Unit 1: introduction to contracts_revision

agreement

a concord of understanding and intention, between two or more parties, with respect to their relative rights and duties, certain past or future facts and performances

соглашение; договоренность; согласие

contract

a legally binding agreement between two or more parties that defines their respective rights and responsibilities

договор

offer

a proposal made to another party (called the offeree) to enter into a legal agreement on certain terms

оферта; предложение

offeror

the person who makes the offer

оферент; лицо, делающее предложение

offeree

the person who receives the offer

адресат оферты; лицо, которому делается предложение

counter-offer

an offer that is made by one side in a disagreement after the other side has made an offer that is not acceptable

встречное предложение

acceptance

a final and clear agreement to the terms of an offer

акцепт

acceptor

the offeree who accepts the offer

акцептант

consideration

some right, interest, profit or benefit accruing to the one party or some forbearance, detriment, loss or responsibility suffered by the other

встречное удовлетворение по договору; встречное предоставление

intention to

establish legal

relationship

an intention to enter into a legally binding arrangement in which the rights and obligations of the agreement are enforceable

намерение установить правовые отношения

to revoke /

withdraw an offer

to say officially that an offer is no longer in effect

отозвать оферту

forbearance

the action of refraining from exercising a legal right, e.g. deliberately choosing not to claim for a debt

воздержание от действия (например, отказ кредитора от применения принуди­тельных (судебных) мер против должника)

express contract

a contract in which the terms are stated in words, either oral or written.

прямо выраженный дого­вор; договор с условиями, прямо выраженными в письменной / устной форме

implied contract

a contract in which the terms and existence are manifested by conduct rather than words

подразумеваемый договор; договор на основе конклю­дентных действий

bilateral contract

a contract which is formed when one party makes a promise in return for the promise of the other party, and the mutual promises are bin-ding

двусторонний договор

unilateral

contract

a contract in which a promise is given by one party in return for the other’s performance or forbearance of an act

односторонний договор

to enforce

(the agreement)

to ask a court to require the other party to perform its part of the deal

принуждать к исполнению договора в судебном

порядке

unenforceable

contract

a contract which is valid but not capable of being enforced in a court due to the absence of some essential legal requirements

не имеющий исковой силы договор; не могущий быть принудительно исполнен­ным в судебном порядке

reciprocal

contract

a contract the parties to which enter into mutual engagements

взаимный договор

valid contract

a legally-binding contract that meets the requirements of law

действительный договор; договор, имеющий юридическую силу

void contract

a contract which has no legal effect and cannot be enforced by either party

ничтожный договор; договор, не имеющий юридической силы

voidable contract

a contract that may be either avoided or enforced at the option of at least one of the parties

оспоримый договор

illegal contract

an agreement to do something contrary to law or public policy

незаконный договор; договор, заключение или исполнение которого противоречит закону

legally binding

contract

a valid contract in which the parties are legally obligated to carry out its terms which include actions that are required or prohibited

договор, обязательный для исполнения; юридически обязательный договор

to terminate a

contract

to legally end the contract before both parties have fulfilled their obligations under the terms of the contract

расторгнуть договор

repudiation

(v. to repudiate)

the act by one party to a contract of renouncing their obligations under the contract when they are unwil-ling or unable to perform aforesaid obligations

отказ от исполнения обязательства по договору

to avoid a

contract

to lawfully cancel a contract when it is implausible to continue being bound by the contract or it is not profitable to maintain the terms and conditions of the contract as it was written

аннулировать договор

terms

provisions that determine the nature and scope of an agreement

условия договора

condition

a premise upon which the fulfillment of an agreement depends

условие об обстоятель­ствах, от наступления кото­рых зависит возникнове­ние/прекращение прав и обязанностей по договору

condition

precedent

a condition that must occur before a duty of immediate performance arises under a contract.

предварительное условие; отлагательное условие

condition

subsequent

a condition that happens after the formation of a contract and relates to a specific event that can release one party from the obligations under the contract

последующее условие; отменительное условие

breach of a

contract

a violation of any of the agreed-upon terms and conditions of a binding contract

нарушение договора

injured party

a party that was harmed by the other party due to the breach of contract

потерпевшая сторона

party in breach

a party that violated any of the agreed-upon terms and conditions of a binding contract

сторона, нарушившая договор

material breach

a failure to perform the obligations laid out within a contract when one party receives significantly less benefit or a significantly different result than what was specified in the contract

существенное нарушение договора

remedy for breach of a contract

a solution provided to an injured party in case of breach of contract

средство правовой защиты в случае нарушения договора

lost profits

the profit which the nondefaulting promisee expected to make from the breached contract or the profit which he expected to make from the collateral transactions based upon the promised performance

упущенная выгода

injunction

a type of court order that either prohibits a party from doing or continuing to do a particular thing (prohibitory injunction), or orders that party to carry out a certain act (mandatory injunction)

судебный запрет; судебный приказ

restitution

a remedy which is used to restore the injured party to the position occupied before the contract

реституция; восстановление первоначального правового положения сторон (status quo)

specific

performance

a court order which obliges the breaching party to perform the obligations which they promised to perform under the terms of the contract

исполнение в натуре

undue influence

an inappropriate pressure (or the unlawful intensity of persuasion) applied by a more po-werful party on a less powerful party to enter into (or refrain from entering into) a legally binding agreement against their will

недолжное влияние

duress

a compulsion, coercion, or pressure to do something. In a legal sense, this refers to for-cing someone to sign a contract, by threatening his personal safety, his reputation, or other personal issue

принуждение

misrepresentation

a statement, which is untrue, made by someone for the purpose of encouraging another party to enter into a contract

введение в заблуждение

unconscionability

a term in Contract Law that is used to describe the terms of a contract that are so severely unfair or one-sided that no reasonable person would enter into such a contract

недобросовестность

recitals

a formal statement appearing in a legal document such as a contract that provides the background information to the contract and explains the reasons for the transaction (are referred to as the “whereas” clauses)

декларативная часть,

констатирующая часть документа

boilerplate

provisions

the standard terms used in a certain category of contracts

стандартные положения договора

deed

a written document executed under seal that transfers the ownership of property, especially real property, from one individual to another

договор за печатью