Богачев ВН (лекции 2010г) / ГЛАВА 8. МЕХАНИЗМЫ ПОВОРОТА (2020г)NEW
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Ƚɥɚɜɚ 8. Ɇɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ.
ɂɫɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ:
FQ – ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ, H;
L– ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɥɟɬ, ɦ;
Gi – ɜɟɫɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɧɚ, H;
Xi – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɧɚ, ɦ;
nɤɪ d 3 ɦɢɧ-1- ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ;
ɝɪɭɩɩɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ (1Ɇ, … ,6Ɇ);
t6– ɜɪɟɦɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɡɚ ɜɟɫɶ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ȽɉɆ, ɱ; kH ȿ - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɷɤɜɢɜɚɥɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ;
ɉȼ - ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ, %.
§1. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɯɟɦ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ.
ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.8.1. Ɉɛɨɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɟ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.8.1:
Gɬ , Gɦɩɨɞ ,Gɦɩɨɜ , Gɦ, Gɩɪ – ɜɟɫɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɬɚɥɢ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɞɴɟ-
ɦɚ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫɚ;
X ɦɩɨɞ , X ɦɩɨɜ , Xɦ, Xɩɪ – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɚ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɭɡɥɚ ɫ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɦ ɢɧɞɟɤɫɨɦ;
Fɝ– ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ; Fɜ – ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɭɡɟɥ;
hɩ – ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɢɧɚɦɢ ɨɩɨɪ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɢɥɵ Fɝ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. |
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Ɋɢɫ.8.1. ɉɪɢɦɟɪɵ ɫɯɟɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɵɯ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ.
1 – ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ, 2 – ɦɭɮɬɚ, 3 – ɬɨɪɦɨɡ, 4 – ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪ, 5 ɢ 7 – ɲɟɫɬɟɪɧɹ ɢ ɤɨɥɟɫɨ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ, 6 – ɦɭɮɬɚ ɩɪɟɞɨɯɪɚɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ, 8 – ɬɚɥɶ, 9 – ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɞɴɟɦɚ, 10 – ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.8.1,ɚ,ɛ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ: ɪɢɫ.8.1,ɚ – ɜɵɥɟɬ ɤɪɚɧɚ - ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭ ɰɟɯɚ;
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. |
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ɪɢɫ.8.1,ɛ – ɜɵɥɟɬ ɤɪɚɧɚ - ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ ɤɪɚɧɚ.
ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.8.1,ɜ,ɝ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɫɯɟɦɵ ɤɪɚɧɨɜ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ ɫ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɟɣ ɛɚɥɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ: ɪɢɫ.8.1,ɜ – ɜɵɥɟɬ ɤɪɚɧɚ
– ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɣ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɧɚ; ɪɢɫ.8.1,ɝ – ɤɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫɨɦ, ɜɵɥɟɬ ɤɪɚɧɚ - ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɣ, ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɥɭ ɰɟɯɚ.
§2. Ɉɩɨɪɧɵɟ ɭɡɥɵ.
1. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɚɯ.
1.1 Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ Rɝ.
ɚ) ɤɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɥɟɬɨɦ.
Rɝ |
FQ Gɡɚɯ L ¦Gi' Xi' ¦Gi" Xi" |
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hɩ |
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ɝɞɟ Gi' ɢ Gi" |
- ɜɟɫɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɧɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨ- |
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ɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɭ;
X i' ɢ X i" - ɪɚɫɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɞɨ ɰɟɧɬɪɨɜ ɬɹɠɟɫɬɢ ɨɬ-
ɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɚɧɚ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɢ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ, ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɧɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɭ.
ɛ) ɤɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɥɟɬɨɦ.
Rɝ |
FQ |
Gɬ L ¦Gi' Xi' ¦Gi" Xi" |
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hɩ |
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Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɥɵ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɟ ɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɵ Fɝ Rɝ .
1.2 ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ Rɜ.
ɚ) ɤɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɥɟɬɨɦ.
Rɜ FQ Gɡɚɯ ¦Gi .
ɛ) ɤɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɵɥɟɬɨɦ.
Rɜ FQ Gm ¦Gi .
ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɩɨɪɭ Fɜ Rɜ .
2. Ʉɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɨɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɭɡɥɨɜ ɤɪɚɧɚ.
Ƚɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Fɝ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɜɭɯɪɹɞɧɵɟ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ (ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɢɥɢ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜɵɟ) ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɢ ɤɚɱɟɧɢɹ
(ɪɢɫ.8.2, 8.3, 8.6).
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. |
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Ɋɢɫ. 8.2. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɨɣ.
Ɋɢɫ. 8.3. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɨɣ. 1 – ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɚɣɛɚ, 2 – ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɚɣɛɚ.
ȼ ɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɨɩɨɪɭ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɚɹ ɫɢɥɭ Fɝ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ (ɤɚɬɤɨɜ), ɤɚɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ (ɪɢɫ.8.4, 8.5).
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. |
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ɉɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɪɨɥɢɤɚ (ɪɢɫ.8.4), ɟɫɥɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɫ ɝɪɭɡɨɦ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɝɪɭɡɚ ɫɢɥɚ F ɝ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɜ ɨɞɧɭ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ (ɤɪɚɧ ɛɟɡ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫɚ), ɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɚ (ɪɢɫ.8.5 ) – ɟɫɥɢ ɜ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ (ɤɪɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɜɟɫɨɦ).
Ɋɢɫ. 8.4. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɨɥɢ ɤɚɦɢ.
Ɋɢɫ. 8.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ ɫ ɱɟɬɵɪɶɦɹ ɪɨɥɢɤɚɦɢ.
Fn – ɫɢɥɚ ɜɡɚɢ ɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɪɨɥɢɤɚ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɨɣ (ɪɢɫ.
8. 4 ).
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ɉɪɢ ɪɭɱɧɨɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɟ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ D |
30o; ɩɪɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɩɪɢ- |
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ɜɨɞ ɟ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɛɥɢɡɢ |
ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɨɩɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚ ɸɬ D 40o ɩɪɢ |
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ɞɜɭ ɯ ɪɨɥɢɤɚɯ, D 40o ɢɥɢ D 4 |
5o ɩɪɢ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɪɨɥɢɤɚɯ. |
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Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. |
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Ɋɨɥɢɤɢ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɛɨɱɤɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵ ɦɢ ɢ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚ ɸɬ ɩɨ ɤɨ ɧɬɚɤɬɧɵɦ ɧɚɩɪɹɠ ɟɧɢɹɦ. Ɉ ɫɢ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɹɸɬ ɧɚ ɢɡɝɢɛ, ɚ ɰɚɩɮɵ ɨɫɟɣ ɢ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɹ ɞɥɹ ɰɚɩɮ - ɧɚ ɫɦɹɬɢɟ.
ȼɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Fɜ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɭɩɨɪɧɵɣ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤ ɤɚɱɟ-
ɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ.8.3, 8.6).
Ɋɢɫ. 8.6. ȼɟɪɯ ɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɤɪɚɧɚ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ. 1 – ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɚɣɛɚ, 2 – ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɲɚɣɛɚ.
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɦɨɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɭɩɨɪɧɵ ɣ |
ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤ ɞɨ ɥɠɟɧ |
ɨɩ ɢɪɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɲɚɪɧɢɪ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɣ ɢɡ |
ɤɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɚɣɛɵ 1 |
ɢɫɮɟɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɲɚɣɛɵ 2 (ɪɢɫ.8 .3, 8.6).
ȼɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɟɣɫɹ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɨɣ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɨɩɨɪɭ ɜɵɩɨɥ ɧɹɸɬ
ɤɨ ɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ (ɪɢɫ.8.3) ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɦ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Fɝ, ɢ ɫ ɭɩɨɪɧ ɵɦ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɦ, ɜɨɫɩɪ ɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Fɜ. ȼɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ – ɩɥɚɜɚɸɳɚɹ (ɪɢɫ.8.2) ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧ ɵɦ ɩɨɞɲ ɢɩɧɢɤɨɦ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢ ɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧ ɬɚɥɶɧɭ ɸ ɫɢɥɭ Fɝ.
