Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Age-Related Changes of the Human Eye_Cavallotti, Cerulli_2008
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52.Snyder WB. Laser coagulation of the anterior segment: I. Experimental laser iridotomy. Arch Ophthalmol 1967;77:93-98.
53.Perkins ES: laser iridotomy. Br med J 1970;2:580-581.
54.Khuri CH. Argon laser iridectomies. Am J Ophthalmol 1973;76:490-493.
55.Del priore LV, Robin AL, Pollack IP: Neodymium:YAG and argon laser iridotomy: long-term follow-up in a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 1988;95;1207-1211.
56.Thomas JV, Simmons RJ, Belcher CD III. Argon laser trabeculoplasty in the presurgical glaucoma patient. Ophthalmology 1982;89:187-197.
57.Weve H: Die Zyklodiatermie das corpus ciliarebei Glaukom. Zentralbl Ophthalmol 1933;29: 562-569.
58.Bietti G. Surgical intervention of the ciliary body. JAMA 1950;142:889-897.
59.Friedman DS, O’Colmain BJ, Munoz B et al. Prevalence of age-related macular degeneration in the United States. Arch Ophthalmol 2004; 122:564-72.
60.Klein R, Klein BE, Linton KL. Prevalence of age-related maculopathy. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology 1992; 99:933-943).
61.Pacella E, Picaro I, Pagliarini S, Vingolo E.M, Balacco Gabrieli C. Acuita’ visiva nei pazienti affetti da retinite pigmentosa nelle diverse forme ereditarie. Boll Ocul 1995; 6:997-1007.
62.Balacco Gabrieli C, Pagliarini S, Bozzoni F, Pacella E,.Rasi V. La neovascolarizzazione coroidale nella degenerazione maculare correlata all‘eta’. Atti Del Corso: Neovasi Oculari. Neovasi Sottoretinici. Neovasi Retinici. Retinopatie Ischemiche, Retinopatie Proliferanti, A Cura Di: R. Brancato,G. Coscas, B. Lumbroso Roma 16-18 Nov. 1990. Cap. 2, pp. 9-15, Ed. Verduci, Roma, 1992.
63.Tatar O et al. Consequences of verteporfin photodynamic therapy on choroidal neovascular membranes. Arch Opthalmol. 2006;124:815-823.
64.Balacco Gabrieli C, Castellano L, Palmisano C, Moramarco A, Pacella E. Studio controllato sull’efficacia del trattamento a lungo termine con mesoglicano nella retinopatia diabetica. Boll Ocul 1990 Anno 69;5:885-891.
65.Balacco Gabrieli C, Pacella E. Studio clinico sull’ efficacia e tollerabilita’ di un esparansolfato (clarema retard) nel trattamento della retinopatia arteriosclerotica. Minerva Oftalmol 1993;35:3-7.
66.Turchetti P, Pacella E, Pacella F, Bozzoni Pantaleoni F, Balacco Gabrieli C. The role adrenomedullin in diabetic retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci ( ARVO). 2004; 1614107/ B569.
67.Balacco Gabrieli C, Chetri A, Pacella E. Light and miopia. Myopia International Research Foundation Inc., V Intern. Conf.On Myopia,I.C.O., Singapore 1990, pp. 11-21. 14-16 Marzo, 1990.
68.Scuderi G, Balacco Gabrieli C, Recupero SM. La miopia. In: Verducci ed.1993.
69.Curtin BJ. The myopia. In: Harper & Row, Philadelphia, 1985.
70.Slataper FJ. Age norms of refraction and vision. Arch Ophthalmol 1950;43:466.
71.Balacco Gabrieli C, Chetri A, Palmisano C, Castellano L, Pacella E. Eziopatogenesi della miopia. Oftalmografia N°2, Esam Futura, Roma, 1989.
72.Balacco Gabrieli C. Aetiopathogenesis of degenerative myopia. A hypothesis. Opthalmologica 1982;185:199-204.
73.Balacco Gabrieli C. La mipia. Roma: verducci ed.1986.
74.Balacco Gabrieli C. l’eziopatogenesi della miopia degenerativa. Un’ipotesi. Contattologia medica 1983;1:71.
75.Raviola E, Wiesel TN. Effects of atropine on experimental myopia in macaque monokeys. ARVO Abstract. Invest. Ophtalmol. Vis. Sci. 1978;17:485.
76.Hoyt CS, Stone RD, Fromer C, Billson FA: Monocular axial myopia associated with neonatal eyelid closure in human infants. Am J Ophthalmol 1981;91:197-200.
