- •Foreword
- •Preface
- •Acknowledgements
- •Preamble
- •Contents
- •About the Authors
- •List of Figures
- •Abstract
- •1.1 Introduction
- •1.2 History of Soil Classification Systems
- •1.2.1 Soil Classification Systems
- •1.2.1.1 Australian Soil Classification System (2016)
- •1.2.1.2 Canadian Soil Classification System
- •1.2.1.3 Chinese Soil Taxonomy
- •1.2.1.4 England and Wales Soil Classification System
- •1.2.1.5 France Soil Classification System
- •1.2.1.6 Kuwait Soil Taxonomy Hierarchy
- •1.2.1.7 Norway Soil Classification System
- •1.2.1.8 Russian Soil Classification System
- •1.2.1.9 South African Soil Classification System
- •1.2.1.10 United Arab Emirates Keys to Soil Taxonomy
- •1.2.1.11 USDA-NRCS Keys to Soil Taxonomy
- •1.2.1.12 World Reference Base for Soil Resources (WRB Classification)
- •References
- •Abstract
- •2.1 Introduction
- •2.2 The Soil That We Classify
- •2.3 Lower Boundary of Soil
- •2.4 Nonsoil Materials
- •2.5 Buried Soils
- •References
- •Abstract
- •3.1 Introduction
- •3.2 Basic System of Horizon and Layer Designations
- •3.2.1 Master Horizons and Layers
- •3.2.2 Suffix Symbols
- •3.2.3 Conventions for Using Horizon Designation Symbols
- •3.2.4 Vertical Subdivisions
- •3.2.5 Discontinuities
- •3.2.6 The Prime Symbol
- •3.2.7 The Caret Symbol
- •3.3 Diagnostic Surface and Subsurface Horizons
- •3.3.1 The Epipedon
- •3.3.1.1 Ochric Epipedon
- •3.3.2 Diagnostic Subsurface Horizons
- •3.3.2.1 Anhydritic Horizon
- •3.3.2.2 Argillic Horizon
- •3.3.2.3 Calcic Horizon
- •3.3.2.4 Cambic Horizon
- •3.3.2.5 Gypsic Horizon
- •3.3.2.6 Petrocalcic Horizon
- •3.3.2.7 Petrogypsic Horizon
- •3.3.2.8 Salic Horizon
- •3.4 Diagnostic Soil Characteristics
- •3.4.1 Free Carbonates
- •3.4.2 Identifiable Secondary Carbonates
- •3.4.3 Aquic Conditions
- •3.4.4 Lithic Contact
- •3.4.5 Soil Moisture Regimes
- •3.4.5.1 Soil Moisture Control Section
- •3.4.5.2 Classes Soil Moisture Regimes
- •3.4.6 Soil Temperature Regimes
- •References
- •4 Families and Series Differentiae
- •Abstract
- •4.1 Introduction
- •4.2.1 Control Section for Particle-Size Classes
- •4.2.1.1 Root-Limiting Layers
- •4.2.1.3 Key to the Particle-Size and Substitute Classes
- •4.3 Mineralogy Classes
- •4.3.1 Control Section for Mineralogy Classes
- •4.3.2 Key to Mineralogy Classes
- •4.4.1 Use of the Cation-Exchange Activity Classes
- •4.4.3 Key to Cation-Exchange Activity Classes
- •4.5 Soil Temperature Class
- •4.5.1 Control Section for Soil Temperature
- •4.5.2 Key to Soil Temperature Class
- •4.6 Soil Depth Classes
- •4.6.1 Key to Soil Depth Classes
- •4.7 Series Differentiae Within a Family
- •4.7.1 Control Section for the Differentiation of Series
- •4.7.1.1 Key to the Control Section for the Differentiation of Series
- •References
- •Abstract
- •5.1 Introduction
- •5.2 Soil Orders Identified in Kuwait
- •5.2.1 Aridisols
- •5.2.2 Entisols
- •5.3 Understanding Soil Taxonomic Classes
- •5.4 Key to Soil Orders
- •5.5 Key to Suborders of Aridisols
- •5.5.1 Argids
- •5.5.2 Calcids
- •5.5.3 Cambids
- •5.5.4 Gypsids
- •5.5.5 Salids
- •5.6 Key to Suborders of Entisols
- •5.6.1 Orthents
- •5.6.2 Psamments
- •References
- •Abstract
- •6.1 Introduction
- •6.2 Soil Orders
- •6.2.1 Entisols
- •6.2.2 Aridisols
- •6.3 Soil Suborders
- •6.4 Soil Great Groups
- •6.5 Soil Subgroups
- •6.6 Soil Families
- •6.6.1 Families in the Soil Order Aridisols
- •6.6.2 Families in the Soil Order Entisols
- •6.7.1 Hypergypsic Mineralogy
- •6.7.2 Gypsic Mineralogy
- •6.7.3 Carbonatic Mineralogy
- •6.7.4 Mixed Mineralogy
- •6.7.5 Shallow
- •6.7.6 Coarse-Gypseous
- •6.7.7 Sandy-Skeletal
- •6.7.8 Sandy
- •6.7.9 Loamy
- •6.7.10 Coarse-Loamy
- •6.7.11 Fine-Loamy
- •6.7.12 Hyperthermic
- •References
- •Abstract
- •7.1 Introduction
