Токсичность ДВС

-ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɢ ɢ ɧɟɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ, ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɚɤɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɸ;

-ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɤɭɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɢ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɩɹɬɫɬɜɢɣ ɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɭɫɥɭɝɚɦɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɚɤɤɪɟɞɢɬɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɢɣ;

-ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɫɨɜɦɟɳɟɧɢɹ ɩɨɥɧɨɦɨɱɢɣ ɧɚ ɚɤɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɸ ɢ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɹ;

-ɧɟɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɨɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɛ ɚɤɤɪɟɞɢɬɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɹɯ.

ȼɟɫɶ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɪɚɡɛɢɬ ɧɚ ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɬɚɩɵ, ɤɚɠɞɵɣ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɜɹɡɚɧ ɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɜɢɞɨɜ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɨɜ, ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ:

-ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɵ, ɭɡɥɵ, ɞɟɬɚɥɢ (ɬ. ɟ. ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɵ ɞɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɚ ɧɨɜɵɣ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶ;

-ɨɬɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ (ɧɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ);

-ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ (ɩɨ ɫɨɜɨɤɭɩɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɜɨɣɫɬɜ, ɩɪɢɜɧɨɫɢɦɵɯ ɜ ɧɟɝɨ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɚɦɢ, ɭɡɥɚɦɢ, ɞɟɬɚɥɹɦɢ).

ɋɟɪɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɵɞɚɱɟɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ «Ɉɞɨɛɪɟɧɢɟ ɬɢɩɚ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ», ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɨɞɬɜɟɪɠɞɚɟɬ, ɱɬɨ ɞɨɥɠɧɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɟ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɟɪɟɱɧɸ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɣ, ɩɪɟɞɴɹɜɥɹɟɦɵɯ ɤ ɞɚɧɧɨɦɭ ɬɢɩɭ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ. Ɍɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɨɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɢ, ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɨɝɨ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ.

2.2.2.ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɧɵɟ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ

ȼɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɨɣ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚɰɢɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɵɜɚɟɬ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ, ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɦɨɣ ɢɡɦɟɪɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɜ ȼȼ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɜ ɧɢɯ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɵ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɩɨɥɭɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɚɡɧɵɟ ɬɢɩɵ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɨɜ: ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɟ (ɭ ɧɚɫ ȽɈɋɌɵ); ɦɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɵɟ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɩɨɥɶɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɧɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ, ɥɢɛɨ ɧɚɪɹɞɭ ɫ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɦɢ; ɦɟɫɬɧɵɟ (ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ). ȼɩɟɪɜɵɟ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɈȽ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɛɵɥɨ ɜɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɜ 1959 (ɲɬɚɬ Ʉɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɹ). ȼ 1968ɝ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɭɬɜɟɪɠɞɟɧ Ƚɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɣ (ɮɟɞɟɪɚɥɶɧɵɣ) ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ. ȼ 1970ɝ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɷɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɤɨɦɢɫɫɢɟɣ ɈɈɇ ɛɵɥɢ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɧɵ ɟɞɢɧɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜ ȿɜɪɨɩɵ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɈȽ ɢ ɤɚɪɬɟɪɧɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ (ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚ ȿɗɄ ɈɈɇ 15 ɢ 49). ȼ ɋɋɋɊ ɧɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɱɚɥɨɫɶ ɜ

1970ɝ (ȽɈɋɌ 16533-70).

ȼȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɜɨɩɪɨɫɚɦɢ ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɜɚɧɢɹ ȺɌɋ ɡɚɧɢɦɚɸɬɫɹ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɨɣ ɗɤɨɧɨɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ Ʉɨɦɢɫɫɢɢ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ Ɉɛɴ-

11

ɟɞɢɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɇɚɰɢɣ (ȿɗɄ ɈɈɇ), ȿɜɪɨɩɟɣɫɤɢɣ ɋɨɸɡ (ȿɋ) ɢ Ɇɟɠɞɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɚɹ Ɉɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɩɨ ɋɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ISO). ȼ ɋɒȺ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɟɞɩɢɫɚɧɢɹ Ⱥɝɟɧɬɫɬɜɚ ɩɨ ɡɚɳɢɬɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ (ȿɊȺ).

