Токсичность ДВС
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Ɋɢɫ. 2.2. ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ: 1 – ɲɬɚɦɩɨɜɚɧɧɵɣɤɨɪɩɭɫɢɡɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ; 2 – ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ;
3– ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ;
ɚ– ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ; ɛ – ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɡ ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ
ɮɨɥɶɝɢ
Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ: ɧɚɫɵɩɧɵɟ, ɬɨɧɧɟɥɶɧɵɟ, ɪɭɥɨɧɧɵɟ, ɫɨɬɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɟ. Ɏɢɪɦɵ Ƚɟɪɦɚɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɫ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɦɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦɢ ɛɥɨɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɜɫɩɟɧɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɚ, ɩɨɤɪɵɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦɢ. Ɏɢɪɦɵ əɩɨɧɢɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɨɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɛɥɨɤɢ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɬɨɧɧɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɢ ɫɨɬɨɜɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɨɜ. Ɋɹɞ ɮɢɪɦ ɋɒȺ, Ʉɚɧɚɞɵ, ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɪɚɡɪɚɛɚɬɵɜɚɸɬ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɬɭɩɢɥɢ ɤ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɟ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɵɯ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɛɥɨɤɨɜ.
2.4.2. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ
Ɉɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɸɬ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɵ ɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ (ɪɢɫ.2.3). ɇɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɦ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.3. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
Ⱦɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɵɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɪɟɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ. Ɉɧɢ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɢɡ ɞɜɭɯ ɱɚɫɬɟɣ, ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ (ɪɢɫ.2.4). ɉɟɪɜɚɹ ɫɬɭɩɟɧɶ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɞɟɮɢɰɢɬɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɚ ɜɬɨɪɚɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ ɜ ɧɟɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ. Ⱦɜɭɯɫɟɤɰɢɨɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ
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ɢɦɟɸɬ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɫɥɨɠɧɭɸ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɸ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɱɬɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɞɥɹ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.4. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɞɜɭɯɫɬɭɩɟɧɱɚɬɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
Ɍɪɟɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ (ɪɢɫ.2.5) ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɵ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ. ȼ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɚɡɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɭ ɢ ɪɨɞɢɣ. Ⱦɥɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɵ, ɢɧɨɝɞɚ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬ ɪɭɬɟɧɢɣ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ 250°ɋ ɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ 400 ɞɨ 800°ɋ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.5. ɋɯɟɦɚ ɬɪɟɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ
Ⱦɥɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɬɪɟɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɚ 1ɤɝ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶɫɹ 14,7—14,9ɤɝ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɱɬɨ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ
2.4.3. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɞɢɡɟɥɟɣ
Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶ ɧɟ ɜɨɫɩɪɢɢɦɱɢɜ ɤ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɦ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɜ ɈȽ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɨɱɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ. ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɱɟɦ ɧɚ ɧɟɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɯɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɧɵɟ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ, ɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ, ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɈȽ, ɫɚɠɟɜɵɟ
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ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ ɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɜ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟ ɬɪɟɛɭɸɬ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɞɢɡɟɥɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɚɸɬ ɧɚ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ ɢ ɜ ɈȽ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɨɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ.
ȼ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɞɜɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɞɯɨɞɚ ɤ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɸ ɡɚɞɚɱɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ: ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɚɤ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɫɟɥɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ (SCR), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɟɟ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɭɠɟ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɧɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɈȽ (EGR).
Ɋɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɈȽ (ɊɈȽ) – ɷɬɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɚ ɱɚɫɬɢ ɈȽ ɜɨ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɈȽ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɣ ɡɚɪɹɞ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɧɟɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜɥɟɱɟɬ ɡɚ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɡɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɢ, ɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ NɈX. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɟ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɈȽ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (CO2) ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɵɟ ɩɚɪɵ (H2O) ɢɦɟɸɬ ɛɨɥɶɲɭɸ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɨɦ ɬɟɩɥɨɟɦɤɨɫɬɶ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɢ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɯɫɹ NɈX. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɈȽ ɧɚ ɜɩɭɫɤ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɶ ɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɚɤ ɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɈȽ. ɂɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ “ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ” ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɭɥɭɱɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɟ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɡɚɪɹɞɨɦ, ɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.
ɉɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɈȽ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ NOX ɧɚ 17% ɩɪɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɬɜɺɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.2.6 ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɚ ɨɞɧɚ ɢɡ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɫɯɟɦ ɊɈȽ ɫ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟɦ, ɤɚɤ ɧɚɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɈȽ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.6. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɊɈȽ
ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɊɈȽ, ɤɚɤ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ, ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɟɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟ ɧɨɫɢɥ ɩɨɡɢɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɯɚ-
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ɪɚɤɬɟɪɚ, ɬ.ɤ. ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɝɥɚ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɪɵɫɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. Ɍɨ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɟ ɧɟɢɡɛɟɠɧɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɚ ɡɧɚɱɢɬ, ɤ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ⱦɪɭɝɢɟ ɦɟɪɵ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɩɪɵɫɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɥɢ ɜ ɬɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɢɧɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɤɨɦɩɟɧɫɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɜɵɲɟɭɤɚɡɚɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ ɢ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɟɥɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɚɹ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ). ɋ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ «ȿɜɪɨ-4» ɛɨɥɶɲɢɧɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɲɥɨ ɤ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɸ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɭ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ (ɝɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ) ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɜɪɹɞ ɥɢ ɭɞɚɫɬɫɹ.
Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɟɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɯ ɚɜɬɨɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ, ɫɪɟɞɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ
Mercedes-Benz, DAF, Iveco, Renault Trucks, Volvo Trucks ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɟ, ɞɥɹ ɨɛɟɫ-
ɩɟɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ «ȿɜɪɨ-4/5» ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction).
SCR ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ. Ⱦɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɩɨɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɠɢɞɤɢɣ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɣ ɫɨɛɨɣ 32,5-ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɧɵɣ ɜɨɞɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪ ɦɨɱɟɜɢɧɵ (ɪɢɫ.2.7). SCR ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬ ɜɵɫɨɤɭɸ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɧɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ 80-90%. ɉɨɞɚɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɩɨɞ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟɦ AdBlue. ɉɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ SCR ɧɟ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬ, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɦ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɈȽ, ɪɚɛɨɱɢɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ. Ȼɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ SCR, ɩɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɥɭɱɲɢɬɶ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɭɸ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɢɡɟɥɟɣ ɧɚ 5–7%, ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɦɢ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ «ȿɜɪɨ-3». ɋɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɷɬɨ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ «ȿɜɪɨ-3/4» ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ, ɛɵɥɢ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɠɟɪɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɧɚɫɬɪɨɣɤɚɦɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɫɦɟɳɚɹ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚɱɚɥɚ ɜɩɪɵɫɤɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
Ɋɢɫ. 2.7. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ SCR
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ɋɢɫɬɟɦɚ SCR ɢɦɟɟɬ ɢ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɟ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɢ. Ƚɥɚɜɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɧɢɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ AdBlue. ɍɤɚɡɚɧɧɨɟ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɜɨɡɪɚɫɬɚɧɢɸ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɡɚɬɪɚɬ, ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɦɚɫɫɵ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ (ɩɨ ɢɦɟɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɧɚ 50…100ɤɝ) ɢ ɤ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɵ ɡɚɩɪɚɜɨɤ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɡɚɬɪɭɞɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ȺɌɋ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɬ.ɤ. ɨɬɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ AdBlue ɧɢɤɚɤ ɧɟ ɫɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɯɨɞɨɜɵɯ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɚɯ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ, ɡɚɬɨ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɈȽ ɭɯɭɞɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ — ɞɨ ɩɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ, ɥɟɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɯ ɞɥɹ «ȿɜ- ɪɨ-1» ɢ «ȿɜɪɨ-2». Ʉɨ ɜɫɟɦɭ ɩɪɨɱɟɦɭ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɶ AdBlue ɡɚɦɟɪɡɚɟɬ ɭɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɦɢɧɭɫ 11,5°ɋ, ɱɬɨ ɡɚɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɩɨɞɨɝɪɟɜɚ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ. ɑɬɨ ɤɚɫɚɟɬɫɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ AdBlue, ɬɨ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɟɟ. ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦ ɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɸɡɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ, ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ «ȿɜɪɨ-4»
ɢ«ȿɜɪɨ-5» ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɨɛɨɪɭɞɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚɦɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɛɟɡ ɪɟɚɝɟɧɬɚ AdBlue ɢɥɢ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɧɟ ɫɚɧɤɰɢɨɧɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ, ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ, ɱɟɪɟɡ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ, ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɸɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɤɪɭɬɹɳɢɣ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɧɚ 40%.
