Энергоэффективные тепломассообменные и холодильные установки
.pdf, /4 ( T 4 /, ( ' ,. 0 ( /
4-( ST 5 ( 5. & / ( ' ,.
8 8 0 /R. 7 8- 8 S ( ( 8/, . . 0 ( ' ,. ( 0- /5 .. 0 .- , . . ( 1 5 8 - R / ( ( ' ,. (' ,. 0 R ). Q 1 . 8 8 S ( ( ( 0,
0 ST , ( 8/ ( 8. Q 8 , T
- 5 1-2 i, - ( , .. . U, ' 8 ( ' ,. /0
. S . . ., 0 / 0 -
(- 4, ' ,./ , – . Q ( ' ,. .. ( III –
8 2-3, . 4 (, ,( ( 4-(
. 4 ( , – 8 3-4. 7 -( 5 4- ( , ( V (i = const, = 1 = const, 1 . 0 45 ( S). 1 /. ( .: 0 4 , 5 . #. . 0 4 - 4-( -( ( - - , 0 5 5 ), 0 5 – -/5 /T /5
( . . /R , 0 5 5 ).
Q ( , 4 ( ,
VI, ,( ( ( / T-
4 5 /T /5 (8 5-6). W . / 4 ( ,
S 4 (, ,( , S, 4-( -( 5 4- ( , (8 6-7) S IX. # . 4 (
. R .. /. . (/. .),
/5 ( 1 . 4-( VII (8 9-10 = const)( VIII (8 10-11 i = const = const,. . 0 10 11 ( S). , . R
. 0 7 -( 0 11. Q ( . .- R . ( , .. ( 0 - 0 . 5, ( ST 5 4 ( / (----- -3.1) ( 5, ST 5 8 8 0 5
. ( ). #. . 0 . 5 7-11 ( 5 - 0 0 12, ( /R -5 - , 0 5 5, (, . 1 . – -- /5 . 7 T -, /T , -( 5
20
5 ( , 0 -
. 5 12-13. 7 5 . $ ( 0 -
. VII ' 8 S . #. .
i const = const, 0 13 14 ( S. Q 8 ( ,-
, . VII 14-15. Q . -
. ( /5 ( ( / ,-
( /5 ( / . (, 0 .
T ( 0 1 , 1 . ., . 1 . 0 /, (. ( . , -
. (- /R . ,
( ,, . . 1 0 15
(- /R 1 S 0 8, . . i15 i8 t15 t8.
7 ( . /4 . , 8 ST , 4 . $ , ( S 0 . . R 5 - 0 5 . .-( , ST 5 , . 5 (-
. , (, , ,, 4 ( -( , 4 ( , ($ ), . , ( ' ,.-.
# ,( . / ( 8 $
t = t |
2 |
|
t , |
(3.1) |
t = t |
2 |
+ |
t |
(3.2) |
+ . . . S ( –
, – ( , (8/ . (-
. 0 4 5 T,s-( , .. $ ).
# . , /4 ( ( -
3.1)
t13 = t 2 + Δta |
(3.3) |
Q ( S . t13 ( S 8 8 S
, = 13 , 1 S i13 ( . ( . 0-
. 8 . i, - ( , .. $ ).
21
22
3 |
|
III |
2 |
IV |
|
|
II |
|
|
|
|
|
|
7 |
|
4 |
|
Iб |
|
V |
|
|
|
5 |
6 |
1 |
8 |
|
|
||
|
|
Iа |
9 |
VI |
|
|
|
|
|
|
VII |
|
|
|
VIII |
|
|
|
1 |
15
14
10
X
IX13
7 12
i, рк
кДж/кг
р |
|
|
1 |
|
о |
|
|
||
|
|
|
2 |
|
|
|
t = const |
7 |
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
6 |
|
рк |
9 |
12 |
qк |
|
ро |
qо |
|||
|
8 |
|||
|
|
|
||
10,11 |
|
15 |
3 |
|
|
13,14 |
4,5 |
||
|
|
0 сл |
кр |
1 |
Н2О |
|
NH3 |
Рисунок 3.1 – Принципиальная схема и процесс работы абсорбционной холодильной установки
Iа – генератор, Iб – ректификационная колонна, II – дефлегматор, III – конденсатор, IV – охладитель, V, VIII – дроссельный вентиль, VI – испаритель, VII – теплообменник, IX – абсорбер, Х – насос
23
# . , /4 ( ,
t9 = t,. . t, , |
(3.4) |
,( t,. . – . , ST , , ST , ,,
( ( . ( S.