77.Balacco Gabrieli C, Moramarco A, Cruciani F, Filipec M, Bozzoni Pantaleoni F, Carresi C, Pacella E. Variations des hormones steroides dans une population de myopes forts. Ophtalmologie 1995;9:473-475.
78.Pacella E, Cruciani F, Santino G, Abdolrahimzadeh B, Balacco Gabrieli C.The role of steroid hormones in hight myopia: clinical investigation. International Symposium in honour of G.B.
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Bietti. Current Concepts on MYOPIA - Basics, Clinical Research and Surgery; Rome, Sept. 21-24 95. Final program and abstr. book, 59, 1995.
79.C. Balacco Gabrieli, E. Pacella, A. Moramarco, F. Bozzoni, F. Cruciani. Hormonal balance in high myopia: clinical investigation. Arvo: The Association for Research of Vision and Ophthalmology. Annual Meeting Fort Lauderdale, Florida 21-26 Aprile 1996.
80.Hollwich F, Dieckhues B. The effect of natural and artificial light via the eye on hormonal and metabolic balance of animal and man. Ophthlmologica 1980;180:188-197.
81.Hollwich F. Studies on the effect of the “energetic portion” of the optic nerve on functional processes and especially on the water balance. Ber. Dtsch. Ophthal. Ges. 1958;54:326.
82.Hollwich F. Effect of light via the eyes on the color changes of the frog. Klin Mbl Augen; 1958;133:748.
83.Balacco Gabrieli C, Santoro G, Santoro M, Lattanti V, Di Gioia C, Giorgino R. Plasmatic and urinary steroids in the high myopia. III note: cortisol, 17-KS (prolific females). Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1978;54:981.
84.Balacco Gabrieli C, Santoro G, Santoro M, Bellizzi M, Giorgino R. Plasmatic and urinary steroids in the high myopia. IV note: progesterone, 17-beta estradiol, 17OH, 17-KS. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1978;54:984.
85.Aveysov ES, Winezkaija NF. Einige stoffwechsel werte fursanfte mukopolysaccaride bei der myopie. Klin Mbl Augen 1976;168:750.
86.Balacco Gabrieli C. the aetiopathogenesis of degenerative miopia. Ann. Ophthlmol 1983;15:312.
87.Wiesel TN, Raviola E. Myopia and eye enlargment after neonatal lid fusion in monkeys. Nature 1997;266:66-68.
88.Raviola E, Wiesel TN. Increase in axial lenght of the monkey eye after corneal opacification. Invest. Ophtalmol Vis Sci 1979;18:1232-1236.
89.Balacco Gabrieli C, Chetri A, Palmisano C, Pacella E, Castellano C. luce e miopia. Atti del Corso Teorico Pratico “Luce e Occhio” Roma Dic. 1989.
90.Balacco Gabrieli C, Chetri A, Pacella E. Light and miopia. V Internetional Conf. On Miopia. Syngapore, marzo 1990.
91.Trachtman J, Wallman J. Estreme miopia produced by modest changes in early visual experience. Science 1978;201:1249-51.
92.BalaccoGabrieliC.:Aetiopathogenesisofdegenerativemiopia.Ahypothesis.Ophthalmologica 1982;185 n.4:199.
93.Balacco Gabrieli C, Santoro G, Santoro M, Scardapane P, Tundo R, Giorgino R. Plasmatic and urinary steroids in the high myopia. II note: cortisol, 17-KS (males). Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1978;54:978.
94.Balacco Gabrieli C, Santoro G, Santoro M, Lattanzi V, Di Gioia C, Giorgino R. Plasmatic and urinary steroids in the high myopia. III note: cortisol, 17-KS (prolific females). Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper 1978;54:984.
95.Greene PR. Miopia, the sclera; mechanical stress and the obliques. 3rd Int conf Myopia. Copenhagen. 1980.
96.Young FA. Intraocular pressure dynamics associated with accomodation. 3rd Int Conf on Myopia. Copenhagen 1980.
97.Young FA. Comunication at the Copenhagen myopia conference in relation to own paper, the distribution of myopia, in man and monkey. Doc Ophthalm Proc Ser 1980;28:5-11.
98.Tepperman J. Fisiologia metabolica ed endocrina. Pensiero scientifico edit. Roma 1969.
99.Balacco Gabrieli C, Pacella E, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Giustolisi R Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for high miopia. Advance Ophthalmic Laser Surgery an International Training Course, Interlaken, Switzerland 26-28 giugno 1997.
