)
- •9.10.2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- •10.1 Introduction
- •10.2 Skin Aging
- •10.3 Techniques
- •10.3.1 Skin Care Program
- •10.3.1.1 Tretinoin
- •10.3.1.2 Skin Cleansers
- •10.3.1.3 Sun Protection
- •10.3.1.4 Light Chemical Peel or “Friendly Peel”
- •10.3.1.5 Microdermabrasion
- •10.3.1.6 Carboxytherapy
- •10.4 Complications
- •10.5 Discussion
- •10.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •11: What Is Human Beauty?
- •11.1 Introduction
- •11.2 Beauty
- •11.2.1 What Is Human Beauty? What Do the Books Say? Dictionaries? Philosophers?
- •11.2.2 Konrad Lorenz’s Theory
- •11.3 Conclusion
- •11.4 Summary
- •12: Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- •12.2 Symptoms
- •12.3 Consequences of BDD
- •12.4 Associated Disorders
- •12.5 Treatment
- •12.6 Discussion
- •12.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •13: Hair Transplantation
- •13.1 Introduction
- •13.3 Modern Hair Transplantation and Terminology
- •13.4 Nonsurgical Treatment Options
- •13.4.1 Medications
- •13.5 Nonmedical Treatments
- •13.6 Preoperative Consultation
- •13.7 Female Considerations
- •13.8 Preoperative Instructions
- •13.9 Surgical Planning
- •13.9.1 Men with MPB
- •13.9.2 The Crown
- •13.9.3 Females
- •13.9.4 Selection of Donor Area Site and Size
- •13.9.5 Estimating Size of Donor Strip
- •13.10 Anesthesia
- •13.11 Removal of Donor Strip
- •13.12 Follicular Unit Extraction
- •13.12.1 Indications for FUE
- •13.12.2 Advantages of FUE
- •13.12.3 Disadvantages of FUE
- •13.13 Graft Preparation
- •13.14 Recipient Site Creation
- •13.15 Graft Orientation: CAG or SAG
- •13.16 Instruments (Table 13.3)
- •13.17 Re-creating a Natural Hairline
- •13.18 Planting Recipient Grafts
- •13.19 The Vertex Region
- •13.20 Postoperative Care
- •13.21 Complications
- •13.21.1 Surgical Complications/Side Effects
- •13.21.2 Cosmetic/Esthetic Complications
- •13.22 Examples of Applications for Hair Transplants
- •13.22.1 Male Pattern Baldness
- •13.22.2 Female Pattern Hair Loss
- •13.22.3 Transplants After Rhytidectomy
- •13.22.4 Transplants After Burns
- •13.23 Non-scalp Areas
- •13.24 Transgendered Patients
- •13.25 Conclusions
- •References
- •14: Ablative Laser Facial Resurfacing
- •14.1 Introduction
- •14.2 Technique
- •14.2.1 Preoperative Preparation
- •14.2.2 Carbon Dioxide Laser
- •14.2.3 Erbium Laser
- •14.2.4 Postoperative Care
- •14.3 Complications
- •14.4 Discussion
- •14.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •15: Photorejuvenation
- •15.1 Introduction
- •15.2 Technique
- •15.3 Complications
- •15.4 Discussion
- •15.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •16.1 Introduction
- •16.2 Skin Anatomy
- •16.3 Technique
- •16.3.1 Patient Selection
- •16.3.2 Pretreatment
- •16.3.3 Technique
- •16.4 Alpha Hydroxy Acids
- •16.5 Salicylic Acid
- •16.6 Jessner’s Peel