ȼ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ: ɩɨ ɫɮɟɪɟ ɢɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ (ɦɨɩɟɞɵ, ɦɨɬɨɰɢɤɥɵ, ɚɜɬɨɛɭɫɵ, ɜɧɟɞɨɪɨɠɧɚɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.); ɩɨ ɩɪɟɞɦɟɬɭ ɨɰɟɧɤɢ (ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɰɢɢ ɢɥɢ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ).

Ʉɚɠɞɵɣ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬ ɨɝɨɜɚɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ:

1)ɨɛɥɚɫɬɶ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɤɚɤɢɟ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɵ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɩɨɞ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɟ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɨɟ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɬɟɝɨɪɢɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɨ ɜ ɬɚɛɥɢɰɟ 2.2;

2)ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɢɹ, ɜ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɛɵɬɶ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ. ɉɪɢ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɢɯ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ, ɱɬɨɛɵ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɛɵɥɨ ɢɦɢɬɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɯ ɚɝɪɟɝɚɬɨɜ;

3)ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ – ɫɨɱɟɬɚɧɢɟ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ, ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ ɢ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ ɜɵɞɟɪɠɤɢ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ;

4)ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɚ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɚ ɤɨɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɨɛɴɟɤɬɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ;

5)ɩɟɪɟɱɟɧɶ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɩɨɝɪɟɲɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ;

6)ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɩɪɟɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ) ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɭɟɦɵɯ ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɨɜ. ȼ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɢ ɨɬ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɤɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɵ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɜɵɪɚɠɚɬɶɫɹ:

-ɞɥɹ ȺɌɋ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɦɢ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɦɢ (ɝ/ɤɦ, ɝ/ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ);

-ɞɥɹ Ⱦȼɋ – ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɜ ɫɭɯɢɯ ɈȽ ɨɰɟɧɢɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ (%), ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɞɨɥɹɯ ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ (ɦɥɧ-1, ɪɪɦ), ɜ ɦɢɥɥɢɝɪɚɦɦɚɯ ɧɚ 1ɥ ɈȽ ɢɥɢ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɦ ȼȼ. (ɝ/ɤȼɬ*ɱ);

7)ɫɪɨɤɢ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ ɢ ɧɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ.

Ɉɰɟɧɤɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ȼȼ ɜ ɈȽ ɜ ɧɚɫɬɨɹɳɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ:

-ɩɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɸ ɜ ɈȽ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ȼȼ – ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ (NOX, ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɡɨɬɚ NO2), ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɋ1ɇ1,85, ɧɨ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɢ ɜ ɩɟɪɟɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ ɋ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɩɚɧ ɋ3ɇ8);

-ɞɥɹ ɞɢɡɟɥɟɣ, ɩɨɦɢɦɨ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɈȽ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɊɆ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɞɵɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɈȽ (ɧɚ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɯɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ).

ɉɟɪɟɞ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɦɢ ɩɨ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ Ⱦȼɋ (ɢɥɢ ȺɌɋ) ɫ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɟɝɨ ɢɞɟɧɬɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɫ ɡɚɹɜɥɟɧɧɵɦɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɚɦɢ (ɫɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ Ɍɍ) ɫ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨɣ ɤɨɦɩɥɟɤɬɚɰɢɟɣ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ Ⱦȼɋ ɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɧɢɹɦ Ɍɍ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɶ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ: ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ Ⱦȼɋ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɹ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ ɫ ɛɟɝɨɜɵɦɢ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚɦɢ ɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ Ⱦȼɋ ɧɚ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ.

