Учебно-методический комплекс по учебной дисциплине Иностранный язык (английский) для специальности 1-36 21 01 Дизайн производственного оборудования

II. Before you read the text talk about the questions.

What kind of materials do people use to build their private houses?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of wooden constructions?

Text 2. TIMBER / WOOD

There are two types of timber: softwood and hardwood. Softwood timbers usually come from coniferous trees such as fir (ель) and pine (сосна). They do not have the hard cell structure that

gives hardwood trees their name. Hardwood timbers come from broad-leaved (широколиственные), deciduous (лиственные) trees, and are more important in Design and Technology than softwood timbers. The main hardwood timbers are ash (ясень), beech (бук), birch (береза), cherry (вишня), elm (вяз), mahogany (красное дерево), oak (дуб) and teak (тик).

Manufactured board

The most common types of manufactured board are plywood, particle boards and fibre boards.

Plywood is made from wood veneers that are cross-banded to give high strength. They often have a high-quality veneer on the face, with lower-quality woods

internally. Plywoods come in a range of finishes and thicknesses.

Particle boards are made from reconstituted wood such as shavings,

chips and sawdust (the most common type is chipboard). The wood is pressed

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together into sheets or blocks using natural or synthetic resin. Particle boards often have a veneer, for example melamine-faced chipboard is used a lot in furnituremaking.

Fibre boards are usually made from reconstituted softwoods. The most common are hardboard and Medium Density Fibreboard (MDF). You need to take particular care when using these, as many contain dangerous and carcinogenic (cancer-causing) chemicals such as formaldehyde.

Non-wood waste products. There are also manufactured boards that don‟t contain any wood at all. These can now be made from agricultural waste (such as straw), by-products of the textile industry (such as hemp), or recycled paper fibre.

III. Make up word combinations using the text and translate them.

IV. PROJECT MAKING

Find the information about any Belarusian company, which produces goods from wood. Make a report or presentation about its history, products and business activity.

Create your own designs of any objects made of wood and present them.

Lesson 3

I. Pay attention to the following words:

II. Before you read the text talk about the questions.

Is metal the strongest material of all?

Is this material popular among industrial designers? If yes, why?

Text 3. METALS

People first began making things from metal over 6000 years ago, when they discovered how to get copper from its ore. They then learned how to make a harder alloy

– bronze, by adding tin to the copper. About 3000 years ago, they discovered iron. By adding small

amounts of carbon to iron, they found that they could make a particularly useful alloy – steel.

Most pure metals, like gold, silver and copper, come from the Earth‟s crust. They are found in ores‟ solid materials called minerals, usually occurring in rock, from which the pure metal has to be extracted. Metals are often divided into:

ferrous metals, which have iron in them (for example carbon steel, cast iron, mild steel, medium carbon steel, high carbon steel, stainless steel, and high speed steel)

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non-ferrous metals, which don‟t have iron in them (for example copper, aluminium, duralumin, zinc, brass, gilding metal, tin and lead).

These days we know about some 100 pure metals and a large number of alloys, all of which have a wide range of properties. They are:

State: Metals are solid at room temperature with the exception of mercury, which is liquid at room temperature (Gallium is liquid on hot days).

Luster: Metals have the quality of reflecting light from their surface and can be polished e.g., gold, silver and copper.

Malleability: Metals have the ability to withstand hammering and can be made into thin sheets known as foils. For example, a sugar cube sized chunk (кусок) of gold can be pounded (разбит) into a thin sheet that will cover a football field.

Ductility: Metals can be drawn (вытянут) into wires. For example, 100 g of silver can be drawn into a thin wire about 200 meters long.

Hardness: All metals are hard except sodium and potassium, which are soft and can be cut with a knife.

Conduction: Metals are good conductors because they have free electrons. Silver and copper are the two best conductors of heat and electricity. Lead is the poorest conductor of heat. Bismuth, mercury and iron are also poor conductors

Density: Metals have high density and are very heavy. Iridium and osmium have the highest densities whereas lithium has the lowest density.

Melting and Boiling Points: Metals have high melting and boiling points. Tungsten has the highest melting and boiling points whereas mercury has the lowest.

