Ординатура / Офтальмология / Английские материалы / Age-Related Changes of the Human Eye_Cavallotti, Cerulli_2008

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carbonate soap deposits and a strong increase of the number of capillaries (obliterated aneurisms) are seen. Dry and wet macular degeneration are clinical pictures often discussed in pathology. Finally, the cystoids of the macula begin with an oedema with brilliant irregular foveal reflexes that surround the macula. In the macula there may be an isolated vesicle, dark red in color, with sharply defined edges. In the periphery, the most frequent lesions are cystic degeneration and Blessig-Iwanoff holes, especially located in the ora serrata.1 This damage derives from small, highly reactive molecules known as free radicals2 that are produced during normal metabolic processes and are associated with important cellular functions.3 Of these damaging agents, we shall consider reactive oxygen intermediates capable of inducing oxidative stress. In addition, peroxy-nitrites, endogenic alkylating agents and aldehyde products, resulting from the oxidation of lipids, also have the capacity to damage macromolecules (protein and lipid complexes, DNA, etc.).4 Macromolecular damage results in cellular disfunction manifested by nuclear instability, inappropriate cell differentiation, and consequent cell death (necrosis or apoptosis).5

These age-related changes of the retina primarily cause a loss of visual acuity and impairment of color discrimination as well as reduction of the visual field. Impairment of visual functions in aged subjects has long been considered the consequence of opacity of the dioptric media, while little attention has been paid to the retinal age-related changes. In light of our present findings, we can hypothesize that the fall in visual acuity occurring in old age is influenced, at least in part, by the age-related changes observed in human retinal tissues.6

Age-related Changes of the Human Retina

Our group studied the Scanning Electron Microscopic (SEM) features of the human retina. For a detailed evaluation of the effects of aging on retinal morphology, a quantitative analysis of images was performed for obtaining morphometric data. Our findings underlined that the human retina can be considered an optimal model for studies of neuronal maturation and/or neuronal aging, with particular sensitivity to age-related changes and senile decay.7

Major Senile Diseases of the Retina

From a review of the patients hospitalized in our Clinical Sections of Ophthalmology in the last five years, the major ocular pathologies of elderly people are as follows:

●senile cataracts

●senile detachment of the retina