12

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.2

Ʉɥɚɫɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ȺɌɋ

13

ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɛɟɝɨɜɵɯ ɛɚɪɚɛɚɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɟɡɞɨɜɵɦ ɰɢɤɥɚɦ, ɢɦɢɬɢɪɭɸɳɢɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ Ⱦȼɋ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ȺɌɋ. ɉɪɨɰɟɞɭɪɚ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɟɬ ɬɪɢ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɰɢɤɥɚ: ESC ɢ ETC, ɩɪɟɞɧɚɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɢ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ (ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ) ȼȼ, ɢ ELR ɞɥɹ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɵɦɧɨɫɬɢ (ɨɩɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɢ) ɈȽ. Ɍ.ɤ. ɢɫɬɨɱɧɢɤɨɦ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ȼȼ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ Ⱦȼɋ, ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɚ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɫɬɟɧɞɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɩɪɟɞɩɨɱɬɢɬɟɥɶɧɵ (ɟɫɥɢ ɢɧɨɟ ɧɟ ɨɝɨɜɨɪɟɧɨ ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɫɬɚɧɞɚɪɬɚɯ), ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɷɬɨɬ ɜɢɞ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɬɨɱɟɧ ɢ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɞɨɪɨɝ. ɂɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɹɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɰɢɤɥɚɦ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɢɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɢɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ. ɉɪɢ ɨɰɟɧɤɟ ɞɵɦɧɨɫɬɢ ɈȽ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɟ ɪɟɠɢɦɵ. ȼ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɜɫɟɝɞɚ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɧɨɦɢɧɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɢ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɣ.

ɇɨɪɦɚɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ȼȼ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɉɪɚɜɢɥɚɯ ɜ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɚɯ (ɝ/ɤȼɬ*ɱ). ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɹɯ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɵ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɥɧ-1 ɢɥɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɧɬɚɯ. ɉɟɪɟɪɚɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɤɚɤ ɩɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ȼȼ ɜ ɈȽ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɩɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɢ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ, ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɚ ɜɟɫɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ, ɩɚɪɚɦɟɬɪɚɦ Ɉɋ (ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ). ȼɫɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ, ɤɪɨɦɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɢɯ, ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɪɟɠɢɦɨɜ ɜɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɢɦɟɸɬ ɫɜɨɢ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ.

Ʉɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɟɫɨɦɨɫɬɢ (Ʉɜ) ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬ ɞɨɥɸ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɡɚɬɪɚɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɧɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɜ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɜɪɟɦɟɧɢ, ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɝɨ ɡɚ ɟɞɢɧɢɰɭ. ɉɪɢɧɹɬɢɟ ɪɚɡɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ Ʉɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟɦ ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨɫɬɟɣ, ɩɪɢɫɭɳɟɣ ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɟ: ɝɟɨɝɪɚɮɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɟ (ɫɟɜɟɪ, ɸɝ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.), ɜɵɪɚɳɢɜɚɟɦɵɟ ɤɭɥɶɬɭɪɵ, ɩɥɨɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɪɚɡɜɢɬɨɫɬɶ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɦɚɝɢɫɬɪɚɥɟɣ, ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɧɵɯ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜ ɢ ɬ.ɞ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ȽɈɋɌ17.2.2.05-97 (ɇɨɪɦɵ ɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɵ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ ȼȼ ɫ ɈȽ ɞɢɡɟɥɟɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ), ɩɪɚɜɢɥɚ ɨɛɪɚɛɨɬɤɢ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɨɜ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɣ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ. ȼɧɚɱɚɥɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ȼȼ, ɝ/ɱ:

ɝɞɟ WNOx, WCO, WCH - ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɟ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɵɬɚɧɢɢ ɧɚ ɤɨɧɤɪɟɬɧɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɨɛɴɟɦɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɫɭɦɦɚɪ-

ɧɵɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ (ɜ ɩɟɪɟɪɚɫɱɟɬɟ ɧɚ ɭɫɥɨɜɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɋ1ɇ1,85) ɜ ɈȽ, ɦɥɧ-1;