ȼ ɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ - ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ: ɜɟɪɯɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ (ɪɢɫ.8.6) - ɤɨɦɛɢɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɚɹ ɫ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɦ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɝɨɪɢɡɨɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Fɝ, ɢ ɫ ɭɩɨɪɧ ɵɦ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɦ, ɜɨɫɩɪ ɢɧɢɦɚɸɳɢɦ ɜɟɪɬɢɤɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Fɜ. ɇɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ – ɩɥɚɜɚ ɸɳɚɹ, ɜɨɫɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɟɬ ɝɨɪɢɡɨ ɧɬɚɥɶɧɭɸ ɫɢɥɭ Fɝ. ȼ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɨɩɨɪɭ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɬ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ (ɤɚɬɤɨɜ), ɤɚɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨ ɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧ ɟ (ɪɢɫ.8.4, 8.5).
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. |
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3. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɨɪ.
ɉɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ nɤɪ < 1 ɦɢɧ-1 ɢ ɜ ɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɫ ɪɭɱɧɵɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɨɦ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɢ ɤɪɚɧɨɜɵɯ ɨɩɨɪ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ.
ɍɫɥɨɜɢɹ ɩɪɢɝɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ: ɚ) ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɋɨr t[Rɝ ,
ɛ) ɭɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɋɨɚ t[Rɜ ,
ɝɞɟ ɋor ɢ Cɨɚ - ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɢ ɨɫɟɜɚɹ ɛɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɨɝɭ; [ = 1,5 … 4 – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɡɚɩɚɫɚ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ
ɩɥɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ; ɞɥɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ [ = 1,5 … 2; ɞɥɹ ɭɩɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɸɬ [ = 4.
ȿɫɥɢ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɭɠɟɧɵ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɜ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ (ɪɢɫ. 8.1) ɢɥɢ ɫɢɥɨɣ ɨɬ ɦɭɮɬɵ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ [ = 2,25 … 2,5 . ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɭɬɨɱɧɹɸɬ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɟɤɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ ɢɥɢ ɦɭɮɬɵ.
ɉɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ nɤɪ t1 ɦɢɧ-1 ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɢ ɤɪɚɧɨ-
ɜɵɯ ɨɩɨɪ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɪɟɫɭɪɫ ɩɨ ɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɫ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɟɪɤɨɣ ɩɨ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɫɬɢ. Ɍ.ɤ. ɱɚɫ-
ɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ nɤɪ d 3 ɦɢɧ-1<10 ɦɢɧ-1,ɬɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ nɤɪ
=10ɦɢɧ-1 .
ȼɤɪɚɧɚɯ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ
ɜɜɢɞɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ (ɤɚɬɤɨɜ), ɤɚɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɪɨɥɢɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɚ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɚɯ(ɪɢɫ.8.4). Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɢɥɚ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɳɚɹ ɧɚ ɨɞɢɧ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤ
Fr |
Fn |
Rɝ |
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4 cosD |
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ɑɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢɤɚ np |
nkp |
Dk |
, |
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Dp |
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ɝɞɟ Dk ɢ Dp -ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ ɢ ɪɨɥɢɤɚ
(ɪɢɫ 8.5).
ɉɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɪɨɥɢɤɚ 1 ɦɢɧ-1dnɪ d 10 ɦɢɧ-1 ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ nɪ =10 ɦɢɧ-1 .
§3. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɭ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɨɣ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ.
Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ Ɍɬɪ ɨɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɩɨɪɚɯ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ.
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. |
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1.Ʉɪɚɧɵ ɫ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɭɩɨɪɧɵɦ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɚ-
ɦɢ. (ɪɢɫ. 8.1)
T |
R f |
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d |
ɜ |
R |
f |
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d |
ɧ |
R |
f |
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dɭ |
, |
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2 |
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2 |
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2 |
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ɬɪ |
ɝ |
p |
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ɝ |
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p |
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ɜ |
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y |
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ɝɞɟ fp ɢ fy – ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɚɯ (ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɬɢɩɚ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ) ;
dɜ, dɧ, dɭ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɟ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ, ɧɢɠɧɟɝɨ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɭɩɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ɉɛɵɱɧɨ ɨɛɚ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɚ ɩɪɢɧɢɦɚɸɬ ɨɞɢɧɚɤɨɜɵɦɢ, ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, dɜ = dɧ = dɪ, ɝɞɟ dɪ – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ.
