Учебно-методический комплекс по учебной дисциплине Иностранный язык (английский) для специальности 1-96 01 01 Таможенное дело специализации 1-96 01 01 02 Экономическое обеспечение таможенной деятельности

B Underline the correct words in italics. Check any unknown words in a dictionary.

3.The term "turnover" means the same as revenue / profit.

4.The term "earnings" means the same as revenue / profit.

5.The term "overheads" refers to the direct costs of making products

/the indirect costs of selling a product and running the office.

6.The wages of factory workers and the salaries of office workers are shown in the same place / in different places on a P&L (profit and loss account).

7.A company buys the patent on a piece of a technology for $30m. The patent lasts for 15 years. So $2m is recorded each year as a/an amortization / depreciation expense.

8.The word which means "before other things are taken away" is gross/net. It can refer to profit, salary or weight.

2.5.EFFECTIVE vs EFFICIENT

1.Advertising on commercial TV is the most effective method of test-marketing a household product.

2.We have a very efficient distribution network.

In 1. the meaning is that TV advertising has the most "impact".

In 2. we learn that the network is highly-organized and functions well.

The nouns are effect, effectiveness and efficiency.

If something has become effective it has come into force:

eg. The new rate of interest becomes effective as from 31 December.

A Complete the grid below. Put a tick (V) if the word on the left can be used with the word in the top column.

B Complete the sentences.

1.The measures taken to cut unemployment have been –––––– as there is now less than 5% of the population out of work.

2.Miss Chen is the most –––––– documentalist we've ever had; she's worked out a marvelous classification system.

3.Revised catalogue prices are –––––– as from April 1st.

4.Direct mail shots are seldom ––––––; most finish in the wastepaper basket.

2.6. ECONOMY vs ECONOMICS vs ECONOMIC vs ECONOMICAL vs ECONOMIZE

A country's economy is the organization of its wealth-producing commerce and industry:

eg. Britain's economy is increasingly based on services.

eg. The economies of many developing countries are based on cash crops.

Economy can also mean "the deliberate saving of money through carefully-controlled spending":

eg. We use recycled paper for reasons of economy.

eg. The budget has been cut so we'll have to make economies.

We can refer to something as a false economy when an apparent saving of money in fact results in inefficiency and/or unforeseen extra costs:

eg. Buying second-hand equipment can be a false economy.

We refer to an economy of scale when there is a reduction in unit cost owing to an increase in the volume of production:

eg. The doubling of output can lead to economies of scale of up to 30%.

Economics is the scientific study of a society's money, industry and trade:

eg. She studied economics at the London Business School/ Note that economics is a singular noun therefore Economics is.

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Economic means "related to the economy":

eg. The 1970s and 1980s were a period of political and economic crisis.

eg. Economic growth leads to a per capita improvement in living standards.

Economic can also mean "cost-effective":

eg. We have to keep wage costs low to make it economic for us to continue production.

If something is economical it does not require a great deal of money to operate:

eg. I have a small car because it's more economical to run.

The word can also be used to refer to an efficient way of doing things:

eg. Holding business meetings at an airport can be an economical use of time.

The verb to economize means "to save money":

eg. We need to economize in order to keep costs at an acceptable level.

eg. It is unwise in the long run to economize on quality.

Complete the blanks.

1.She majored in –––––– at Harvard.

2.What's the –––––– situation like in your country?

3.Many countries tried to –––––– on fuel in the 1970s.

4.–––––– of scale arise when costs do not rise in direct proportion to output.

5.The electric car is more –––––– in its use of energy than an ordinary one.

6.Employing too many part-time staff can be a false ––––––.

7.Some people think that floating exchange rates can restrict ––––––

growth.

2.7. HIRE vs RENT vs LET vs LEASE vs CHARTER

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If you hire something you pay the owner to be able to use it for a (usually short) length of time:

eg. We hired a Mercedes for the weekend.

eg. We hired a sales training film for a couple of weeks. eg. We decided to hire a projector rather than buy one.

You can use rent in much the same way as hire for a vehicle or a piece of equipment. You can also rent (= pay for the use of) property:

eg. They've rented some office space in New York.

If you own property and allow others to use it in return for payment then you let it:

eg. Mrs. Welsh has decided to let her chalet to a Dutch couple. (=The Dutch couple is renting the chalet from Mrs. Welsh.)

It is possible to lease equipment for long periods of time; maintenance is included in the price:

eg. Our firm has leased an off-set printer. It is also possible to lease property:

eg. He persuaded the local council to lease him the first and second floors of a tower block.

(In AmE usage, hire is generally used when referring to a person, while rent refers to property: He was hired for the job. We rented the car.)

We use charter in the context of paying for the private use of a vessel, train or plane:

eg. We plan to charter a special train to London.

The corresponding nouns are: rent (for property), a rental, a lease, a charter (plane/boat/train)

We do not say *a hire or (except rarely) *a let.

Note the expressions: For Hire, To Let, Hire Purchase, Hiring and Firing.

Put a tick (V) in the grid if the verb can be used with the noun in the top column.

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2.Lucie … a sightseeing tour of the city. We thought it was a good

idea.

3.I … a toast to the partners of our company.

4.The director … visiting the subsidiary and we all agreed.

5.He … to give her a ride back to the hotel, but she declined.

6.When Jack … to Mary, her answer was "Yes".

7.The Government is planning to … a real-time Internet monitoring system.

8.The company … a big range of products to its customers.

2.9. POLITICS vs POLICY

Both words can be translated into Russian by means of the same polysemantic word политика.