ɇɚ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɟ ɞɢɡɟɥɹ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ, ɧɨ
ɢɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɨɢɡɦɟɪɢɦɵ ɫ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɵɥɢ. ɗɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɨɥɭɱɢɜɲɢɟ ɨɛɳɟɟ ɧɚɡɜɚɧɢɟ "ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ" (Partikel), ɫɱɢɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɥɸɞɟɣ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɪɟɞɭ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢɯ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɨ ɜ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɯ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɚɯ, ɱɟɦ ɩɪɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɢ ɞɵɦɧɨɫɬɢ, ɩɨɞ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɨɧɢɦɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɈȽ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɬɶ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɬɚɤɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɞɟɥɚɟɬ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɜɢɞɢɦɵɦɢ. Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɚɠɚ ɧɟ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɬɵɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɨɦ ɢ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ, ɥɟɬɭɱɢɟ, ɡɨɥɶɧɵɟ, ɤɨɤɫɨɜɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ. ɂɡ ɱɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɹɞɪɨ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ (ɪɢɫ.2.8). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɬɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɚɠɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɚɛɫɨɪɛɟɧɬɨɦ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ (ɉȺɍ), ɱɚɫɬɶ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɤɚɧɰɟɪɨɝɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚɦɢ. Ʉɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫɚɠɢ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɦɨɝɨ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ȼ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɫɚɠɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɨɣ ɮɨɪɦɵ ɫ ɥɢɧɟɣɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɚɦɢ ɨɬ 0,3 ɞɨ 100 ɦɤɦ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɢɦɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɹ. Ⱦɢɡɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɫɚɠɚ ɫɤɥɨɧɧɚ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɨɬ ɫɨɬɟɧ ɞɨ ɬɵɫɹɱ ɱɚɫ-
ɬɢɰ, ɨɬɥɢɱɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ (ɪɢɫ.2.9).
ɍɞɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɠɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ ɢ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɬɶ 300 ɦ2/ɝ, ɚ ɟɟ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɨɜɨɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɚ – 0,05 ɝ/ɫɦ3. ɂɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɨɜ ɷɬɢɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɥɢ, ɱɬɨ ɢɯ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɧɟ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɨɧɨ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɥɢɡɤɨ ɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɜɢɯɪɟɜɨɣ ɤɚɦɟɪɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɜɩɪɵɫɤɨɦ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ Common Rail ɢɥɢ ɧɚɫɨɫ-ɮɨɪɫɭɧɨɤ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 2.8 ɍɫɥɨɜɧɨɟ ɢɡɨɛɪɚɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ
Ɋɢɫ. 2.9. ɋɚɠɚ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ
Ɉɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɜ ɨɱɢɫɬɤɢ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɨɬ ɫɚɠɟɜɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɯ ɭɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ. ɋɚɠɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɬɭɪɛɨɤɨɦɩɪɟɫɫɨɪɚ ɜ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɣ ɛɥɢɡɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɫɚɠɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɨ ɨɛɴɟɞɢɧɟɧ ɫ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ. ɋɚɠɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟɫɹ ɜ ɈȽ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɚɠɢ, ɚ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɹ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ (ɋH) ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (CO) ɞɨ ɜɨɞɵ (H2O) ɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ (CO2). Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɢɦɟɸɳɢɣ ɨɛɳɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɟɬ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɢ, ɤɚɤ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ. ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɫɚɠɟɜɵɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪ ɛɵɥ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧ ɜ Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɥɟɝɤɨɜɨɦ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟ ɜ 1985ɝ.