Ɍɨɝɞɚ |
Tɬɪ |
Rɝ f p dɪ Rɜ fy |
dɭ |
. |
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2.Ʉɪɚɧɵ ɧɚ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ, ɟɫɥɢ ɧɢɠɧɹɹ ɨɩɨɪɚ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɚ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ (ɤɚɬɤɨɜ), ɤɚɬɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ.
ɋɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɪɚɫɫɦɨɬɪɢɦ ɧɢɠɧɸɸ ɨɩɨɪɭ. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬɧɚɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɚ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.8.5.
Ʉɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ ɩɨ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɩɥɨɫɤɨɫɬɢ. Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨ ɚɧɚɥɨɝɢɢ ɫ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɦ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ (ɝɥ.7, §3) ɦɨɠɧɨ ɡɚɩɢɫɚɬɶ ɫɢɥɭ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɪɨɥɢɤɚ
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2 |
F |
§ |
f |
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P¸ |
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Fɫɬ |
2 Tɫɬ |
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ɩ |
© |
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p |
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¹ |
, |
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Dɪ |
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Dɪ |
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ɝɞɟ Dɪ – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɪɨɥɢɤɚ;
d – ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧɧɢɣ ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɪɚɞɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɲɢɩɧɢɤɨɜ ɜ ɪɨɥɢɤɚɯ. Ɇɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɤɚɱɟɧɢɸ ɞɜɭɯ ɪɨɥɢɤɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɫɢ
ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ
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Dɤ Dɪ |
§ |
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d |
· |
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Dɤ Dɪ |
, |
(8.1) |
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Tɬɪɪ |
2 Fɫɬ |
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2 Fn ¨ |
f p |
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P¸ |
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2 |
2 |
Dɪ |
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ɝɞɟ Dɤ – ɞɢɚɦɟɬɪ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɨɧɧɵ (ɪɢɫ.8.5).
ȼ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.1) Fn |
Fɝ |
. |
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2 cosD |
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(8.2) ɉɨɞɫɬɚɜɢɜ (8.2) ɜ (8.1), ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɩɨɥɭɱɢɦ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ Tɬɪɇ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɨɩɨɪɟ
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F |
§ |
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d |
· |
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Dɤ Dɪ |
. |
Tɬɪ |
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Tɬɪ |
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ɝ |
¨ |
f p |
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P¸ |
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2 |
Dɪ |
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ɇ |
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Ɋ |
cosD © |
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Ɍɨɝɞɚ ɩɨɥɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɭ ɤɪɚɧɚ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ ɫɭɦɦɟ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɬɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɜɟɪɯɧɟɣ ɢ ɧɢɠɧɟɣ ɨɩɨɪɚɯ
Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. |
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d |
ɜ |
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d ɭ |
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F |
§ |
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d |
· |
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Dɤ Dɪ |
. |
Tɬɪ |
Tɬɪ |
Tɬɪ |
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Fɝ f p |
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Fɜ f y |
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ɝ |
¨ |
f p |
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P¸ |
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Dɪ |
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§4. Ɋɚɫɱɟɬ ɢ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ.
1. ɗɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ.
Ɋɚɫɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɹ ɭɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɟ ɧɟɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɟɝɨɫɹ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɩɭɫɤɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɝɨɧɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ
ɪɚɡɝɨɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɣː |
ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɪɢ n= |
ː. Ɍɨɝɞɚ |
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˒˓.˒. |
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˒˓.˒. |
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˒ˑ, |
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ή ή |
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ɝɞɟ |
ݐ˒ |
ݐʞ |
ʡː |
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ˍ |
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ː |
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(8.3) |
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ʜ ή ݐ˒ˑ |
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ˍ |
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ȼ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɪɚɡɝɨɧɚ ɡɚɤɚɧɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ˔˕,ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɭ ˔˕ ɧɚ ɜɚɥɭ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɬ ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ. Ɍ.ɤ. ɞɥɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɨɜ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ʡ˔˕ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɦɚɥ, ɬɨ ˕ 0,99 ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ). ɫɢɧɯɪɨɧɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ; ɟɺ ɡɚɞɚɸɬ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ [6] ɜ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ (8.3) ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɵ ɝɪɚɧɢɰɵ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɬ n=0 ɞɨ n= ˔˕. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɵ ɭɬɨɱɧɺɧɧɵɟ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɩɭɫɤɚ ݐ˒ˑ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɨɬ ɮɨɪɦɭɥ (5.16) ɢ (5.17).