- •7.2 Soil Samples Collection, Preparation and Processing
- •7.4 Coarse Fragments
- •7.5 Moisture Content
- •7.6 Loss on Acid Treatment (LAT)
- •7.9 Extractable Cations
- •7.11 Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP)
- •7.12 Saturation Percentage (SP)
- •7.13 Preparation of Saturated Soil Paste
- •7.14 Saturation Extract Analysis
- •7.15 Electrical Conductivity of Soil Saturation Extract (ECe)
- •7.16 Osmotic Potential (OP)
- •7.17 Soil Reaction or Hydrogen Ion Activity (pH)
- •7.18 Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR)
- •7.19 Water Retention
- •7.20 Bulk Density (BD)
- •7.21 Particle Density (PD)
- •7.22 Porosity
- •7.23 Soil Organic Matter and Organic Carbon
- •7.24 Engineering Data
- •7.24.1 Atterberg Limits
- •7.24.1.1 Liquid Limit (LL)
- •7.24.1.2 Plastic Limit (PL)
- •7.24.1.3 Plasticity Index (PI)
- •7.24.2 Percent Passing Sieves
- •7.24.3 Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
- •7.24.4 AASHTO Group Classification
- •7.25 Soil Mineralogy
- •7.26 Clay Mineralogy
- •7.26.1 X-Ray Diffraction Criteria
- •References
- •Author Index
1.2 History of Soil Classification Systems |
7 |
|
|
1.2.1.10 United Arab Emirates Keys to Soil Taxonomy
Based on the soil survey work completed in different phases, Dubai emirate (2002– 2005, Dubai Municipality 2005), Abu Dhabi emirate (2006–2009, EAD 2009a, b) and Northern emirates of UAE (2010–2012, EAD-MOEW 2012), later Shahid et al. (2014) made significant efforts to publish United Arab Emirates Keys to Soil Taxonomy. The soil classifications in Abu Dhabi emirate soil survey was based on 10th edition (Soil Survey Staff 2006) and Northern emirates of UAE on 11th edition (Soil Survey Staff 2010) of USDA-NRCS Keys to Soil Taxonomy. The field book was used to describe soil horizons of the profile (Schoeneberger et al. 2002, 2012). The United Arab Emirates Keys to Soil Taxonomy (Shahid et al. 2014) is an essential tool to further soil classification studies in the UAE. The development of this valuable piece of work is unique in the Arab region. In this context, the USDA-NRCS recognized this book a basic system that will prove to be very beneficial to anyone wishing to classify and correlate soils within the region.
1.2.1.11 USDA-NRCS Keys to Soil Taxonomy
In the Unites States of America, the Soil Taxonomy was initially developed to support National Cooperative Soil Survey Program. Later, Ditzler and Ahrens (2006) has recognized that the previous system of soil classification was limited in its usefulness and could not be applied consistently by a large cadre of soil scientists with diversified levels of skills and experience. The first edition of Soil Taxonomy was published in 1975 (Soil Survey Staff 1975). Dr. Guy Smith took the leadership to develop this first edition over a period of 25 years. This basic source of soil classification published 45 years ago has been used to support soil survey efforts in many countries including but not necessarily limited to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (MAW 1985), Sultanate of Oman (MAF 1990), Kuwait (KISR 1999a, b), State of Qatar (Scheibert et al. 2005) and United Arab Emirates (EAD 2009a, b; EAD-MOEW 2012). This basic soil classification system of USA was further revised through number of international committees and many soil scientists, whose work was reflected in 8 editions of Keys to Soil Taxonomy and culminated in the form of the 2nd edition of the full Soil Taxonomy text in the year 1999 (Soil Survey Staff 1999). Later further refinements were made by adding new discoveries of soils and 4 new editions of Keys to Soil Taxonomy were published over a period of 1999 to 2014, the most recently, the 12th edition of the Keys to Soil Taxonomy (Soil Survey Staff 2014).