- •16.6.1 Medium Depth Peels
- •16.7 Trichloroacetic Acid
- •16.8 Adjunctive Measures
- •16.9 Postoperative Care
- •16.10 Complications
- •16.11 Discussion
- •16.12 Conclusions
- •References
- •17: Deep Phenol Chemical Peels
- •17.1 Introduction
- •17.2 Patient Selection
- •17.3 Technique
- •17.4 Complications
- •17.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •18: Chemical Blepharoplasty
- •18.1 Introduction
- •18.2 Skin Preparation
- •18.3 Skin Evaluation and Chemical Agent Selection
- •18.4 Anesthesia and Sedation
- •18.5 Details of the Procedure
- •18.6 The Postoperative Period
- •18.7 Complications
- •18.7.1 Ectropion
- •18.7.4 Web Formation
- •18.7.5 Eyelid Skin Infection
- •18.8 Discussion
- •18.9 Conclusion
- •References
- •19: Facial Implants
- •19.1 Introduction
- •19.2 Technique
- •19.2.1 Midface Implants
- •19.2.2 Mandibular Implants
- •19.3 Complications
- •19.4 Discussion
- •19.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •20: Injectable Facial Fillers
- •20.1 Introduction
- •20.2 Historical Background
- •20.3 Available Facial Fillers
- •20.3.1 Autologous Fat
- •20.3.2 Collagen
- •20.3.3 Hyaluronic Acids (HAs)
- •20.3.4 Synthetic Polymers
- •20.4 Technical Considerations
- •20.5 Injection Techniques
- •20.6 Post-procedural Considerations
- •20.7 Facial Filler Complications
- •20.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •Recommended Reading
- •21: Botulinum Toxin for Facial Rejuvenation
- •21.1 Introduction
- •21.2 History
- •21.3 Chemical Overview
- •21.5 Onset and Duration of Paralysis
- •21.10 Locations of Treatment
- •21.10.1 Upper Face
- •21.10.2 Midface
- •21.10.3 Lower Face
- •21.11 New Frontiers for Botulinum Toxin in Facial Rejuvenation
- •21.12 Contraindications
- •21.13 Avoidance of Potential Pitfalls
- •21.15 Conclusions
- •References
- •22: History of Fat Transfer
- •22.1 Introduction
- •22.2 History
- •References
- •23.1 Introduction
- •23.2 Relevant Anatomy and Pathophysiology
- •23.3 Clinical Applications
- •23.3.1 Harvesting the Fat
- •23.3.2 Preparation
- •23.4 Applications and Injection Techniques
- •23.4.1 Injection Methods
- •23.5 Complications
- •References
- •24.1 Introduction
- •24.2 Patient Assessment
- •24.4 Anatomy
- •24.5 Liposuction
- •24.6 Tumescent Anesthesia
- •24.7 Liposuction Technique
- •24.8 Summary of Critical Points for Successful Liposuction
- •24.9 Chin Implantation
- •24.10 Submentoplasty
- •24.10.1 Submentoplasty Technique
- •24.11 Dealing with the Visible Submandibular Gland
- •24.12 Complications
- •24.12.1 Over-resection of Fat
- •24.12.2 Sialocele
- •24.12.3 Nerve Injury
- •24.12.4 Seroma
- •24.12.5 Skin Redundancy
- •24.12.6 Chronic Pain
- •24.12.8 Infection
- •24.12.9 Bleeding and Hematomas
- •24.12.10 Skin Slough
- •24.13 Conclusions
- •References
- •Submental Liposuction
- •26: Vaser UAL for the Heavy Face