FNOx ɢ FCO – ɩɨɩɪɚɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɵ ɧɚ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɚɦ (5) ɢ (6); FCH – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɪɚɜɧɵɣ 0,000478 ɞɥɹ ɞɢɡɟɥɟɣ ɢ 0,000485 ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ;

14

Ʉx - ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ, ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɢɣ ɦɟɬɨɞ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɚɧɚɥɢɡɚ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ (Ʉx =1 ɩɪɢ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɧɨ-ɢɨɧɢɡɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɢ Ʉx =2 ɩɪɢ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɦɟɬɨɞɟ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɢɡɛɢɪɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ);

GɈȽ – ɱɚɫɨɜɨɣ ɪɚɫɯɨɞ ɈȽ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɤɚɤ ɫɭɦɦɚ ɱɚɫɨɜɵɯ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ GɌ ɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ Gȼ ,ɤɝ/ɱ

ɝɞɟ ijɚɛɫ – ɚɛɫɨɥɸɬɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɞɥɹ ɢɡɦɟɪɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɯɨɞɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɪɚɫɫɱɢɬɚɧɧɚɹ ɩɨ ɮɨɪɦɭɥɟ, ɝɇ2Ɉ/ɤɝ

ijɚɛɫ=6,21 ijɨɤɪ· ps/( ȼɨɤɪ – 0,01 ijɨɤɪ· ps),

ɝɞɟ ijɨɤɪ – ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɚɹ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɬɨɠɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬ-

ɜɨ,%;

ps – ɩɚɪɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɞɹɧɨɝɨ ɩɚɪɚ ɩɪɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜ ɬɨɠɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɢɥɢ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɜɨ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ; ȼɨɤɪ – ɛɚɪɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ, ɤɉɚ.

ɝɞɟ GNOx, GCO, GCH – ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɜ ɝ/ɱ, ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɦɵɟ ɩɨ (1), (2) ɢ

(3) ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ;

KB – ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɜɟɫɨɦɨɫɬɢ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ;

15

Ne – ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɦɨɳɧɨɫɬɶ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ.

ȽɈɋɌ17.2.2.05 ɩɪɟɞɭɫɦɚɬɪɢɜɚɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɧɚ ɤɚɠɞɨɦ ɢɡ 13-ɬɢ ɧɢɠɟɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ (ɬɚɛɥ.2.3).

Ɂɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɭɞɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɢ ɤɚɩɢɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɨɬɪɟɦɨɧɬɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɢɡɟɥɟɣ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ ɧɟ ɞɨɥɠɧɵ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɬɶ ɧɨɪɦ, ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.2.4, ɚ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ - ɜ ɬɚɛɥ.2.5.

16

Ɍɚɛɥɢɰɚ 2.5 ɍɞɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɵ ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɯɫɹ ɜ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɢ ɬɪɚɤɬɨɪɨɜ

2.3. ɈȻɊȺɁɈȼȺɇɂȿ ɂ ɊȺɁɅɈɀȿɇɂȿ ȼɊȿȾɇɕɏ ȼȿɓȿɋɌȼ

ɉɪɨɰɟɫɫ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ Ⱦȼɋ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ. Ɋɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɦɢ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨ ɢɡɭɱɟɧɧɵɦɢ. ɂɡɜɟɫɬɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ ɤ ɬɢɩɭ ɰɟɩɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɟɬɜɥɟɧɢɹɦɢ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɢɦɟɸɬ ɰɟɩɢ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɟ ɨɬ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ. ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɢ ɞɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɨɬ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɚ ɟɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ.

ȼɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɬɟɨɪɢɟɣ ɰɟɩɧɨɣ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɜ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɨɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɤ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɸ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɨɞɜɟɪɝɚɸɬɫɹ ɪɚɫɩɚɞɭ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɜɵɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɟɫɶɦɚ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ (ɢ ɧɟɭɫɬɨɣɱɢɜɵɟ) ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɵ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ, ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɹ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ ɢ ɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɵ. ȼ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɤɪɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɜɟɥɢɱɢɧɵ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢɯ ɜɡɪɵɜɧɨɣ ɪɚɫɩɚɞ ɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɟɬɫɹ ɰɟɩɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɦɨɦɟɧɬ ɩɟɪɟɞ ɜɨɡ-

ɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟɦ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɡɤɢɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɫɬ C2H2 ɢ H2. Ɉɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ CO, CO2, H2O ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. ɉɨɫɥɟ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɶ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɧɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɢ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. Ⱦɚɥɶɧɟɣɲɢɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɡɚɜɢɫɹɬ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɠɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɝɚɡɨɞɢɧɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɨɬ ɹɜɥɟɧɢɣ, ɫɨɩɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɳɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɝɚɡɨɨɛɦɟɧɚ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.

ȼɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɈȽ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɶɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɢɟɫɹ ɞɜɭɦɹ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ: ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɰɟɩɨɱɧɨ-ɬɟɩɥɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɡɪɵɜɚ (ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ, ɫɢɧɬɟɡɚ), ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨɥɢɰɢɤɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɚɪɨɦɚɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ (ɉȺɍ), ɚɥɶɞɟɝɢɞɵ, ɤɟɬɨɧɵ, ɮɟɧɨɥɵ; ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ɇɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɢɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɵ ɨɫɬɚɸɬɫɹ ɜ ɡɚɡɨɪɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɦɚɥɵ ɞɥɹ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ (ɦɟɠɞɭ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɦ ɢ ɫɬɟɧɤɨɣ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ, ɧɚɞ ɩɟɪɜɵɦ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɦ ɤɨɥɶɰɨɦ, ɜɨɤɪɭɝ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ), ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜ "ɡɚɦɨɪɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ" ɫɥɨɹɯ ɭ ɫɬɟɧɨɤ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ ɢ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧɚɯ ɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɝɞɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡ. Ɋɨɫɬ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ ɢɡɡɚ ɝɚɲɟɧɢɹ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɢɥɢ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ.

Ʉɚɤ ɝɨɜɨɪɢɥɨɫɶ ɜɵɲɟ, ɤɨɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɟɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɞɨɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɜ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɸɳɚɹɫɹ ɭɠɟ ɜ ɪɚɧɧɟɣ ɫɬɚɞɢɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. Ʉɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɟ ɫɨ-

17

ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ, ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɸɳɟɣ ɜ Ⱦȼɋ, ɜɵɲɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɬɨ ɬɚɤɚɹ ɫɦɟɫɶ ɨɛɥɚɞɚɟɬ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢ ɧɚɡɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ "ɛɟɞɧɨɣ". ɇɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɟ ɫɨɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɢ ɫɦɟɫɶ "ɛɨɝɚɬɚɹ". ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɜ ɈȽ ɛɭɞɭɬ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɶɫɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ CO. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɞɚɠɟ ɩɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɫɨ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɞɢɡɟɥɹ) ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɣ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɋɈ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɞɨɥɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɞɨɝɨɪɚɟɬ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɜ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɗɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɚɥɶɧɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ CO ɜ CO2 ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɢ ɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɦ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪɟ. ɋɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɈȽ ɩɪɢɡɜɚɧɵ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɭ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶɸ. ɇɨ CO2, ɯɨɬɹ ɢ ɧɟɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ, ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɣ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɨɣ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ "ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ", ɩɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɜ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɟɧɢɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɚ ɭɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɟ ɜɧɢɦɚɧɢɟ.

