Английский язык для моряков / Англ Труханова

МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ УКРАИНЫ ОДЕССКАЯ НАЦИОНАЛЬНАЯ МОРСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ

Н.Л.ТРУХАНОВА, Н.А.КРАВЧЕНКО

АШЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

СУДОВОЙ ЭЛЕКТРОЭНЕРГЕТИКИ

ДЛЯ МОРЯКОВ

TROUKHANOVA N.L., KRAVCHENKO N.A.

ENGLISH

OF МARINEELECТRICAL ANDPOWERENGINEERING FORSEAМEN

Одесса

ФЕНIКС

2003

ББК 81.2 Анrл-923 Т80

УДК 802.0(075.8)

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначено для изучения англий­ ского языка в области судовой элекгроэнерrетики.

Предн_ р1:1а,чен9 ,11: ••сту.цешов старших курсов энерrещческих фа­ культетов морских·'уt ебных заведений, а также для судовых механиков и электромехаников.

Издание 2-е, стереотипное

ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ

Настоящее учебное пособие имеет своей целью обучение специ­ альному английскому морскому языку в области электротехник и и предназначено как для студентов старших курсов энергетических фа­ культетов высших мореходных учебных заведений, та1с И для судовых электромехаников и механиков, желающих усовершенствовать свои зна­ ния в области профессионального морского английского языка.

.Учебное пособие состоит из десяти разделов, в каждом из которых

-3-4 тематически объединенных текста, сопровождаемых словарем и вопросами. В конце раздела помещены упражнения, способствующие закреплению новой лексики, использованию ее в другом кoirieiccтe, раз­ витию навыков говорения, а также повторению. различнь1х граммати­ ческих структур. Следует отметить, что тексты• расттоложены в тторядке нарастания уровня сложности, ттоэтому желательно ттрорабатывать по­

собие от начала до конца.

Наряду с текстуальным материалом в пособии находитс11 приложе­ ние, в котором представлены изображения основных электрических при­ боров J.t инструментов, с которыми часто сталкиваются электр.омехани­ ки и механики в своей работе, а также их названия на английском и рус­ ском языках.

Англо-русский словарь, представленный в конце пособия, содер­ жит в себе не только электротехнические термины, но и словосочетания, употребляемые с ними. Сопровождение технических терминов транс­ крипцией облегчает самостоятельную работу с пособием.

Авторы считают своим долгом выразить искреннюю благодарность всем преподавателям кафедры английского языка № 2 ОГМА, особенно доцентам Богомолову О.С. и Никулиной Е.Л. за проявленный интерес к работе и ее поддержку. Также выражаем признательность профессорам ОГМА Скрипнику В.Н. и-Радченко А.П. за профессиональную помощь.

3

PREFACE

This book is intended to Ье used either Ьу senior engineering cadets of higher maritime educational institutions or Ьу individua\ students - sailing seamen - who havea\readycompleted theircourse ofstudy and reccivc:d qual­ ification certificate but have difficulties in using "professiona\ marine English" and need to improve it.

The textbook incorporates ten units, each ofthem being organized as а thematic entity and dealing with this or that aspect of marine e\ectricity and electrica\ power engineering. The units are ordered according to level ofdif­ ficu\ty, so the book is advisaЫe to Ье worked through from beginning to end. lt is started with introducing some simple facts from the history of e\ectricity and, what is most essential, basic notions of e\ectricity, such as "electromag­ netism", "kinds of currents and their properties", "standard electrica\ units", "basic electrica\ measuring instruments" etc. Units 2-6 provide materia\ for studying principal items of e\ectrica\ equipment оп board ship: its construc­ tional features, purpose, application and most widespread types. Unit 7 gives а detailed description ofа shipboard electric power p\ant as а whole and as an aggregate of components. This unit also concentrates on shipboard elec­ trical circuits: their types, main functions, apparatuses and wiring accesso­ ries. Units 8,9 cover the proЫems of e\ectric shock hazard protection, oper­ ation and maintenance of marine electrica\ equipment and types ofrepair this equipment is subjected to. Unit lО provides coverage oftrouЬ\eshooting pro­ cedures: those of electrica\ components, d.c. motors, three-phase motors. They are based upon fault finding charts that will рrоЬаЬ\у Ье most useful for u·c:-k­ ing marine engineers.

4

We have given such а detailed description of the thematic contents of the units to show that the textbook is а kind of original experience system­ atizing the facts exceptionally referring to тагiпе electrical systems, mecha­ nisms, devices and their operation and maintenance оп board ship.

Each unit consists of а number of texts directly followed Ьу а terrni­ nological vocabulary. The latter does not only include words of different parts ofspeech (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) but also word combinations and whole phrases showing various ways of collocaЬility thatEnglish technical terrns are revealing. We find it very important to present collocations ofter­ minological words since students have particular difficulties in using correct structures of"technicalEnglish" in their speech.

The vocabulary is usually followed Ьу а list of questions intended for two purposes. The first one is to check how well the texts have been under­ stood and how good the student is at making up independent correct English statements. The second one is connected with necessary development of skills and haЬits of annotating and reviewing the studied material.