- •26.1 Introduction
- •26.2 Technologies
- •26.3 Technique
- •26.4 Complications
- •27: Suture Facelift Techniques
- •27.1 Introduction
- •27.2 Concept
- •27.3 Patient Selection
- •27.4 Suture Types and Materials
- •27.4.1 Barbed Sutures
- •27.4.1.2 Anchored Bidirectional Barbed Sutures
- •27.4.1.3 Unidirectional Barbed Sutures
- •27.4.2 Non-barbed Sutures
- •27.4.2.1 Nonabsorbable Non-barbed Sutures
- •27.4.2.2 Absorbable Non-barbed Sutures
- •Upper Face
- •Midface
- •Lower Face
- •Neck
- •27.4.3 Coned Sutures
- •27.4.3.1 Midface
- •27.4.3.2 Neck
- •27.5 Postoperative Care
- •27.6 Complications
- •27.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •28: Bio-Lifting and Bio-Resurfacing
- •28.1 Introduction
- •28.2 Patient Desires
- •28.3 Aging of the Face
- •28.4 T3 Bioresurfacing
- •28.4.2 Young-Peel Method
- •28.4.2.2 Transdermal Introduction of Substances (Trans Peel)
- •28.4.3 Photodynamic Treatment
- •28.6 Biolifting
- •28.6.1 Method
- •28.6.1.2 Middle Layer
- •28.6.1.3 Deep Layer
- •28.6.1.4 Threads of Support
- •28.7 Endo Light Lift
- •28.8 Biodermogenesi™
- •28.9 Bio-Lifting: Protocol of Treatment
- •28.10 Conclusions
- •References
- •29: Standard Facelifting
- •29.1 Introduction
- •29.2 Technique
- •29.3 Postoperative Care
- •29.4 Complications
- •29.4.1 Hematoma
- •29.4.2 Nerve Injury
- •29.4.3 Infection
- •29.4.4 Skin Flap Necrosis
- •29.4.5 Hypertrophic Scarring
- •29.4.7 Parotid Gland Pseudocyst
- •29.5 Discussion
- •29.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •30.1 Introduction
- •30.4 Role of the Retaining Ligaments in Aging Face
- •30.5 Role of the Retaining Ligaments on Facelift
- •30.7 Presurgical Planning of Facelift
- •30.8 Facelift Procedure with Release and Suspension of the Retaining Ligaments and SMAS
- •30.8.1 Design of Skin Incision
- •30.8.2 Dissection
- •30.8.3 Liposuction
- •30.8.4 Treatment of Crow’s Feet and Sagging Lower Eyelid
- •30.8.5 Suspension
- •30.9 Clinical Cases
- •30.9.1 Case 1
- •30.9.2 Case 2
- •References
- •31.1 Introduction
- •31.2 Consultation
- •31.3.2 Photography
- •31.3.4 Preoperative Preparation on the Operating Table
- •31.3.5 Anesthesia: Intravenous Sedation
- •31.3.6 Nerve Mapping
- •31.3.8 Instrumentation
- •31.4 Procedure
- •31.5 The SMAS
- •31.6 Dressings
- •31.7 Results
- •References
- •32.1 Introduction
- •32.2 Technique
- •32.3 Complications
- •32.4 Discussion
- •32.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •33.1 Introduction
- •33.3.1 Marking
- •33.3.2 Anesthesia
- •33.4.1 Dressings
- •33.6 Disadvantages
- •References
- •34.1 Introduction
- •34.2 Strategy and Selection of SMAS Flap
- •34.3 SMAS Flap Study
- •34.4 Discussion
- •34.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •35.1 Introduction
- •35.2 Anatomic Considerations
- •35.2.1 The Facial Nerve
- •35.2.2 The SMAS Layer
- •35.3 Indications