Politics may be translated as политика; политическая жизнь, политическая деятельность, политические взгляды, and means:

the art and science of governing a political entity e.g. to be engaged in politics, to be active in politics;

the job of holding a position of power in the government e.g. to go into politics=become a politician;

the study of the ways in which the country is governed e.g. to read politics, to study politics;

the activities of the government, members of law-making organizations or people who try to influence the way a country is governed (used with a sing. or pl. verb)

e.g. office politics, local politics;

political attitudes, views, opinions

e.g. What are your politics? The adjective is political.

Policy may be translated as политика: внутренняя, внешняя, и т.д.; линия поведения, курс, and means:

a set of ideas or a plan of what to do in particular situations that has been agreed officially by a group of people, a business organization, a government or a political party

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e.g. American foreign policy, the company's personnel policy, home policy, the government's income policy, to follow a policy, to carry out a policy;

a course of action, guiding principle considered expedient or advantageous

e.g. Honesty is the best policy.

an insurance certificate

e.g. You should always read the small print of your insurance policy.

A Complete the blanks.

The international manager must understand the effect of 1 ––––– on business. A change in bilateral 2 ––––– relations can change strategic 3 –

–––– and modify investment decisions.

B Complete the sentences.

1.What is Republican Party's ––––– on immigration?

2.Thomas O'Neil underlined that all ––––– is local.

3.The government must evolve new ––––– to reduce unemployment.

4.Tom is studying ––––– at the university.

5.It's a bad ––––– to smoke too much; it may harm your health.

6.Jack studied law with a view to going into –––––.

C Translate the words given in brackets into English.

1.(Политика) has been a concern of philosophers since Plato.

2.She reads (политические науки) at Philadelphia University.

3.They believe that the European Community needs a common foreign and security (политика).

4.David has always thought that (политика) is a worthwhile career.

5.The Foreign Office (политика) is often counterproductive.

2.10. PRICE vs RATE vs CHARGE vs FEE vs COMMISSION

The price is the amount of money you have to pay (usually for goods) in order to buy them:

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eg. What is the price of a car phone?

eg. Share prices are quoted in the Financial Times.

Price is also a verb. If you price something you decide how much a purchaser will have to pay:

eg. We've priced the new model at $1,300.

To price yourself out of the market is to offer your goods at such a high price that everyone will buy your competitors' products:

eg. If we don't work to a lower profit margin we'll be pricing ourselves out of the market.

The rate of interest or taxation is the percentage level: eg. Interest rates have stabilized at around 15%.

eg. The basic rate of income tax in 2006 was 25%.

We can also refer to the rate of exchange (or exchange rate) of a currency:

eg. Tourist exchange rates are published in most newspapers.

Rate can refer to an amount of something within a period of time.

eg. The rate of unemployment fell in some European countries in the late 80s.

In insurance, the amounts charged to cover a risk are expressed as a percentage:

eg. A rate of $1.75 per cent.

This means that you have to pay $1.75 for every $100 of the sum for which the goods are insured.

Rate can also indicate the speed or frequency at which something happens:

eg. We're losing skilled workers at the rate of three a month.

Charge is used mostly in the context of paying for services: eg. There will be a charge for confirming the letter of credit. eg. No extra charge is made for maintenance.

Charge is also a verb:

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eg. We charge for delivery. (=There is a delivery charge.) eg. The bank charged me 15% commission.

If something is charged to an account it is put on the bill for payment later:

eg. Please, charge the bar bill to my account.

Occasionally, services are free of charge.

eg. You may use the telephone in your room free of charge.

A fee is payable for services provided by the legal profession, consultants, accountants, etc.:

In the US, a lawyer is paid a contingency fee which is a proportion of the damages granted by the court.

When permission is granted to use intellectual property there may be a fee. It is also possible to refer to a registration fee and a booking fee when a charge is made for a reservation.

A commission is a payment to an agent or middleman, calculated as a percentage of sales made. Salesmen are often paid a fixed salary plus commission on sales made:

eg. A higher commission increases the incentive to sell.

Commission is used as a synonym of charge in the context of banking:

eg. There is a small commission/charge for handling standing orders.

Complete these sentences.

1.The Italian Bar Association has warned lawyers that their ––––––

were getting so high that the profession might –––––– itself out of the market.

2.Please pay the conference –––––– directly to the Register.

3.As a salesman, the more goods you sell, the more –––––– you

make.

4.We were –––––– $550 for repairs to the switchboard.

5.What is the –––––– of an overhead projector?

6.We're now producing the new model at the –––––– of 100 a day.

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7.There is a small –––––– to cover handling costs.

8.A bear is a speculator who expects share –––––– to fall.

9.The –––––– of inflation is over 10%.

10.Could you –––––– this to my expense account?

2.11. SALARY vs WAGES vs PERKS

A salary is paid monthly and usually by bank transfer. We use the word salary for monthly payments to professional employees.

Wages are paid weekly to manual or unskilled workers:

eg. In many countries workers are paid a legal minimum wage. eg. A wage packet is the envelope containing wages.

Perks (also known as fringe benefits) are extra payments made in kind e.g. a company car, free accommodation etc. In many job advertisements the combination of salary plus perks is called a remuneration package.

Complete this extract from a job advertisement.

We are offering an attractive ––––––, including basic –––––– 60K p.a., plus numerous –––––– such as subsidized accommodation, free medical insurance etc.

2.12. TRAVEL vs TRIP vs JOURNEY vs VOYAGE vs TOUR

Travel is both a noun and a verb.

If you travel you go from one place to another, or to several places: eg. She has traveled widely in the Middle East.

The noun is used without an article; we cannot say *a travel or *the travel:

eg. Travel is said to broaden the mind.

We use the word trip to describe a visit there and back. It usually involves a stay in the place visited:

eg. He often goes on business trips to Latin America. (and returns to the office)

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