100.Pacella E, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Abdolrahimzadeh B, Mollo R, Balacco Gabrieli C Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for hygh myopia and myopic astigmatism. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci ( ARVO). 1998; 1608 B489: S347.
101.Balacco Gabrieli C, Pacella E, Abdolrahimzadeh S. Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy for hig myopia and myopic astigmatism. Ophthalmic Surgery Lasers 1999;30(6):442-448.
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102.Pacella E, Pacella F, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Vulcano C.L, Brandozzi M, Mollo R, Balacco Gabrieli C. Photorefractive keratectomy in the manegement of high myiopic defect, tissuesaving vs planoscan. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci ( ARVO). 2006;-3621/B105.
103.Balacco Gabrieli C, Lorusso V, Moramarco A, Pacella E. Myopic cataract and implantation. Acta Of The V° Congr.Intern., On Cataract And Refractive Microsurgery pp. 143-144. Proceedings Of The V International Congress Florence, Italy; Giugno 1989. A.E Maumenee, W.J. Stark, I. Esente. Cappelli Edit. Bologna, 1991.
104.Contestabile MT, Recupero SM, Palladino D, De Stefanis M, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Suppressa F, and C Balacco Gabrieli al“A new method of biofeedback in the management of low vision Eye, Jul 2002; 16 (4):472-80.
105.Giorgi D, Contestabile M, Pacella E, Balacco Gabrieli C.An instrument for biofeedback applied to vision. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. 2005;30(7):389-395.
106.Balacco Gabrieli C, Giorgi, Dario, Pacella E, Turchetti P, Pacella F, Mascaro T, Vingolo E, Vulcano C.L Biofeedback and visual rehabilitation in patients with macular degeneration. Invest.Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. (ARVO). 2006;- 798/B719.
Chapter 22
Many Suggestions to Protect the Eyes in Aging People
Panagiotis Karavitis, MD, Nicola Pescosolido, MD, and Fernanda Pacella, MD
Abstract Some eye problems do not threaten our eyesight. Others are more serious diseases and can lead to blindness. Some common eye complaints can be treated easily. Sometimes they can be signs of more serious problems. Other eye problems can lead to vision loss and blindness. Often they have few or no symptoms. Having regular eye exams is the best way to protect our eyes. In this chapter we report the major suggestions to protect our eyes in aging.
The Greek Society for the Prevention of Vision Loss and Blindness suggests some precautions to prevent age-related changes and/or diseases of the human eyes. These precautions are similar to those established by the National Eye Institute (NEI) in the USA, or the Italian Institute for Vision (IIV) in Italy.
Are you holding the newspaper farther away from your eyes than you used to? Join the crowd—age can bring changes that affect your eyesight. Some changes are more serious than others, but no matter what the problem, there are things you can do to protect your vision. The keys are regular eye exams and finding problems early.
Keywords eyesight, blindness, protection, prevention, professional care, Check, eye diseases, low vision.
Five Steps for Protecting Your Eyesight
1)Have your eyes checked every one or two years by an eye care professional. This can be an ophthalmologist or an optometrist. He or she should put drops in your eyes to enlarge (dilate) your pupils. This is the only way to find some eye diseases, such as diabetic retinopathy, that have no early signs or symptoms. If you wear glasses, they should be checked too.
2)Find out if you are at high risk for eye disease. Are you over age 65? Do you or people in your family have diabetes or eye disease? If so, you need to have a dilated eye exam.1
3)Have regular physical exams to check for diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure. These diseases can cause eye problems if not treated.2
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4)See an eye care professional right away if you suddenly cannot see or everything looks dim, or if you see flashes of light. Also see an eye care professional if you have eye pain, fluid coming from the eye, double vision, redness, or swelling of your eye or eyelid.
5)Wear sunglasses that block ultraviolet (UV) radiation and a hat with a wide brim when outside. This will protect your eyes from too much sunlight, which can raise your risk of getting cataracts.
Common Eye Problems
Some eye problems do not threaten your eyesight. Others are more serious diseases and can lead to blindness. The following common eye complaints can be treated easily. Sometimes they can be signs of more serious problems.3,4,5,6,7
Presbyopia is a slow loss of the ability to see close objects or small print. It is a normal process that happens as you get older. Holding the newspaper at arm’s length is a sign of presbyopia. You might also get headaches or tired eyes when you read or do other close work. Reading glasses usually fix the problem.