- •35.4 Technique
- •35.5 Discussion
- •35.6 Complications
- •35.6.1 Hematoma
- •35.6.2 Nerve Injury
- •35.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •Recommended Reading
- •36.1 Introduction
- •36.2 Surgical and Functional Anatomy of the Face
- •36.2.1 Parotidomasseteric Fascia
- •36.2.2 Temporal Fascia
- •36.2.3 Deep Cervical Fascia
- •36.2.4 Malar: Buccal Fat Pad
- •36.2.5 Facial Mimetic Muscles
- •36.2.6 Facial Nerve
- •36.2.7 Retaining Ligaments
- •36.3 Anatomicohistologic Study of the Retaining Ligaments of the Face
- •36.3.1 Zygomatic Cutaneous Ligament (McGregor’s Patch)
- •36.3.2 Preauricular Parotid Cutaneous Ligament
- •36.3.3 Parotidomasseteric Cutaneous Ligament
- •36.3.4 Platysma Cutaneous Ligament
- •36.3.5 Mandibular Ligament
- •36.4 Aging Changes in the Face
- •36.5 Facelift and Historical Development of Retaining Ligaments of the Face
- •36.6 Retaining Ligament Correction and SMAS Plication in Facelift
- •36.6.1 Preparations for Surgery and Skin Marking
- •36.6.2 Surgical Technique
- •36.7 Postoperative Care and Complications
- •References
- •37.1 Introduction
- •37.2 Technique
- •37.3 Conclusions
- •References
- •38.1 Introduction
- •38.2 Preoperative Evaluation
- •38.3 Preoperative Markings
- •38.4 Anesthesia
- •38.5 Deep Plane Technique
- •38.6 Postoperative Care
- •38.7 Complications
- •38.8 Discussion
- •Recommended Reading
- •39: Subperiosteal Face-Lift
- •39.1 Introduction
- •39.2 Technique
- •39.2.1 Preoperative Evaluation
- •39.2.2 Surgical Technique
- •39.3 Complications
- •39.4 Discussion
- •39.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •40.1 Introduction
- •40.2 Limited Flap Rhytidectomy Procedures
- •40.3 Extended Flap Rhytidectomy Procedures
- •40.4 Deep-Plane Rhytidectomy
- •40.5 Adjuvant Procedures
- •References
- •41.1 Introduction
- •41.2 Pathomechanics
- •41.3 Preoperative Evaluation
- •41.3.1 Rhytidectomy in the Postbariatric Patient
- •41.4 Postoperative Care and Complications
- •41.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •42: Complications of Facelift Surgery
- •42.1 Introduction
- •42.2 Complications
- •42.2.1 Asymmetry
- •42.2.2 Bleeding
- •42.2.3 Dehiscence
- •42.2.5 Ear Deformities
- •42.2.6 Edema
- •42.2.7 Hair Loss
- •42.2.8 Hematoma
- •42.2.9 Infection
- •42.2.10 Irregularities
- •42.2.11 Necrosis
- •42.2.12 Neurological
- •42.2.13 Pain
- •42.2.14 Pigmentation Changes
- •42.2.15 Salivary Fistula
- •42.2.16 Scar
- •42.2.17 Seroma
- •References
- •43.1 Introduction
- •43.2 Historical Review
- •43.3 Anatomic Guidelines
- •43.4 The Eyebrow and Forehead as an Aesthetic Unit
- •43.5 Position of the Eyebrows
- •43.6 General Indications
- •43.7.1 Frontal Ptosis Degree
- •43.7.2 Depth of the Skin Furrows
- •43.7.3 Asymmetries
- •43.7.4 Frontal Redundant Skin
- •43.8 What Fixing Approaches and Techniques Do We Use?
