Английский язык для моряков / Труханова Англ для моряков

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для изучения английского языка в области судовой электроэнергетики.

Предназначено для студентов старших курсов энергетических факультетов морских учебных заведений, а также для судовых механиков и электромехаников.

Рецензенты:

проф. Радченко А.П., зав. кафедрой основ судовой электроэнергетики ОГМА;

доц. Григорян Н.Р., зав. кафедрой экспериментальной и прикладной фонетики английского языка факультета романо-германской филологии ОГУ им. И.И.Мечникова.

Рекомендовано в качестве учебного пособия Ученым советом ОГМА.

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие имеет своей целью обучение специальному английскому морскому языку в области электротехники и предназначено как для студентов старших курсов энергетических факультетов высших мореходных учебных заведений, так и для судовых электромехаников и механиков, желающих усовершенствовать свои знания л области профессионального морского английского языка.

Учебное пособие состоит из десяти разделов, в каждом из которых I 4 тематически объединенных текста, сопровождаемых словарем и вопросами. В конце раздела помещены упражнения, способствующие укреплению новой лексики, использованию ее в другом контексте, разит то навыков говорения, а также повторению различных грамматических структур. Следует отметить, что тексты расположены в порядке нарастания уровня сложности, поэтому желательно прорабатывать пособие от начала до конца.

Наряду с текстуальным материалом в пособии находится приложения котором представлены изображения основных электрических приборов и инструментов, с которыми часто сталкиваются электромеханики и механики в своей работе, а также их названия на английском и русском языках.

Англо-русский словарь, представленный в конце пособия, содержит в себе не только электротехнические термины, но и словосочетания, употребляемые с ними. Сопровождение технических терминов транск р и п ц и е й облегчает самостоятельную работу с пособием.

Ли горы считают своим долгом выразить искреннюю благодарность всем преподавателям кафедры английского языка № 2 ОГМА, особенно доцентам Богомолову О.С. и Никулиной E.JI. за проявленный интерес к работе и се поддержку. Также выражаем признательность профессорам МЛ Скрипнику В.Н. и Радченко А.II. за профессиональную помощь.

PREFACE

This book is intended to be used either by senior engineering cadets of higher maritime educational institutions or by individual students - sailing seamen - who have already completed their course of study and received qualification certificate but have difficulties in using "professional marine English" and need to improve it.

The textbook incorporates ten units, each of them being organized as a thematic entity and dealing with this or that aspect of marine electricity and electrical power engineering. The units are ordered according to level of difficulty, so the book is advisable to be worked through from beginning to end. It is started with introducing some simple facts from the history of electricity and, what is most essential, basic notions of electricity, such as "electromagnetism", "kinds of currents and their properties", "standard electrical units", "basic electrical measuring instruments" etc. Units 2-6 provide material for studying principal items of electrical equipment on board ship: its constructional features, purpose, application and most widespread types. Unit 7 gives a detailed description of a shipboard electric power plant as a whole and as an aggregate of components. This unit also concentrates on shipboard electrical circuits: their types, main functions, apparatuses and wiring accessories. Units 8,9 cover the problems of electric shock hazard protection, operation and maintenance of marine electrical equipment and types of repair this equipment is subjected to. Unit 10 provides coverage of troubleshooting procedures: those of electrical components, D.C. motors, and threephase motors. They are based upon fault finding charts that will probably be most useful for working marine engineers.

We have given such a detailed description of the thematic contents of the units to show that the textbook is a kind of original experience systematizing the facts exceptionally referring to marine electrical systems, mechanisms, devices and their operation and maintenance on board ship.

Each unit consists of a number of texts directly followed by a terminological vocabulary The latter does not only include words of different parts of speech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) but also word combinations and whole phrases showing various ways of collocability that English technical terms are revealing. We find it very important to present collocations of terminological words since students have particular difficulties in using correct structures of "technical English" in their speech.

