4.Regions of the uk and charact.

• Climate;

• Location;

• Industries;

• Major centres.

North East

NE England (bordering Scotland)

Cool, wet; exposed to North Sea

Renewable energy, automotive, offshore engineering

Newcastle, Sunderland

North West

NW England

Maritime; wet, mild winters

Digital/media, aerospace, logistics

Manchester, Liverpool

Yorkshire and the Humber

N-central England

Variable; relatively dry eastern side

Advanced manufacturing, food processing, health tech

Leeds, Sheffield, Hull

East Midlands

Central/East England

Mild, drier than west

Logistics, pharma, automotive

Nottingham, Leicester, Derby

West Midlands

Central/West England

Temperate; moderate rainfall

Automotive (Jaguar, Aston Martin), engineering

Birmingham, Coventry

East of England

Eastern England (coastal)

Driest UK region; mild

Agri-tech, biotech, finance (London overflow)

Cambridge, Norwich, Peterborough

London

South East, Thames Valley

Mild, urban heat island; driest winters

Finance, tech, creative industries, tourism

London

South East

Surrounding London (excluding London)

Warmest/driest UK region

Tech, aerospace, education

Reading, Brighton, Oxford

South West

SW England (Cornwall to Gloucestershire)

Mild, wet; maritime influence

Tourism, aerospace, agriculture, renewables

Bristol, Plymouth, Exeter

Scotland

Northern UK

Cool, wet (west), drier (east); variable

Energy (oil/gas, renewables), whisky, finance, tech

Edinburgh, Glasgow, Aberdeen

Wales

West of England

Wet (especially uplands); mild

Steel (historically), renewables, tourism, public sector

Cardiff, Swansea, Newport

Northern Ireland

Location: North-eastern part of the island of Ireland; shares a land border with the Republic of Ireland; separated from Great Britain by the Irish Sea.

Climate: Temperate maritime — mild, moist, and changeable; frequent rainfall (especially in western uplands), cool summers (avg. 15–18°C), and mild winters (avg. 4–7°C); rarely experiences extreme temperatures or heavy snow.

Major Industries:

Aerospace (e.g., Bombardier/ Spirit AeroSystems in Belfast)

ICT and software (growing tech hub, ‘Belfast Silicon Glen’)

Agri-food (dairy, meat processing — key export sector)

Renewable energy (wind, emerging hydrogen projects)

Tourism (driven by natural/cultural heritage, e.g., Giant’s Causeway, Game of Thrones sites)

Major Centres:

Belfast (capital and largest city — economic, political, and cultural hub)

Derry/Londonderry (second-largest city, historic walled city)

Lisburn, Newry, and Armagh (smaller but significant urban centres)

9.Vegetation and wildlife in GB. National parks.

Vegetation and wildlife

• Vegetation in gb

Key Vegetation Types:

Deciduous Woodland (original natural climax vegetation)

Dominated by oak (Quercus robur/petraea), ash, birch, beech, and hazel.

Understory: bluebells, wood anemone, bramble, ivy.

Now covers only ~13% of GB (only ~2% ancient woodland remains).

Best preserved in protected areas (e.g., National Parks, nature reserves).

Coniferous Plantations (largely human-planted since 20th c.)

Mainly Sitka spruce, Scots pine, larch — especially in uplands (e.g., Scottish Highlands, Wales).

Cover ~8% of land; important for timber, but lower biodiversity than native woodlands.

Grasslands (most widespread today due to farming)