Floaters are tiny specks or “cobwebs” that seem to float across your eyes. You might notice them in well-lit rooms or outdoors on a bright day. Floaters can be a normal part of aging. Sometimes they are a sign of a more serious eye problem such as retinal detachment. If you see many new floaters and/or flashes of light, see your eye care professional right away. This is considered a medical emergency.
Tearing (or having too many tears) can come from being sensitive to light, wind, or temperature changes. Protecting your eyes, by wearing sunglasses for example, may solve the problem. Sometimes, tearing may mean a more serious eye problem, such as an infection or a blocked tear duct. Your eye care professional can treat both of these conditions.
Eyelid problems can come from different diseases or conditions. Common eyelid problems include red and swollen eyelids, itching, tearing, being sensitive to light, and crusting of eyelashes during sleep. This condition is called blepharitis and may be treated with warm compresses. Other less common eyelid problems, such as swelling or growths, can be treated with medicine or surgery.8,9,10,11
Eye Diseases and Disorders
The following eye problems can lead to vision loss and blindness. Often they have few or no symptoms. Having regular eye exams is the best way to protect yourself. If your eye care professional finds a problem early, there are things you can do to keep your eyesight.
Cataracts are cloudy areas in the eye’s lens causing loss of eyesight. Cataracts often form slowly without any symptoms. Some stay small and don’t change
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eyesight very much. Others may become large or dense and harm vision. Cataract surgery can help. Your eye care professional can watch for changes in your cataracts over time to see if you need surgery. Cataract surgery is very safe. It is one of the most common surgeries done in Greece.
Corneal diseases and conditions can cause redness, watery eyes, pain, lower vision, or a halo effect. The cornea is the clear, dome-shaped “window” at the front of the eye. Disease, infection, injury, and other things can hurt the cornea. Some corneal conditions are more common in older people.
Treatments for corneal problems can be simple. You may just need to change your eyeglass prescription and use eye drops. In severe cases, corneal transplantation is the treatment. It generally works well and is safe.
Dry eye happens when tear glands don’t work well. You may feel itching, burning, or have some vision loss. Dry eye is more common as people get older, especially among women. Your eye care professional may tell you to use a home humidifier, or special eye drops (artificial tears), or ointments to treat dry eye. In serious cases special contact lenses or surgery may help.
Glaucoma comes from too much fluid pressure inside the eye. Over time, the pressure can hurt the optic nerve. This leads to vision loss and blindness. Most people with glaucoma have no early symptoms or pain from the extra pressure. You can protect yourself by having regular eye exams through dilated pupils. Treatment may be prescription eye drops, medicines that you take by mouth, laser treatment, or surgery.
Retinal disorders are a leading cause of blindness in Italy. The retina is a thin tissue that lines the back of the eye and sends light signals to the brain. Retinal disorders that affect aging eyes include:
Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
AMD affects the part of the retina (the macula) that gives you sharp central vision. Over time, AMD can ruin the sharp vision needed to see objects clearly and to do common tasks like driving and reading. In some cases, AMD can be treated with lasers. Photodynamic therapy uses a drug and strong light to slow the progress of AMD. Another treatment uses injections. Ask your eye care professional if you have signs of AMD. Also ask if you should be taking special dietary supplements that may lower your chances of its getting worse.
Diabetic Retinopathy
This is a problem that may appear if you have diabetes. It happens when small blood vessels stop feeding the retina as they should. It develops slowly and there
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are no early warning signs. Laser surgery and a treatment called vitrectomy can help. Studies show that keeping blood sugar under control can prevent diabetic retinopathy or slow its progress. If you have diabetes be sure to have an eye exam through dilated pupils at least once a year.
Retinal Detachment
This is when the retina separates from the back of the eye. When this happens, you may see more floaters or light flashes in your eye, either all at once or over time. Or it may seem as though there is a curtain in front of your eyes. If you have any of these symptoms, see your eye care professional at once. This is a medical emergency. With surgery or laser treatment, doctors often can bring back all or part of your eyesight.
Low Vision
Low vision affects some people as they age. Low vision means you cannot fix your eyesight with glasses, contact lenses, medicine, or surgery.12,13,14,15 It can get in the way of your normal daily routine. You may have low vision if you:
●have trouble seeing well enough to do everyday tasks like reading, cooking, or sewing;
●can’t recognize the faces of friends or family;
●have trouble reading street signs; or
●find that lights don’t seem as bright as usual.