- •43.8.1 Coronal
- •43.8.2 Pretrichial/Trichial
- •43.8.3 “Half Frontal”
- •43.8.4 Direct Eyebrow Lift
- •43.8.5 Endoscopic
- •43.9 Complications
- •43.10 Discussion
- •43.11 Conclusions
- •References
- •44: Endoscopic Forehead Lift
- •44.1 Forehead Aging Process
- •44.2 Indications
- •44.3 Alternative Methods
- •44.4 Anatomy
- •44.5 Endoscopic Forehead Lift Surgery: Rationale
- •44.6 Technique
- •44.6.1 Instruments
- •44.6.2 Anesthesia
- •44.6.3 Delimitation of the Working Areas
- •44.6.4 Skin Incisions
- •44.6.5 Subaponeurotic Supraperiosteal Dissection
- •44.6.6 Subperiosteal Dissection
- •44.6.7 Interfascial Dissection
- •44.6.8 Communication Between the Two Pockets
- •44.6.9 Endoscope Placement and Use
- •44.6.10 Periosteal and Muscular Sectioning
- •44.6.11 Fixation Suture Placement
- •44.6.12 Closure
- •44.6.13 Postoperative Follow-Up
- •44.7 Complications
- •44.8 Discussion
- •References
- •45.1 Introduction
- •45.2 History
- •45.3 Forehead Anatomy
- •45.5 Nonsurgical Techniques in Forehead Rejuvenation
- •45.6.1 Autogenous Fat Injection
- •45.6.2 Moisturizing Graft
- •45.6.3 Open Frontal Lift
- •45.6.4 Periorbital Approach
- •45.6.6 Forehead Endoscopic Rejuvenation
- •45.7 Complications
- •45.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •46.1 Introduction
- •46.2 Patient Marking
- •46.3 Surgical Procedure
- •46.4 Complications
- •46.5 Discussion
- •46.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •47: Endobrow Lift
- •47.1 Introduction
- •47.2 Anatomy
- •47.3 Endobrow Lift
- •47.3.1 Objectives of a Brow Lift
- •47.3.2 Preoperative Counseling
- •47.3.3 Learning Curve
- •47.3.5 Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatments of Forehead Rejuvenation
- •47.3.6 Direct Operations to the Brow
- •47.3.7 Endoscopic Brow Lift
- •47.3.8 Risks
- •47.4 Variations of Forehead and Brow Lift
- •47.5 Transpalpebral Corrugator Resection
- •47.6 Coronal Incision
- •47.7 Fat Grafting
- •47.8 Suspension and Suture Techniques
- •47.8.1 Thread Lift Guide
- •47.8.2 Thread Lift Risks
- •47.9 Botox (Chemodenervation with Botulinum Toxin)
- •47.10 Endobrow
- •47.10.1 Screw Placement
- •47.10.2 Possible Complications
- •References
- •48: Minimally Invasive Midface Lift
- •48.1 Introduction
- •48.2 Surgical Goals
- •48.3 Indications and Contraindications
- •48.4 Surgical Technique
- •48.4.1 Preoperative Markings
- •48.4.2 Anesthesia
- •48.4.5 Anchoring the Suture to the Deep Temporalis Fascia
- •48.5 Complications
- •48.6 Conclusions
- •Recommended Reading
- •49: Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty
- •49.1 Introduction
- •49.2 Periorbital Aging
- •49.3 Anatomic Considerations
- •49.4 Musculature
- •49.5 Orbital Septum
- •49.6 Levator Palpebrae Superioris
- •49.7 Orbital Fat
- •49.8 Preoperative Evaluation
- •49.9 Ocular Assessment
- •49.10 Operative Procedure
- •49.11 Upper Eyelid Blepharoplasty Approach
- •49.12 Preparation
- •49.13 Postoperative Care
- •49.14 Complementary Treatments
- •49.14.1 Restoration of Infrabrow and Lateral Brow Volume
- •49.14.2 Injectable Fillers
- •49.14.3 Structural Fat Grafting of the Infrabrow Region
- •49.15 Complications
- •49.15.1 Hematomas
- •49.15.2 Blindness
- •49.15.3 Epiphora
- •49.15.4 Suture Line Complications
- •49.15.5 Wound Healing Complications
- •49.15.6 Ocular Injury
- •49.15.7 Contour Irregularities
- •References
- •50: Lower Eyelid Blepharoplasty
- •50.1 Introduction
- •50.2 Periorbital Aging
- •50.3 Anatomic Considerations