ɇɟɤɨɬɨɪɭɸ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɢɫɩɚɪɟɧɢɹ, ɜ ɫɨɨɬɜɟɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵɦɢ ɜ ɋɒȺ ɢ Ɂɚɩɚɞɧɨɣ ȿɜɪɨɩɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɦɢ, ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ ɤ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɚɦ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰɵ ɫ ɈȽ ɬɢɩɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɞɢɡɟɥɹ ɫ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɬ ɧɚ 68…75% ɢɡ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɢ ɧɚ 25…32% - ɢɡ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ. ɋɚɠɚ (ɬɜɟɪɞɵɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ) ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɦ ɧɟɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɢɦɵɯ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ. Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɫɬɚɞɢɣ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɫɚɠɢ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ:

-ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɡɚɪɨɞɵɲɟɣ, ɢɯ ɪɨɫɬ ɞɨ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ (ɤɪɢɫɬɚɥɥɢɬɨɜ - ɲɟɫɬɢɭɝɨɥɶɧɵɯ ɩɥɚɫɬɢɧɨɤ ɝɪɚɮɢɬɚ);

-ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɹ (ɫɥɢɩɚɧɢɟ) ɞɨ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɯ ɤɨɧɝɥɨɦɟɪɚɬɨɜ;

-ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɟ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɣ.

ɇɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɯ ɞɜɭɯ ɷɬɚɩɚɯ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɩɢ ɮɢɡɢɤɨ-ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɟɜɪɚɳɟɧɢɣ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɸ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɬ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɩɢɪɨɥɢɡɚ (ɤɪɟɤɢɧɝɚ), ɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɞɟɝɢɞɪɨɝɟɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɨɬɧɹɬɢɹ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ); ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪɢɡɚɰɢɢ (ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɦɨɧɨɦɟɪɨɜ ɜ ɩɨɥɢɦɟɪ); ɤɨɧɞɟɧɫɚɰɢɢ (ɩɪɢɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɭɯ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥ ɤ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɨɣ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ). ȼɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɫɚɠɢ ɢɡ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬɨɜ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ 0,33…0,7. ɉɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɜ ɨɬɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɫ ɜɧɟɲɧɢɦ ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ (ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ, ɝɚɡɨɜɵɯ) ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɢ ɝɨɦɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɨɹɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɬɚɤɢɯ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɡɨɧ ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ. ɇɟɬ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɞɥɹ ɪɨɫɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɚɝɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɩɟɪɜɢɱɧɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɬɟɥɚ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɩɪɨɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɹɱɟɝɨ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦɭ ɜɵɝɨɪɚɧɢɸ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɫɚɠɢ. ɍ ɞɢɡɟɥɟɣ ɥɨɤɚɥɶɧɵɟ ɩɟɪɟɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɵɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɦ ɡɨɧɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɱɚɳɟ, ɢ ɜ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɦɟɪɟ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɟɪɟɱɢɫɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɜɵɲɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɚɠɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɫɚɠɢ ɫ ɈȽ ɞɢɡɟɥɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɨɤ ɛɨɥɶɲɢɦɢ, ɱɟɦ ɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɤɪɨɦɟ ɫɚɠɢ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ. ɋɟɪɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɚɹɫɹ ɜ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ, ɜɨ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɞɨ SO2 ɢ ɞɚɥɟɟ (ɫ ɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨ ɦɟɧɶɲɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ) ɜ

18

SO3. Ɂɚɬɟɦ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɟɪɨɹɬɧɨɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ SO3 ɫ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɟɬ ɧɚ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɯ ɤɚɦɟɪɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɟ ɢ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ. ɋɜɢɧɟɰ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ (ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɷɬɢɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɵɯ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜ) ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɨɜ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ ɢ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɝɚɥɨɝɟɧɢɞɨɜ ɚɦɦɨɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɜɢɧɰɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬɫɹ ɩɨ ɫɯɨɞɧɨɦɭ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɚɠɢ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ.

