Электронное учебно-методическое пособие по учебной дисциплине Иностранный язык делового общения для специальности 2-26 02 31 Документоведение и документационное обеспечение управления

Electronic Money

Electronic money (also known as e-currency, e-money, electronic cash, electronic currency, digital money, digital cash, digital currency, cyber currency) refers to money or scrip which is only exchanged electronically. Typically, this involves the use of computer networks, the Internet and digital stored value systems. Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), direct deposit, digital gold currency and virtual currency are all examples of electronic money. Also, it is a collective term for financial cryptography and technologies enabling it. While electronic money has been an interesting problem for a number of economists, the use of e-money has been relatively low-scale. One rare success has been Hong Kong's Octopus card system, which started as a transit payment system and has grown into a widely used electronic money system. London Transport's Oyster card system remains essentially a contactless pre-paid travelcard. Two other cities have implemented functioning electronic money systems. Singapore has an electronic money program for its public transportation system (commuter trains, bus, etc.), based on the same type of (FeliCa) system. The Netherlands has also implemented an electronic money system known as Chipknip, which is based upon the same system in Hong Kong. In Belgium, a payment service company, Proton, owned by 60 Belgian banks issuing stored value cards was developed in 1995. A number of electronic money systems use contactless payment transfer in order to facilitate easy payment and give the payee more confidence in not letting go of their electronic wallet during the transaction. In technical terms, electronic money is an online representation, or a system of debits and credits, used to exchange value within another system, or within itself as a stand alone system. In principle this process could also be done offline. Occasionally, the term electronic money is also used to refer to the provider itself. A private currency may use gold to provide extra security, such as digital gold currency. Some private organizations, such as the United States Armed Forces use independent currencies such as Eagle Cash. Many systems – such as PayPal, WebMoney, cashU, and Hub Culture's Ven – will sell their electronic currency directly to the end user, but other systems such as Liberty Reserve only sell through third party digital currency exchangers. In the case of Octopus card in Hong Kong, electronic money deposits work similarly to regular bank deposits. After Octopus Card Limited receives money for deposit from users, the money is deposited into a bank. This is similar to debit- card-issuing banks redepositing money at central banks. Some community currencies, like some Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS) and the Community Exchange System, work with electronic transactions. (2856.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E- money)

Notes: 1. scrip, n – ценнаябумага 2. direct deposit – прямойдепозит 3. low-scale, adj – низкий 4. implement, v – вводитьвдействие 5. commuter train –

пригородныйпоезд, электричка 6. facilitate, v – содействовать, способствовать 7. payee, n – лицо, получающееплатеж

Answer the questions : What is Electronic money ? What is EFT ? Give the meaning.

Talk about electronic money systems in different countries. What is LETS?

Say in 7-10 sentences the main information from this text in your own words.

144

145

146

The Sequences of Tenses

147

148

149

150

151

Business Meeting

1. A committee normally comprises between three and twenty members. It is headed by a chairperson who has the power to control the discussion. The use of a committee in business can be advocated whenever the normal chain of command is inappropriate. The committee is essentially a communication device. 2. The problem in a large organization is to ensure a two-way flow of instructions (downwards) and feedback (upwards). It is often possible for a management to delegate the responsibility for making decisions in noncritical areas to committees, though it is important to remember that the Board of Directors is also a committee and functions accordingly. Minutes are required to be kept of the decisions taken at the meetings which become a record of the business transacted and the decisions reached. 3. Under no circumstances can voting take place unless a quorum (a minimum number of members) is present, the quorum will be laid down in the committee's terms of reference. A motion (or resolution) is the term used to describe the point in the meeting when a decision is being considered. One of the members will normally make the proposition and will then need to find a seconder—someone who supports it. 4. Another form of meeting used in business is what is sometimes described as a «command meeting». In this case the manager calls his subordinates together and uses the occasion either to tell them what he wants from them or to listen and exchange ideas with them. It is a very effective way of ensuring that the team is kept fully informed. The meeting can coincide with a tea break and this gives the group an opportunity to socialize before getting down to the serious business. 5. From the workers' point of view perhaps the most important meetings are those conducted by their trade unions. As well as the local branch meetings there are regional and national executive committee meetings which are all conducted on a formal basis. Shop stewards committees operate at factory level and play an important role in communicating workers' grievances to management.

A meeting overview

Read the below introduction in a business meeting, where people who have come to The meeting is welcomed and then explained what will happen.

152

Chair:' Welcome to the latest meeting for the Samuel Project. I appreciate that you're all busy and thanks for attending. My name is David Mitchell and I will be the Chairfor today's meeting. Steve Crowther will be taking the minutes. You'll find a copy of the meeting agenda in front of you on the table. As you can see, there are 7 items which we are going to discuss today.

I updated the agenda this morning, so it should be fine. But if you have any other issues which you would like to talk about, please do it in the any other business part of the meeting at the end.

There are two absentees from today's meeting; Peter Jackson can't attend today due to a prior commitment. He sends his apologies. Also Sarah Campbell can't make it, she's on holiday. So, John Hopkins is standing in for Sarah today. Does anybody have any questions?'

Guess the word

The name of the person who runs/is in charge of a meeting, is ….....

The record of what was said in a meeting, is called the…......

When something is the latest version, it is…......

A formal way to say that you have plans that can't be changed, is I have a …......

New subjects which you want to discuss are asked in the part of the meeting called

…...

The document that shows what will be discussed in the meeting, is the called the.....

A formal way to say that you are at an event or meeting is, to be …...

When someone goes instead of another person to a meeting, they are …..

153