- •50.3.1 Lamellae
- •50.3.2 Musculature
- •50.3.3 Orbital Fat
- •50.3.4 Infraorbital and Midface Anatomy
- •50.4 Preoperative Evaluation
- •50.4.1 Ocular Assessment
- •50.4.3 Assessment of Tear Trough or Nasojugal Deformity
- •50.5 Operative Procedure
- •50.5.1 Technique
- •50.5.1.1 Transconjunctival Approach
- •Preparation
- •Postoperative Care
- •50.5.1.2 Skin–Muscle Flap Approach
- •Preparation
- •Incision
- •Fat Removal
- •Closure
- •Postoperative Care
- •50.6 Complementary Treatments with Restoration of Infraorbital Volume
- •50.6.1 Injectable Fillers
- •50.6.2 Orbital Fat Repositioning
- •50.6.3 Suborbicularis Oculi Fat Lift
- •50.7 Structural Fat Grafting of the Infraorbital Region
- •50.8 Complications
- •50.8.1 Ectropion
- •50.8.2 Hematomas
- •50.8.3 Blindness
- •50.8.4 Epiphora
- •50.8.5 Suture Line Complications
- •50.8.6 Wound Healing Complications
- •50.8.7 Skin Discoloration
- •50.8.8 Ocular Injury
- •50.8.9 Contour Irregularities
- •References
- •51: Upper Blepharoplasty of the Asian Eyelid
- •51.1 Introduction
- •51.2 Instrument List
- •51.3 Operative Technique
- •51.4 Postoperative Care
- •Reference
- •52: Medial and Lateral Epicanthoplasty
- •52.1 Introduction
- •52.3 Technique
- •52.3.1 Medial Epicanthoplasty
- •52.3.1.1 Elliptical excision: Von Ammon, Arlt, Hiraga, and Watanabe methods
- •52.3.1.2 Z-Plasty Method
- •52.3.2 Lateral Epicanthoplasty
- •52.4 Complications
- •52.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •53.1 Introduction
- •53.2 Hyaluronic Acid Gel Filler
- •53.3 Patient Marking and Preparation
- •53.4 The Injection
- •53.5 Complications
- •53.6 Discussion
- •53.7 Conclusions
- •References
- •54: Combined Technique in Otoplasty
- •54.1 Introduction
- •54.2 Technique
- •54.3 Complications
- •54.4 Discussion
- •54.5 Conclusions
- •References
- •55: Rhinoplasty
- •55.1 Introduction
- •55.2 Types of Nasal Deformity
- •55.3 Preoperative Analysis
- •55.4 Surgical Techniques
- •55.4.1 Incisions in Rhinoplasty
- •55.4.2 Osteotomies in Rhinoplasty
- •55.5 Complications
- •55.5.1 Intrasurgical Complications
- •55.5.2 Immediate Postoperative Complications
- •55.5.3 Early Postoperative Complications
- •55.5.4 Late Postoperative Complications
- •55.6 Conclusions
- •References
- •56.1 Introduction
- •56.2 Biochemistry
- •56.3 Storage
- •56.4 Mechanism of Action
- •56.5 Duration of Action
- •56.6 Clinical Uses
- •56.6.1 FDA-Approved Uses
- •56.6.2 Aesthetic Off-Label Uses
- •56.8 Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty
- •56.8.1 Initial Consult
- •56.8.2 Physical Examination
- •56.8.3 Nasal Anatomy
- •56.8.4 Anesthesia and Prophylaxis
- •56.8.5 Needles
- •56.8.6 Injection Technique
- •56.8.7 Dosage
- •56.8.8 Postinjection Care
- •56.8.9 Patient Satisfaction
- •56.9.1 Asian
- •56.9.2 African-American
- •56.9.3 Hispanic
- •56.9.4 Arabic (Middle Eastern)
- •56.9.5 Aging
- •56.9.6 Revision Rhinoplasty
- •56.10 Discussion
- •56.11 Conclusions
- •References
- •57: Lip Enhancement: Personal Technique
- •57.1 Introduction
- •57.2 Anatomical Basics of the Human Lip
- •57.3 Injectable Materials
- •57.4 Technique
- •57.5 Postoperative Instructions
- •57.6 Complications
- •57.7 Discussion
- •References
- •58.1 Introduction
- •58.2 Advantages
- •58.3 Mechanism of Action
- •58.4 The Tumescent Technique
- •58.5 Indications
- •58.6 Contraindications
- •58.7 Technique
- •58.8 Complications
- •58.9 Special Considerations
- •58.9.1 Submandibular Gland Exposure