The texts, the vocabulary and the questions may Ье considered one part of the unit. The other is а complex of various exercises. Some of them may Ье qualified as tests since they are used to check how well the student has grasped the meaning of the suggested texts. They are the exercises that I) require а definite answer to а questioп given as а characteristic descrip­ tion of а mechanism, а phenomenon, а property, а technological process, an engineering procedure etc., 2) suggest а choice of the correct answer ftom а few proposed variants. But there are also exercises for revision since the book is intended for students who have already finished the so-called"com­ mon course ofEnglish". They are exercises practising grarnmar phenomena especially used in structural patterns of"technical English". Very often they provide"mixed" practice bringing together grarnmar points that are easily confused Ьу Russian and Ukrainian native speakers.

"The technique" we have applied in making grammar exercises is widely represented in both foreign and home textbooks ofEnglish. The stu-

5

dents are invited t)to open the brackets giving the correct granunar foпn, 2) to compose one sentence ftom two organizing it coпectly, 3) to make up state­ ments or questions ftomthe suggested words, 4) to choose one ofthe words from the Ьох leaving it in its original foпn or transfoпning it into the foпn which the given sentence requires, 5) to find English equivalents to the sug­ gested Russian ones, 6) to translate ftom Russian into English etc.

There is one Appendix in the textbook. It gives а number of pictures organized in accordance with three themes closely associated with electrical work. They are "Electric Tools", "Wuing Accessories" and "Lighting Fittings". We find it necessary for engineers and electricians to know what the things they work with and operate Ьу are called in English. So, we have provided the pictures with Ьoth English and Russian words and word combinations cor­ respondingthe images.

Finally, there is an English-Russian glossary at the back of the book. It includes teпns denoting electromechanical materials, electric machines of both direct and alternating cuпent, electric power plants and circuits, power systems, electric drives, measuring instruments as well as devices, aпange­ ments and fittings associated with light engineering. The word-nucleus (the one which dominates in meaning in а word comЬination) is frequently ac­ companied Ьу its staЬ!e subordinates in order to show in what way the foпner and these latter are collocated in "the English language of engineering".

We would like to thank а11 the staffat the English Department of Odes­ sa State Maritime Academy, especially Associate Professors O.S. Bogomolov and E.L. Nikoulina, for their interest and encouragement. We are also grate­ ful to Professors V.N. Skripnick and А.Р. Radchenko for their help.

6

UNIT 1.

NATURE OF ELECTRICilY

1. PRIMARY INVESTIGATIONS. CLASSES OF ELECTRICITY

lt was known since the ancient Greeks that when а piece of amber or glass is rubbed with silk or fur, it achieves the power of attracting light objects. Later on, this phenomenon was studied and the word 'electric' (after Greek "electron" - "amber") was put in use.

During the 18-191h centuries many discoveries about the nature of electricity were made: Charles Coulomb investigated the forces between the charged objects; Benjamin Franklin invented the lighting rod, etc.

There was developed the idea that there are two kinds of elec­ tricity, which were called resinous electricity, and that opposite kinds of electricity attract one another, whereas similar kinds repel one another.

The study of electricity may Ье divided into three classes (or branches):

•magnetism;

•electrostatics;

•electrodynamics.

Magnetism is the property ofthe molecules ofiron and other cer­ tain substances due to which they store energy in а field because ofthe arranged movement ofthe electrons in their atoms.

Electrostatics is the study ofelectricity at rest, or static electrici­ ty. Examples ofthis type ofelectricity are charges on condenser plates. Rubblng glass with silk produces static electricity.

Electrodynamics is the study ofelectricity in motion, or dyna­ mic electricity. The electricity which flows through wires for light and power purposes is а good example ofthe latter type ofelectricity.

7

2. MAGNEТISM. ELECTROMAGNEТISM. MAGNETIC FIELD

The principles ofmagnetism are ofgreat importance in the field of electricity as generators, transformers and motors depend оп magnets and magnetism in their operation.

А magnet сап Ье either permanent or temporary. Ifа piece of iron or steel is magnetized and retains its magnetism, it is а permanent magnet. Permanent magnets are the basis for some ofthe simpler devic­ es; Тhе compass needleresponds to the magnetic field ofthe Earth which is itselfа permanent magnet. Other examples ofpermanent magnets are а horseshoe magnet, а bar magnet, etc. Each ofthesemagnets has а north and а south magnetic poles.

Permanent magnets are used for producing the magnetic field nec­ essary for operation ofsmall, inexpensive electrical motors.

When current flows through а coil, а magnetic field with а north and south poles is set up like that ofа perrnanent magnet. However, when the cuпent flow stops, the magnetic field disappears as well. This type oftemporary magnetism is called electromagnetism.

When electricity flows through а wire or conductor, magnetic lines of force (magnetic flux) are created around that wire. When а piece of wire is passed through а magnetic field, electricity is created in that ,..:ire.

Electromagnetic method ofproducing electricity is based on op­ eration ofrotating generators in which the electricity is produced Ьу con­ ductors moving through а magnetic field. This method is used for gen­ erators ofvarious sizes.

9