ȼ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɨɞɧɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɬɶ ɲɟɫɬɶ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ: N2O, NO, N2O3, NO2, N2O4, N2O5. ɉɪɢ ɪɟɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɜ ɬɟɩɥɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɦɢ ɰɢɤɥɚ ɩɨɪɹɞɤɚ 1500…2500ɨɋ ɩɪɟɨɛɥɚɞɚɸɳɢɦ ɜ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚɯ ɢɡ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɢɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞ NO (99% ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹɯ ɫ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ ɢ ɛɨɥɟɟ 90% ɜ ɞɢɡɟɥɹɯ). ɋɱɢɬɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦɢ ɩɭɬɹɦɢ:

-ɩɪɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɦ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ (ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɡɨɬɚ);

-ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɢɡɤɨɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɨɝɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɨɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɢɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɦɨɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ (ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɡɨɬɚ);

-ɜɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɬɨɥɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ ɫ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɚɦɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɢ ɩɭɥɶɫɚɰɢɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ (ɛɵɫɬɪɵɣ ɨɤɫɢɞ ɚɡɨɬɚ).

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɦɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɢ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɬ.ɟ. ɬɚɤɢɟ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɫɨɡɞɚɬɶ ɞɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ CO, CnHm ɢ ɫɚɠɢ.

2.4. ɋɇɂɀȿɇɂȿ ɌɈɄɋɂɑɇɈɋɌɂ ɈɌɊȺȻɈɌȺȼɒɂɏ ȽȺɁɈȼ

ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɪɚɡɞɟɥɟ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɨɡɧɚɤɨɦɢɬɶɫɹ ɫ ɦɟɬɨɞɚɦɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɈȽ, ɤɨɬɨɪɨɟ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɧɚ ȼȼ ɩɨ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɸ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɧɟɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɭɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɚ - ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɵ ɢ ɫɚɠɟɜɵɟ ɮɢɥɶɬɪɵ. ɂɡɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɢ ɢɯ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɯ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɥɟɞɭɟɬ ɩɪɨɜɨɞɢɬɶ ɩɨ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɭɟɦɨɣ ɥɢɬɟɪɚɬɭɪɟ.

ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɈȽ ɜ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɟ ɢɯ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɨɞɨɜ ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ɋɪɟɞɢ ɧɢɯ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɵɞɟɥɢɬɶ:

-ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ;

-ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɹ ɢ ɩɨɞɛɨɪ ɡɚɤɨɧɨɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɩɨɞɚɱɢ;

-ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɤ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɣ ɚɩɩɚɪɚɬɭɪɵ;

-ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɦɢɧɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɟ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɢ ɱɚɫɬɢɱɧɵɯ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɧɵɯ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ;

-ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɩɨ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚɦ;

-ɩɨɢɫɤ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɮɚɡ ɝɚɡɨɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɹ, ɫɬɟɩɟɧɢ ɫɠɚɬɢɹ ɢ ɢɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɤɚ;

-ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɢɫɤɪɨɜɵɦ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɟɦ;

-ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ;

-ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤ ɩɟɪɟɯɨɞɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ;

19

-ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɵɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ, ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɬɶ ɨɩɬɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɟ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ, ɧɨ ɢ ɤɨɧɬɪɨɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɪɚɛɨɬɨɫɩɨɫɨɛɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɈȽ;

-ɨɩɬɢɦɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɷɤɫɩɥɭɚɬɚɰɢɨɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɤ;

-ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ “ɯɨɥɨɞɧɨɣ” ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɈȽ;

-ɪɚɡɪɚɛɨɬɤɚ ɚɥɶɬɟɪɧɚɬɢɜɧɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ;

-ɲɢɪɨɤɨɟ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɤɚɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɤ ɞɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɤ ɧɟɦɭ.

ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɟ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɢɜɧɵɟ ɢ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɨɱɧɵɟ ɦɟɪɨɩɪɢɹɬɢɹ ɧɟ ɞɚɥɢ ɨɠɢɞɚɟɦɨɝɨ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɚ ɢ ɭɠɟ ɞɥɹ ɜɵɩɨɥɧɟɧɢɹ ɧɨɪɦ ȿȼɊɈ-4 ɩɨɬɪɟɛɨɜɚɥɨɫɶ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɈȽ ɞɥɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɢɩɨɜ Ⱦȼɋ. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɫ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɢ (ɢɥɢ) ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɵɦ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɨɦ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɨɫɬɢ ɈȽ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɦ ɭɪɨɜɧɟ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɹ ɬɟɯɧɢɤɢ. ɋ ɷɬɨɣ ɰɟɥɶɸ ɜ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɭɸ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɭɫɬɚɧɚɜɥɢɜɚɸɬ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɣ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɪɟɚɤɬɨɪ (ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪ).

ɉɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɜ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɟ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɢ ɧɟɫɝɨɪɟɜɲɢɯ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɞɢɚɩɚɡɨɧɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɨɬ 700 ɞɨ 850°ɋ ɩɪɢ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɢ ɢɡɛɵɬɤɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ɇɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɨɜɚɬɶ ɨɤɢɫɥɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɧɟɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɨɛɹɡɚɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɟɦ ɢɯ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɤ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ. ȼ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ — ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜ, ɚɤɬɢɜɢɡɢɪɭɸɳɢɯ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɫɧɢɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɢ ɨɛɟɫɩɟɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜɫɟɯ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ.

2.4.1.ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ

ɍɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɨ ɩɪɨɫɬɟɣɲɟɝɨ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚ ɩɨɤɚɡɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɪɢɫ.2.2. ȼ ɲɬɚɦ-

ɩɨɜɚɧɧɨɦ ɤɨɪɩɭɫɟ 1, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɨɦ ɢɡ ɧɟɪɠɚɜɟɸɳɟɣ ɫɬɚɥɢ, ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ 2 ɢ ɷɥɚɫɬɢɱɧɚɹ ɬɟɪɦɨɢɡɨɥɹɰɢɨɧɧɚɹ ɩɪɨɤɥɚɞɤɚ 3. Ʉɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ (ɪɢɫ.2.2,ɚ) ɩɪɨɧɢɡɚɧ ɩɪɨɞɨɥɶɧɵɦɢ ɩɨɪɚɦɢ-ɫɨɬɚɦɢ, ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɵɣ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɥɨɣ. ɉɨɪɵ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɸɬ ɦɧɨɠɟɫɬɜɨ ɬɨɧɤɢɯ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ ɞɥɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɚ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. Ȼɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɫɩɟɰɢɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɩɨɞɥɨɠɤɟ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɨɣ 20…60 ɦɢɤɪɨɦɟɬɪɨɜ ɫ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɵɦ ɦɢɤɪɨɪɟɥɶɟɮɨɦ ɨɛɳɚɹ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɞɨɯɨɞɢɬɶ ɞɨ 20000 ɦ2. Ɇɚɫɫɚ ɤɚɬɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ, ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɷɬɭ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ, ɫɨɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɜɫɟɝɨ 2…3 ɝ. Ⱦɥɹ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɚɛɚɪɢɬɨɜ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɬɚɥɢ ɢ ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɣ ɜ ɧɟɣ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ ɢɡ ɬɚɤɨɝɨ ɦɚɬɟɪɢɚɥɚ ɱɚɫɬɨ ɢɡɝɨɬɚɜɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɧɵɦ.

ȼ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɚɯ ɩɪɢɦɟɧɹɸɬ ɢ ɦɟɬɚɥɥɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶ (ɪɢɫ.2.2,ɛ), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɬɨɧɱɚɣɲɢɟ ɫɨɬɵ, ɢɡɝɨɬɨɜɥɟɧɧɵɟ ɢɡ ɝɨɮɪɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɣ ɮɨɥɶɝɢ. ɗɬɨ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɨ ɫɪɚɜɧɟɧɢɸ ɫ ɤɟɪɚɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɟɦ, ɫɧɢɡɢɬɶ ɫɨɩɪɨɬɢɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɸ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɢ ɭɫɤɨɪɢɬɶ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɜ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɞɨ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ

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