- •58.9.2 Platysmal Band Exposure
- •58.9.3 Thyroid Thickness or Band
- •58.9.4 Receding Chin
- •References
- •59: Neck Lifting Variations
- •59.1 Introduction
- •59.2 Pathophysiology of the Aging Neck
- •59.2.1 Aging Skin
- •59.2.2 Aging Soft Tissue
- •59.2.3 Aging Facial Skeleton
- •59.3 Other Factors
- •59.4 Evaluation of the Aging Neck
- •59.4.2 Physical Findings
- •59.5 Jowl/Mandibular Evaluation
- •59.6 Submental/Neck Evaluation
- •59.7 Surgical Technique Selection
- •59.7.1 Nonsurgical Intervention
- •59.7.2 Botulinum Toxin A
- •59.7.3 Skin Tightening Procedures
- •59.7.4 Intradermal Fillers
- •59.7.5 Laser Resurfacing
- •59.8 Surgical Treatment
- •59.8.1 Liposculpting
- •59.8.2 Platysmaplasty
- •59.8.3 Rhytidoplasty
- •59.9 Special Neck Lifting
- •59.9.1 Vertical Neck Lift
- •59.9.2 Horizontal Neck Lift
- •59.10 Clinical Pearls and Pitfalls
- •References
- •60.1 Introduction
- •60.2 Technique
- •60.3 Instructions
- •60.3.1 Day of Treatment
- •60.3.2 Second Day: Micropore Tape Mask Removal and Application of Subgalatic Mask
- •60.3.3 Eighth Day: Bismuth Subgalatic Mask Removal
- •60.4 Patient Instructions
- •60.4.1 Shopping List
- •60.4.2 Night Before Procedure
- •60.4.3 The Procedure (Day 1)
- •60.4.6 Days Four (4) to Seven (7)
- •60.4.7 Mask Removal on Day Eight (8)
- •60.5 Remember
- •60.6 Complications
- •60.7 Discussion
- •60.8 Conclusions
- •61.1 Applications of Permanent Cosmetics
- •61.2 Preprocedure Preparation
- •61.3 Pigment Blends
- •61.4 Eyebrows
- •61.5 Lips
- •61.6 Postprocedure Considerations
- •61.6.1 Longevity
- •61.6.2 Risks
- •61.7 Conclusions
- •Recommended Reading
- •62.1 Introduction
- •62.4 Mechanism of Action/Histology
- •62.5 Technique
- •62.6 Longevity
- •62.7 Complications
- •62.8 Conclusions
- •References
- •63.2 Prevalence
- •63.3 Clinical Features
- •63.3.1 Morphological Changes
- •63.3.2 Metabolic Changes
- •63.3.3 Pathogenesis
- •63.3.4 Protease Inhibitors
- •63.4 HIV Infection
- •63.5 Nutritional Status, Age, and Adiposity
- •63.6 Female Sex
- •63.7 Cytokines
- •63.8 Management
- •63.8.1 Nonsurgical Treatment of HIV Facial Lipoatrophy
- •63.9 Autologous Fat Transfer
- •63.9.1 History of Autologous Fat Transfer
- •63.10 Theories of Fat Graft Survival
- •63.11 Histological Evaluation of Transplanted Fat
- •63.12 Technique
- •63.13 Surgical Technique
- •63.13.1 Anaesthesia of the Donor Site
- •63.13.2 Choice of Donor Site
- •63.13.3 Harvesting Method
- •63.15 Placement
- •63.16 Post-operative Care
- •63.17 Complications
- •63.18 Discussion
- •63.19 Conclusions
- •References
- •64.1 Introduction
- •64.2 Comparative Studies
- •References
- •65.1 Introduction
- •65.2.1 Duty
- •65.2.2 Breach of Duty (Negligence)
- •65.2.3 Causation
- •65.2.4 Damages
- •65.3 Avoiding Lawsuits
- •65.4 What to Do When a Lawsuit Is Threatened or Filed
- •Index
322 |
P.A. Bacci |
The author prefers to use a wavelength around the 640–690 nm in association with a lower wavelength (530–580 nm) nm in most cases. Normally, in the patients with Fitzpatrick, 5–6 IPL is not used. The scheme for the use of IPL in Bioresurfacing is:
1.Endermologie treatment
2.Scrub peel
3.Intensive pulsed light
ss 640 nm × 23–27 J/cm2 ss 560 nm × 24–28 J/cm2
4.Sessions at 15, 21, and 30 days
When it is necessary, the result can be increased using a non-ablative diode laser 532 by a rotating scanner for stimulating new connective structure and new cellular metabolism [34, 35] (Fig. 28.6).