Ɇɚɬɪɢɰɚ ɫɚɠɟɜɨɝɨ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɡɚɤɥɸɱɟɧɚ ɜ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɤɨɪɩɭɫ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɸ ɹɱɟɢɫɬɭɸ ɫɬɪɭɤɬɭɪɭ ɢɡ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɤɢ ɧɚ ɛɚɡɟ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ. ɉɨɪɢɫɬɵɣ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɱɧɨɫɬɶɸ, ɫɬɨɣɤɨɫɬɶɸ ɤ ɚɝɪɟɫɫɢɜɧɵɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦ, ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɤ ɨɩɥɚɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɬɪɟɳɢɧ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹɯ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɬɚɛɢɥɶɧɨɫɬɶɸ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɨɧɢɡɚɧ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨɦ ɩɚɪɚɥɥɟɥɶɧɨ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɦɚɥɨɝɨ ɫɟɱɟɧɶɹ, ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵɯ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɢɥɢ ɞɪɭɝɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɵɟ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɵɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ, ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɦɟɠɞɭ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦɢ ɢɡ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ. ɉɨ-
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ɫɥɟɞɧɢɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɵ ɫɦɟɫɶɸ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɥɸɦɢɧɢɹ ɢ ɰɟɪɢɹ, ɜɵɩɨɥɧɹɸɳɢɯ ɮɭɧɤɰɢɸ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɢ ɞɥɹ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɚ. Ʉɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɨ ɩɨ ɞɥɢɧɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɧɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ, ɚ ɩɨ ɡɨɧɚɦ. ȼ ɩɟɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɥɚɬɢɧɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɡɚɞɧɟɣ.
Ɍɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɤɚɧɚɥɵ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɵ ɩɨɩɟɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɫɨ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɵ ɜɩɭɫɤɚ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɚɠɢ ɝɚɡɵ ɜɵɧɭɠɞɟɧɵ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɪɢɫɬɵɟ ɫɬɟɧɤɢ ɢɡ ɤɚɪɛɢɞɚ ɤɪɟɦɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɚɠɢ ɡɚɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɜɨ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɵɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɚɯ, ɚ ɝɚɡ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɨɪɵ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ. ɑɬɨɛɵ ɩɪɟɞɨɬɜɪɚɬɢɬɶ ɱɪɟɡɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɢ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɬ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɨɫɜɨɛɨɠɞɚɬɶ ɟɝɨ ɨɬ ɫɚɠɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɚ. ȼ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ, ɧɚɤɨɩɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɚɠɢ, ɜɵɠɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ (ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ). Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɜɢɞɚ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɠɟɜɵɯ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ:
-ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɪɢɫɚɞɨɤ ɤ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɭ;
-ɫ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚ.
ȼɫɜɨɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ, ɞɥɹ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɤɪɵɬɢɟɦ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɭɸ ɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɭɸ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɸ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɛɟɡ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɹ ɜɨɞɢɬɟɥɹ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɦɟɬɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɧɟɝɨ. ɉɪɢ ɩɚɫɫɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɜɵɠɢɝɚɧɢɟ ɫɚɠɢ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɟɪɵɜɧɨ ɢ ɛɟɡ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɜɦɟɲɚɬɟɥɶɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ. ɉɪɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫɚɠɢ ɜɵɠɢɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ. ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɪɟɝɟɧɟɪɚɰɢɢ ɞɥɢɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɥɢɡɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ 10 ɦɢɧɭɬ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɈȽ ɩɨɜɵɲɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ 600…650°C, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɚɠɢ ɞɨ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ.