If you have any of these problems, ask your eye care professional to test you for low vision. There are special tools and aids to help people with low vision read, write, and manage daily living tasks. Lighting can be changed to suit your needs. You also can try large-print reading materials, magnifying aids, closed-circuit televisions, audio tapes, electronic reading machines, and computers that use large print and speech. Other simple changes also may help:
●Write with bold, black felt-tip markers.
●Use paper with bold lines to help you write in a straight line.
●Put coloured tape on the edges of your steps to help you keep from falling.
●Install dark-coloured light switches and electrical outlets that you can see easily against light-coloured walls.
●Use motion lights that turn on by themselves when you enter a room. These may help you avoid accidents caused by poor lighting.
●Use telephones, clocks, and watches with large numbers; put large-print labels on the microwave and stove.
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References
1.Balacco GC, Pacella E, and Abdolrahimzadeh S (1998) Neovascular glaucoma. Capitolo XI, Pathophysiology of the eye, 4. Glaucoma, J Feher ed, Akademial Kiado, Budapest
2.Pescosolido N, Pacella E, Sagnelli P, Cavallotti C (2005) Effect of systemic anti-hypertensive drugs on intraocular pressure. Nuova Stampa Medica Ital 25(4):5–14
3.Pacella E, Leopardi S, Abdolrahimzadeh S, Stalfieri M, Mollo R, Balacco Gabrieli C (1997) Terapia topica antiglaucomatosa: prospettive terapeutiche. Boll Ocul, Anno 76 5:713–723
4.Hurst JW (1986) Medicina clinica, ed Masson
5.Goodman & Gilman’s The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (1987) McGraw-Hill, 9th Ed
6.Pecori Giraldi J, Pacella E, Librando A, Gabrielli A, Pacella F, Galasso R, Panichi A (2001) Tre anni di esperienza con il latanoprost nel glaucoma ad angolo aperto. Boll Ocul 80:593–600
7.Pecori Girardi J, Pacella E, Librando A, Gabrieli A, Cofone C (2002) La combinazione latana- prost-timololo e la duplice somministrazione di timololo 0.050% associato o no con latanaprost: efficacia e tollerabilita’ nel gpaa. Boll Ocul Anno 81 5/6:11–15
8.Alm A (1995) Latanoprost administered once daily caused a maintained reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients treated concomitantly with timolol. Br J Ophthalmol 79:12
9.Hartenbaum D (1996) The efficacy of dorzolamide, a topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, in combination with timolol in the treatment of patients with open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension. Clin Ther 18:460
10.Meyer-Schwickerath G (1956) Erfahrungen mit der Licht-koagulation der Netzhaut und der Iris. Doc Ophthalmol 10:91–131
11.Snyder WB (1967) Laser coagulation of the anterior segment: I. Experimental laser iridotomy. Arch Ophthalmol 77:93–98
12.Perkins ES (1970) Laser iridotomy. Br Med J 2:580–581
13.Khuri CH (1973) Argon laser iridectomies. Am J Ophthalmol 76:490–493
14.Del Priore LV, Robin AL, Pollack IP (1988) Neodymium:YAG and argon laser iridotomy: long term follow-up in a prospective, randomized clinical trial. Ophthalmology 95;1207–1211
15.Thomas JV, Simmons RJ, Belcher CD III (1982) Argon laser trabeculoplasty in the presurgical glaucoma patient. Ophthalmology 89:187–197
Index
A
Aberrations
of cornea, 40–41 of eye, 39–40
ABT. See Aldehyde-Bisulfite-Toluidine Blue Accessory lachrymal gland, 306–307
ACE inhibitors, role in IOP in elderly patient, 298
Acetazolamide, 376
role in IOP in elderly patient, 298 Acidic proteoglycans, 136.