28.5T3-Bioresurfacing: Protocol of Treatment
The treatment is used for the cutaneous improvement of the skin irregularities and for the signs of aging by stimulating the production of new collagen and stimulating the extracellular matrix. Different sessions at 15, 21, and 30 days are performed.
1.Physiotherapeutic phase with lymphatic drainage, skin vascularization, and connective stimulation using Lift Massage Endermologie® LPG System.
2.Scrub-peel using superficial microdermabrasion with crystals of corundum to smooth the skin and to open the horny layer followed by introduction of precursor substances of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid using dermoelectroporation connected to the instrument “Ultrapeel Transderm®” or “Eporex System®” that allows opening of the pores that are the watery channels.
3.Energy administration by Intensive Pulsed Light offered by an instrument Quantum® IPL with an energy of 532–695 nm, or rotating diode laser scanner 532 nm (by Italian laser Eufoton®) that allows stimulation of the cellular function and the extracellular matrix.
At the end, an antiherpetic cream or lenitive substances can be applied for therapy or cosmetic action.
Bioresurfacing allows the patient to use makeup about 20 min after the procedure. Particularly in winter, the
patient uses a nighttime cream based with phytic acid and vitamin C (Stand By 5% Vitamin C® cream), to alternate sometimes with a mix of retinoic acid (0.0025%) and lower part of cortisone cream in low dosage. Such protocol will not produce immediate visual effects from the surgery or from the use of fillers but it will favor a slow but continuous improvement of the aspect and the tropism of the skin with progressive rejuvenation of the face.
28.6 Biolifting
In patients without true cutaneous excess and tissue prolapse and where the aesthetic pathology is characterized by a reduction of the “structure” and of the “tropism” of the skin with reduction or regression of the adipose and the connective tissue, surgery is not always suitable and is not the first indicated treatment, even if it can be sometimes of help. These cases, as a rule, represent the large majority of the patients 25–40 years of age. These patients do not have an indication for the traditional surgery with traction and excision of the tissues. They are patients with “nasogenial wrinkles” that begin to become “nasogenial folds” and, especially in hyperactive subjects, where the crows’ feet and the peribuccal irregularities are in association with the true and deep wrinkles. As a rule, these patients are found in the central phase of their social evolution and working activity. They normally request lesser treatments and above all wish to improve without changing. The treatment of choice is dermosurgical, mini-invasive treatments, and the use of substances of fillers to increase the volume and to redraw the contours of the face.
The substances that the author prefers are the traditional “Fillers” that have the characteristic to be natural and to be reabsorbed in different periods of time, but always absorbable substances. These substances belong to two major groups: the family of collagen and that of hyaluronic acid. The collagen was initially derived from tendons of ox and horse that required testing for the dangers of allergies and complications. Today, such risks are reduced and we have a new pork collagen not requiring test and with good results on the time (Evolence®).
Hyaluronic acid can also be used. It has the principal characteristic to be natural (not from animal derivation), absorbable, and does not have complications. Nonlinked hyaluronic acid constitutes a substance of great use in ophthalmology and orthopedics. The non-linked