2.5. ȺɇȺɅɂɌɂɑȿɋɄɂȿ ɂɋɋɅȿȾɈȼȺɇɂə
ɋɨɫɬɚɜ ɈȽ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɹɦɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɨɞɚɱɢ, ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɈȽ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɮɢɡɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ. Ɂɧɚɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɈȽ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɞɨɫɬɨɜɟɪɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɈȽ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɭɜɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɟɧ, ɱɟɦ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɬɚɤ ɠɟ ɹɜɥɹɸɳɢɦɫɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɨɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɵɦ, ɧɟ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɢɦ ɩɭɬɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɬɨ ɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɋɇ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɭ ɡɨɧ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɜɨɨɛɳɟ ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ, ɗɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɋɈ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɩɪɨɪɟɚɝɢɪɨɜɚɜɲɟɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ, ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹ ɫɚɠɢ – ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɧɟ ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɨɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɟɪɟɲɥɨ ɢɡ ɠɢɞɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɹ ɜ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɟ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɥɨ ɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɚ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɧɨ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟɦ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɥɚɫɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɤɪɟɤɢɧɝɚ, NOx – ɨɛɴɟɦ ɡɨɧɵ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ (ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 2000ɨɋ).
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ȼ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɷɬɢɦ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵ ɚɧɚɥɢɡ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɰɟɥɟɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɨɞɚɱɢ, ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɣ ȼȼ ɜ ɈȽ, ɧɨ ɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɤ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ NOx ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɪɟɡɤɨɝɨ ɭɯɭɞɲɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɝɨ ɤɚɤ ɤ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɚɠɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɤ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɭ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.
ȼ ɪɹɞɟ ɫɥɭɱɚɟɜ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨ ɩɪɨɚɧɚɥɢɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɢɧɬɟɝɪɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ Hf, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɪɢ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɋɇ, ɋɈ ɢ ɫɚɠɢ. Ʉɚɤ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɨ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɨɞɧɢɯ ȼȼ, ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ Hf ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɟɬ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ Qɦ, ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɧɭɸ ɫɚɠɟɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɜ ɈȽ, ɢ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɭɸ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɬɭ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ Qx, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɳɭɸ ɨɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɈȽ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɋɈ ɢ ɋɇ:
Qɦ = VB ·Wɋ · QC , |
(10) |
QX = VB· (QCO· WCO + QCH· WCH), |
(11) |
ɝɞɟ VB – ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɈȽ, ɩɪɢɪɚɜɧɢɜɚɟɦɵɣ ɤ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɨɦɭ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɭ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;
WC, WCO, WCH – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɫɚɠɢ, ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɈȽ;
QC, QCO, QCH – ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɚɠɢ, ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ.
Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ
Hf = ( QM/ QT + QX/ QT) ·100%, |
(12) |
ɝɞɟ QT – ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
QT = GT·HU, |
(13) |
ɝɞɟ GT – ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ;
HU – ɧɢɡɲɚɹ ɬɟɩɥɨɬɜɨɪɧɚɹ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ.
ɉɚɪɚɦɟɬɪ Hf ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɟɫɬɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɭ ɰɟɥɟɫɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ. ɇɚ ɪɢɫ.2.10 ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚ Hf ɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ.
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Ɋɢɫ. 2.10. Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɛɟɡɧɚɞɞɭɜɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɡɟɥɹ
Ʉɚɤ ɜɢɞɧɨ, ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɤɚ ɞɢɡɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɦɭ ɪɟɠɢɦɭ ɫɜɵɲɟ 1900…2000 ɦɢɧ-1 ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɪɨɫɬɭ ɧɟɞɨɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɞɥɹ ɞɚɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ). ɉɪɢ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɪɟɲɢɬɶ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɜɥɢɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɚ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ (ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧ, ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɨɞɚɱɚ, Ʉɋ). Ɍɨ ɠɟ ɫɚɦɨɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɤɚɡɚɬɶ ɨɛ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɮɨɪɫɢɪɨɜɤɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɹ ɩɨ ɰɢɤɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɟ (ɪɢɫ.2.11).