The vocabulary is usually followed by a list of questions intended for two purposes. The first one is to check how well the texts have been understood and how good the student is at making up independent correct English statements. The second one is connected with necessary development of skills and habits of annotating and reviewing the studied material.

The texts, the vocabulary and the questions may be considered one part of the unit. The other is a complex of various exercises. Some of them may be qualified as tests since they are used to check how well the student has grasped the meaning of the suggested texts. They are the exercises that 1) require a definite answer to a question given as a characteristic description of a mechanism, a phenomenon, a property, a

technological process, an engineering procedure etc., 2) suggest a choice of the correct answer from a few proposed variants. But there are also exercises for revision since the book is intended for students who have already finished the so-called "common course of English". They are exercises practicing grammar phenomena especially used in structural patterns of "technical English". Very often they provide "mixed" practice bringing together grammar points that are easily confused by Russian and Ukrainian native speakers.

"The technique" we have applied in making grammar exercises is widely represented in both foreign and home textbooks of English. The students are invited 1) to open the brackets giving the correct grammar form, 2) to compose one sentence from two organizing it correctly, 3) to make up statements or questions from the suggested words, 4) to choose one of the words from the box leaving it in its original form or transforming it into the form which the given sentence requires, 5) to find English equivalents to the suggested Russian ones, 6) to translate from Russian into English etc.

There is one Appendix in the textbook. It gives a number of pictures organized in accordance with three themes closely associated with electrical work. They are "Electric Tools", "Wiring Accessories" and "Lighting Fittings". We find it necessary for engineers and electricians to know what the things they work with and operate by are called in English. So, we have provided the pictures with both English and Russian words and word combinations corresponding the images.

Finally, there is an English-Russian glossary at the back of the book. It includes terms denoting electromechanical materials, electric machines of both direct and alternating current, electric power plants and circuits, power systems, electric drives, measuring instruments as well as devices, arrangements and fittings associated with light engineering. The word-nucleus (the one which dominates in meaning in a word combination) is frequently accompanied by its stable subordinates in order to show in what way the former and these latter are collocated in "the English language of engineering".

We would like to thank all the staff at the English Department of Odessa State Maritime Academy, especially Associate Professors O.S. Bogomolov and E.L. Nikoulina, for their interest and encouragement. We are also grateful to Professors V.N. Skripnick and A.P. Radchenko for their help.

UNIT 1. NATURE OF ELECTRICITY

1. PRIMARY INVESTIGATIONS. CLASSES OF ELECTRICITY

It was known since the ancient Greeks that when a piece of amber or glass is rubbed with silk or fur, it achieves the power of attracting light objects. Later on, this phenomenon was studied and the word 'electric' (after Greek "electron" - "amber") was put in use.

During the 18-19th centuries many discoveries about the nature of electricity were made: Charles Coulomb investigated the forces between tin charged objects; Benjamin Franklin invented the lighting rod, etc.

There was developed the idea that there are two kinds of electricity, which were called resinous electricity, and that opposite kinds of electricity attract one another, whereas similar kinds repel one another.

The study of electricity may be divided into three classes (or branches):

■magnetism;

■electrostatics;

■electrodynamics.

Magnetism is the property of the molecules of iron and other certain substances due to which they store energy in a field because of the arranged movement of the electrons in their atoms.

Electrostatics is the study of electricity at rest, or static electricity. Examples of this type of electricity are charges on condenser plates. Rubbing glass with silk produces static electricity.

Electrodynamics is the study of electricity in motion, or dynamic electricity. The electricity which flows through wires for light and power purposes is a good example of the latter type of electricity.

QUESTIONS

1.Under what conditions can amber or glass attract light objects?

2.What discoveries about the nature of electricity were made during the 18-19th centuries?

3.What happens to the opposite kinds of electricity?

4.What happens to the similar kinds of electricity?

5.What classes can the study of electricity be divided into?

6.What is magnetism?

7.What helps the molecules of iron to store energy in a field?

8.What is electrostatics?

9.What are the examples of static electricity?

10.What is electrodynamics?