III. Make up word combinations using the text and translate them.

IV. Everyday English.

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II. Before you read the text talk about the questions.

What things made of ceramics can you mention?

Is this material eco-friendly?

Would you like to work with this material and use it in your future projects?

Is ceramics widely used in industrial design?

Text 4. CERAMICS

Ceramics are made from clay, sand and feldspar [feldspar: a very common group of hard, crystalline minerals containing silicon]. These materials are ground to a fine

powder, mixed together and fired at high temperatures (700 – 2000°C) in the production process. Ceramics are special materials with many applications in almost all the engineering disciplines. But their importance has often been underestimated due to the fact that many people believe that ceramics are all about pottery and tiles. Today‟s ceramics industry is one of the most rapidly advancing concerns in many parts of the world.

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Ceramic materials are special because of their properties. They typically possess high melting points, low electrical and thermal conductivity values, and high compressive strengths. Also they are generally hard and brittle with very good chemical and thermal stability. Ceramic materials can be categorized as traditional ceramics and advanced ceramics.

Traditional Ceramics

Ball clay, China clay, Feldspar, Silica, Dolomite, Talc, Calcite and Nepheline are the common materials used for most of the ceramic products. Each raw material contributes a certain property such as dry strength, plasticity, shrinkage, etc. to the ceramic body.

The traditional ceramics industry originated long ago. Even thousands of years ago it was a well established practice in many parts of the world. Today there are many divisions of this industry. Pottery, tableware, sanitaryware, tiles, structural clay products, refractories, blocks, and electrical porcelain are some of the products of traditional ceramics.

Advanced Ceramics

Advanced ceramics are special type of ceramics used mainly for electrical, electronic, optical, and magnetic applications. This sector is different from traditional ceramics due to the fact that ceramic powder preparation is

quite complicated. Generally chemical reactions are used to produce the ceramic powder such as Sol-gel processing and liquid-gas reactions like NH3 gas and SiCl4 liquid to produce Si3N4. Many of these methods are very costly. Therefore, powder preparation is always a cost factor in the advanced ceramics industry.

Magnetic ceramics are another type of advanced ceramic material that is used for the production of antennas and inductors. Bioceramics like Alumina with high density and purity is used to dental implants. Eye glasses, chemical ware, and the replacement of hips and knees, etc. are some of the applications of bioceramic materials.

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III. Make up word combinations using the text and translate them.

IV. Read the text.

Glass

When specifying glass in a design there are a number of issues to consider:

Glass is heavier but more easily recycled.

Can be used for lusting, prestige packaging.

Glass is 100% recyclable with no loss of clarity or purity. Some regular green drinks bottles contain 93% recycled content.

Mixed glass, and dirty glass contaminated by silicone, glue, screen printing and coatings with silver or aluminium make recycling more difficult.

Screen-printed and reflecting glass cannot be recycled into first class glass, but down-cycled.

Use your label to remind people to recycle their glass - show them how and where to recycle, do not use a bin symbol. If you use blue glass - let customers know to put it in the green bottle bank.

V. Different materials exhibit different working properties. Listed below are the key properties, which determine how materials behave. Match the definitions with the appropriate property.

VI. Match nouns with the corresponding adjectives.

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VII. Complete the table. Write as many properties as possible. Then say about them as it is given in the example.

Example:

a)Teak is hard, very strong and durable. It is used to make outdoor furniture

b)Linen creases badly but it‟s fresh and cool to wear.

VIII. Check (ⱱ) the sentence that uses the underlined parts correctly.

1.___ A Cotton is a synthetic material.

___ B Glass is brittle and can shatter.

2.___ A You can stretch rubber because it has very low tensile strength.

___ B Foam retains heat well and is good conductor.

3.___ A Most glass is transparent.

___ B Metals have low levels of hardness.

IX. PROJECT MAKING

Talk about the chosen topic using the structures below. Use your knowledge of elements and principles of design, colours and materials.

When making packaging for a box of chocolates … When choosing fabric for your design …

When making park benches…

When making a handbag / laptop bag …

When designing flip-flops …

When designing outdoor furniture …

When making an outdoor installation of the logo of the BNTU … When designing windows …

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