See also Proteoglycans
Actin, 10
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs), 53, 283, 313
Advanced non-exudative AMD. See Geographic atrophy
Aged people, visual impairment in cataract, 375–378 degenerative myopia, 376
Age-related changes, 133, 134 in apraxia of eyelid, 332
in blepharospasm, 334–335 blink rate, 324
and eyeblink conditions, 336 eyelid movement, 325–328 in lachrymal gland, 309–310
animal studies, 312–313 human studies, 310–312
in subnuclear system, 360 cranial nerves, 361–363
distal insertions and associated structures, 368–369
extraocular muscle, 363–365 muscle fiber population, 365–367
in supranuclear system
the cerebellum, 346–349 the cerebrocerebellum and
pontocerebellar pathway, 356–360
the spinocerebellar pathway, 351–356 the vestibulocerebellar pathway,
349–351 in tear fluid, 309
Age-related eye disease, 7, 291, 293 Age-related Eye Disease Study, 291 Age-related Eye Disease Study II, 293 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD),
239, 240, 273–274, 287, 376, 381–383
abundance of peroxisomes in RPE in, 282 anisotropy in, 283
basal lamina deposits, 241 basement membrane of RPE in, 278 Bruch’s membrane (BM), 241 bruch’s membrane changes in, 278 drusen in ocular fundus, 241–242 eyes structure, 279–280
histochemical composition of bruch’s membrane in, 280
methods for detection of, 275–277 morphological alterations of mitochondria
in, 281
neovascular AMD, 244–246 anti-angiogenic therapies, 249–250 laser photocoagulation, 248 photodynamic treatment, 248 retinal rotation techniques, 251 surgical removal of CNV, 250–251
transplantation of the autologous RPE, 251
transpupillary thermotherapy, 248–249
triamcinolone and cortison in, 250 non-exudative, 287
management of, 290–293 stages of, 289–290
non-neovascular abnormalities in, 288–289
399
400
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) (cont.)
non-neovascular AMD, 247–248 lutein and zeaxanthin effects, 252
rheopheresis and laser application, 252 peroxisomal contribution to basement
membrane thickening of RPE, 278–279
photoreceptor (PR) cells, damage of, 240 risk factors for, 242–244
RPE alteration in, 277–278 RPE role, 240
statistical analysis of anisotropy in, 279–280
AGEs. See Advanced glycation end products Aging, 133
eye, optics of, 41–43 Alcian blue, 136
ALCIAN BLUE-CEC Method, 136.
See also Trabecular meshwork, stining methods
Aldehyde-Bisulfite-Toluidine Blue, 276–277
Alpha-actin (ACTA1) gene, 13 Alpha-tropomyosin, 15
AMD. See Age-related macular degeneration AMD and normal eyes structure, statistical
analysis of, 280 Amyloidosis, 164–166
Anecortave (Retaane), cortisene, 250 Anterior mosaic crocodile shagreen, 48 Antidesmin labeling, 10
Antihypertensive drugs, role in IOP in elderly patient, 298–299
Antioxidative vitamins, 252 Apoptosis, 71
Apraxia, 332 Arcus senilis, 45
AREDS. See Age-related Eye Disease Study AREDS II. See Age-related Eye Disease
Study II Asteroid hyalosis, 166–167 Astigmatism, 49
Astrocytes, 148–152, 173, 266
B
Balacco-Gabrieli hypothesis, 386–387 B cells, 153, 176, 179
Bell’s palsy. See Hemifacial paralysis Bevacicumab (Avastin), drug, 220, 250 B-galactosidosis enzyme, 382 Blepharoptosis, 11, 327–328 Blepharospasm, 334–335
Index
Blessig-Iwanoff cysts, 198 Blessig-Iwanoff holes, 194 Blindness
AMD cause, 274, 287 cataract cause, 394–395 corneal diseases and, 395 degenerative myopia, 386–387
diabetic retinopathy cause, 383, 385, 395–396
eye problems and, 394 permanent, 378 prevention of, 376
primary open angle glaucoma, 379 and reduced vision
causes of, 4
estimated prevalence of eye diseases, 4 world prevalence of, 1–3
retinal detachment, 396 retinal disorders cause, 395
Blink
definition of, 319
neuroanatomical and neurophysiological circuit, 320–324
rate in human, 324 recovery in Bell’s palsy, 329 reflex, 321
reflex circuit, 321 reflex excitability, 12
β–Blockers, role in IOP in elderly patient, 298, 301
Blood pressure
β–blocker reduces systemic, 298 correlation of IOP and, 299, 302 reduction of, 300
risk factor for glaucoma, 297 SBP and DBP values of, 301 systolic, 296
values of arterial, 298 Botulinum toxin, 331, 334 Bovine vitreous, 158 Brophenol blue (BPB), 269 Brown atrophy, 134
Bruch’s membrane, 219, 225, 230, 241, 274, 278, 283, 288
alteration of, 274–275 changes, 278
empty vacuoles accumulation in, 281 histochemical composition of, 279 inner collagenous layer of, 278
lipid deposits in, 274 lipid peroxides in, 282
polarization microscopy of, 283 thickening of, 278–279
Bursa, 160