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Ɋɢɫ. 2.11. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ɨɬ ɰɢɤɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɡɟɥɹ ɫ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɨɦ: 1 – n = 2000 ɦɢɧ-1 ; 2 – n = 1400 ɦɢɧ-1
ȼɢɞɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɩɨ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɭ ɩɨɥɧɨɬɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɪɢ ɰɢɤɥɨɜɵɯ ɩɨɞɚɱɚɯ 40…60ɦɦ3/ɰɢɤɥ ɤɚɤ
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ɞɥɹ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ Ɇɤɪ.max. ɉɨɩɵɬɤɢ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɰɢɤɥɨɜɨɣ ɩɨɞɚɱɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɞɥɹ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ, ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɛɥɟɦɵ ɫ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.
Ⱦɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɧɮɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɦ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɩɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɭ ɈȽ – ĮɈȽ. Ⱦɚɧɧɚɹ ɜɟɥɢ-
ɱɢɧɚ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɜ ɈȽ ɋɈ2, ɋɈ, Ɉ2, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɡɭɟɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɭɱɚɫɬ-
ɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ, ɜ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Į, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɩɪɹɦɨɝɨ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ
ĮɈȽ =1+(Ɉ2 – 0,5ɋɈ) / ((ɋɈ2 + 0,5ɋɈ)(1 + ȕ / 0,791)), |
(14) |
ɝɞɟ Ɉ2, ɋɈ, ɋɈ2 – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɈȽ; ȕ – ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɶ Ȼɭɧɬɷ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɹɪɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ:
ȕ=2,37(ɇɌ – ɈɌ) / ɋɌ, |
(15) |
ɝɞɟ ɇɌ, ɈɌ, ɋɌ– ɦɨɥɶɧɵɟ ɞɨɥɢ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ. ɉɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɚɹ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚ ɩɪɢɟɦɥɟɦɚ ɞɥɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ ɫ ɦɚɥɵɦ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟ-
ɪɵ ɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ.
ɋɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɡɧɚɬɶ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɫɬɜɚ Ⱦȼɋ ɢɦɟɟɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ ɪɚɡɛɪɨɫ ɟɝɨ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ (ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɪɚɡɦɟɪɵ ɢ ɲɟɪɨɯɨɜɚɬɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɨɞɧɨɢɦɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ, ɫɥɭɱɚɣɧɵɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.). ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɛɚɡɢɪɨɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɰɨɜ ɨɞɧɨɬɢɩɧɵɯ Ⱦȼɋ.
2.6. ɄɈɇɌɊɈɅɖɇȺə ɊȺȻɈɌȺ
Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɭɞɟɧɬ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɢɬɶ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɭɸ ɪɚɛɨɬɭ ɩɨ ɬɟɦɟ ɩɪɟɞɥɨɠɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɪɟɩɨɞɚɜɚɬɟɥɟɦ. Ʉɨɧɬɪɨɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɢ ɨɛɴɟɦ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɪɚɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶ ɬɟɦɭ. Ɇɚɬɟɪɢɚɥ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɟɧ ɛɵɬɶ ɢɡɥɨɠɟɧ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɪɚɦɨɬɧɨ, ɱɟɬɤɨ ɢ ɫɠɚɬɨ.
ɉɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɚ ɩɢɲɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɪɭɤɢ ɱɟɪɧɢɥɚɦɢ ɢɥɢ ɲɚɪɢɤɨɜɨɣ ɪɭɱɤɨɣ ɧɚ ɨɞɧɨɣ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɟ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɩɢɫɱɟɣ ɛɭɦɚɝɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɟɱɚɬɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɉɗȼɆ. Ʌɢɫɬɵ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɢɦɟɬɶ ɫɤɜɨɡɧɭɸ ɧɭɦɟɪɚɰɢɸ. Ɏɨɪɦɚɬ ɥɢɫɬɚ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ Ⱥ4 (210ɯ297)ɦɦ. ɉɨɥɹ: ɩɪɚɜɨɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 5 ɦɦ, ɥɟɜɨɟ ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ 20 ɦɦ. Ɉɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɹɫɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɞɨɥɠɧɨ ɭɞɨɜɥɟɬɜɨɪɹɬɶ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ ɧɚ ɨɮɨɪɦɥɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɱɺɬɚ ɨ ɧɚɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɣ ɪɚ-
ɛɨɬɟ (ȽɈɋɌ 7.32-03 ɢɥɢ ɂɋɈ 5966-92).
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