1.Ɉɛɳɟɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɤɨɪɨɬɤɨɡɚɦɤɧɭɬɵɦ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɪɢɢ ȺɂɊ ɢ ȺɂɊɋ
ݐ |
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ɩɨ |
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(8.4) |
Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 8.1 ɢ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.8.7. 2.Ʉɪɚɧɨɜɵɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ ɫ ɮɚɡɧɵɦ ɪɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɟɪɢɢ ɆɌ ɩɪɢ ɬɪɺɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɦ ɩɭɫɤɟ
ݐ˒ˑ , . |
(8.5) |
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Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 8.1 Ɋɚɫɱɺɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ
ɫɬɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɨɦɟɧɬɚ ʡ˔˕ (ɤɪɚɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɞɥɹ ɚɫɢɧ-
ʡː
ɯɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɟɪɢɢ ȺɂɊ ɢ ȺɂɊɋ
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ʤʰˀ |
1,0 |
0,9 |
0,8 |
0,7 |
0,6 |
0,5 |
0,4 |
0,3 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0.05 |
0,02 |
0,01 |
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0,67 |
0,77 |
0,87 |
0,97 |
1,07 |
1,17 |
1,27 |
1,37 |
1,47 |
1,57 |
1,62 |
1,65 |
1,66 |
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ʡ˔˕/ʡː |
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ʤʰˀˁ |
0,69 |
0,77 |
0,86 |
0,94 |
1,02 |
1,1 |
1,2 |
1,3 |
1,38 |
1,47 |
1,52 |
1,55 |
1,56 |
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Ɍɟɯɧɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɝɪɭɡɨɩɨɞɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɦɚɲɢɧɵ. |
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Ɋɢɫ. 8.7. Ɋɚɫɱɺɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ʡ˔˕.
ʡː
1-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɟɪɢɢ ȺɂɊ, 2-ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɫɟɪɢɢ ȺɂɊɋ
1.1.ɉɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɵɛɨɪ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ (ɧɢɠɟ ɩɪɟɞɜɚɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɦɟɱɟɧɵ ɲɬɪɢɯɚɦɢ).
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɚɹ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɨɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤȼɬ
ː 9550ː ː,
ɝɞɟ ː 0,9 ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ.
ɉɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ
. ή ˓ˈˇ ή ˑˊ˒,
ˍ˓
ɝɞɟ ˓ˈˇ ɢ ˑˊ˒ - ɩɟɪɟɞɚɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɪɟɞɭɤɬɨɪɚ ɢ ɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɣ ɡɭɛɱɚɬɨɣ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱɢ. , ˓ˈˇ ɢ, ɩɨ-ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ, ˑˊ˒ ɨɤɪɭɝɥɹɸɬ ɞɨ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧ ɧɟɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨ, ɬɨ ˑˊ˒ ,
ɝɞɟ ݖ ˋ ݖ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɡɭɛɶɟɜ ɤɨɥɟɫɚ ɢ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɧɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ.
ȿɫɥɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɚ ɫɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɨɪɨɬɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɤɪɚ-
ɧɚ, ɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɩɟɪɟɞɚɱ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɡɚɰɟɩɥɟɧɢɟɦ ˑˊ˒ 1, ɚ ɫ ɜɧɭɬɪɟɧ-
ɧɢɦ - ˑˊ˒ 1.
Ɏɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɤɪɚɧɚ ˍ˓.˗. , ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɚ
ɨɬɥɢɱɚɬɶɫɹ ɨɬ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ 10%. ȼ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɧɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɸɬ i.
ɇɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɜɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɬɪɟɛɭɟɦɵɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɡɝɨɧɚ ɫ ɡɚɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɭɫɤɨɪɟɧɢɟɦ
ή ˒˓.˒ή ːή ˒ˑ.
ʞ
ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɢɧɟɪɰɢɢ ɩɪɢ ɩɭɫɤɟ