2. MAGNETISM. ELECTROMAGNETISM. MAGNETIC FIELD

The principles of magnetism are of great importance in the field of electricity as generators, transformers and motors depend on magnets and magnetism in their operation.

A magnet can be either permanent or temporary. If a piece of iron or steel is magnetized and retains its magnetism, it is a permanent magnet. Permanent magnets are the basis for some of the simpler devices. The compass needle responds to the magnetic field of the Earth which is itself a permanent magnet. Other exampl es of permanent magnets are a horseshoe magnet, a bar magnet, etc. Each of these magnets has a north and a south magnetic poles.

Permanent magnets are used for producing the magnetic field necessary for operation of small, inexpensive electrical motors.

When current flows through a coil, a magnetic field with a north and south poles is set up like that of a permanent magnet. However, when the current flow stops, the magnetic field disappears as well. This type of temporary magnetism is called electromagnetism.

When electricity flows through a wire or conductor, magnetic lines of force (magnetic flux) are created around that wire. When a piece of wire is passed through a magnetic field, electricity is created in that wire.

Electromagnetic method of producing electricity is based on operation of rotating generators in which the electricity is produced by conductors moving through a magnetic field. This method is used for generators of various sizes.

QUESTIONS

1.What is the role of magnetism in the field of electricity?

2.What kinds of magnet do you know?

3.What is a permanent magnet?

4.What examples of permanent magnets can you give?

5.What is electromagnetism?

6.What happens to a wire when electricity flows through it?

7.What is the principle of electromagnetic method of producing electricity?

8.Where is electromagnetic method of producing electricity used?

3. ELECTRIC CURRENTS AND THEIR PROPERTIES

Electric charges in motion form electric current. Electric current is equal to the quantity of electric charges passing a given point in unit time. Conduction is the name given to a movement or flow of charges. The charges may be either positive or negative. In electrical circuits the flow of electric charges is considered to be a flow of electrons (negative charges) along a conductor or through a conducting medium. But charges may also be ions when the conduction takes place in gaseous or liquid conductors in which the ions are mobile.

To make electrons move through a metal conductor, there exists a driving force called electromotive force (e.m.f.), which moves electric charges from one point in the circuit to another. When the e.m.f. is applied to the ends of the wire, the free electrons move in one direction. The greater the number of participating electrons, the greater is the flow of current.

As it is impossible to see electric current, its existence is proved by its effects. A current can heat a conductor, it can have a chemical action when passing through a solution, or it can produce a magnetic effect. The currents can be measured by observing their heating, chemical or magnetic effects.

There exist several kinds of current: direct current, alternating current, pulsating current.

Direct current (D.C.) is an electric current that flows in one direction only and doesn't change its direction and magnitude at a constant resistance of a circuit.

The sources of direct current may be either galvanic elements, or thermoelements, or D.C. generators and accumulators. Besides, direct current may be obtained by converting alternating current into direct one with the help of rectifiers.

Almost all current calculations in D.C. circuits are based on Ohm's law. According to this law, any circuit section, connecting two points of (his circuit and not having electromotive force, contains current

where U - voltage or potential difference between these two points, R - resistance of the circuit section connecting them. Ohm's law can be applied to the whole circuit in case there exists only one source of supply in it:

where E - electromotive force of d.c. source of supply; R - resistance of the entire circuit, including internal resistance of the source of supply.

Alternating current (A.C.) is an electric current that changes both its direction and magnitude at fixed intervals of time. The strength of the current in alternating circuits, unlike that in direct ones, depends not only on the resistance of the entire circuit and the voltage applied to it, but on the inductance and capacitance of the circuit sections as well.

Pulsating current is an electric current, alternative in its magnitude and stable in its direction. It is produced when conversion of an alternating current into a direct current in current rectifiers, in anode circuits of electronic lamps etc. takes place.

QUESTIONS

1.What forms electric current?

2.What is electric current equal to?

3.What charges flow in electrical circuits?

4.What is conduction?

5.What charges flow in gaseous and liquid conductors?