Q ( S . t9 ( S 8 8 S
, = 9 , 1 S i9 ( i, -( , ..
8 . ).
Q 0 , ( /4 0 4 4 ./ 4 (
8 i, -( , .. . 4 . -
3.1.
8 8, . . R . , 4 ( - , . . 4 ( $ ( ' ,.,
f = |
G |
= |
G15 |
= |
ξ2 ξ9 |
(3.5) |
|||
D |
|
|
|||||||
|
|
G |
2 |
|
ξ |
ξ |
9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
13 |
|
|
||
Q , 5 ( ' ,. 8 ' 8
2 1,0.
# . ( ' ,. (- . , ( t()
/R . ( 8 0 , , (
t2 = t |
+ t |
( |
(3.6) |
|
2 |
|
|
, 1 i2 ( i, -( , .. ( 8 .)
2 1,0 .
Q i, -( , .. ( S . / , ,
T . . (0 1, 3.1):
1 = 8 = ; t1 = t8 ; 1 ; i1 .
( /5 ( ' ,./ ( ' ,., . . R .- , 4 ( ' ,./ . . 4 ( /4 ( (- ' ,. (' ,. R)
23
= |
G8 |
= |
ξ2 ξ1 |
(3.7) |
|||
|
|
||||||
|
G |
2 |
|
ξ |
ξ |
8 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
||
( , ( ' ,., . . (
( ' ,. ( 8 . , 4 ( ( ' ,.
q |
( |
= (i |
i |
2 |
) + (i |
i ) , |
7- |
(3.8) |
|
||||||||
|
1 |
|
1 |
8 |
, |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
,( i1, i2, i8 – 1 ( ( ' ,. ' ,./ -
( ' ,..
Q . / , .:
. , .
t10 = t14 + Δt14 10 ; |
(3.9) |
1 i10 , (4 ( 8 8)
10 = 9 . t10 .
+ , 4 ( , (,
. , 1 ( . , 0 1 5
0 /, . . i14 = i13)
i |
= i + |
f 1 |
|
(i |
9 |
i ) , 7- |
(3.10) |
|
|
||||||||
15 |
13 |
f |
|
10 |
, |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||
,( i13 – 1 , .
+ , . ( 4 ( ,) (- /R 1 T ,
8 8 5 ( (0 8, 3.1). #. .
i15 i8, 5( 0 i10 . ( ( 5R 4
0. i15 > i8 , 0, ( . 1 , . /R. & 1 .
0 . S i15 i8 ( S 1 S , -
. ' .
24
i |
= i |
9 |
|
f |
|
(i |
i ) , |
7- |
(3.11) |
|
f 1 |
, |
|||||||||
10 |
|
|
8 |
13 |
|
|||||
( , .
q |
|
= (f 1)(i |
9 |
i ) , |
7- |
(3.12) |
|
|
|
|
10 |
, |
|
||
( , ( |
|
||||||
|
|
q = i2 i3 , |
7- |
|
(3.13) |
||
|
|
, |
|
||||
# . $ 4 ( |
|
||||||
|
|
t7 = t3 |
|
t3 7 |
|
(3.14) |
|
,( t3 – . -( , $ (, . . t3 = t . ( , 4 (
q = i7 i6 , |
7- |
(3.15) |
|
, |
|||
|
|
,( i6 i7 – 1 ( 4 ( , -
. + S i7 4 ( ( S , .-
t7 ( T,s-( , .. .. ). + -( , .. ( ( .
i4 = i3 q , |
7- |
(3.16) |
|
, |
|||
|
|
( 4 ( (
qo = i6 i5 = i6 i4 , |
7- |
(3.17) |
|
, |
|||
|
|
25
( 0 , ( . ,
|
|
|
q |
a |
= (i |
7 |
i ) + f (i |
|
i |
) , |
7- |
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
|
|
|
|
10 |
13 |
|
, |
|||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
q |
a |
= f (i |
|
|
i |
) , |
|
7- |
|
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
12 |
|
13 |
|
|
|
|
, |
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
( , , |
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
q |
, |
= (i i |
9 |
) + f (i |
9 |
i |
) + (i i |
8 |
) , 7- |
|||||||||||
|
|
|
1 |
|
|
|
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
|
1 |
, |
||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
# 5 |
|
|
q( = q , |
|
|||||||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
q( = q, + qo, |
|
|
||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
q = qa + q + q( |
|
|
|||||||||||
4 ( $ (.. ) |
|
|
|
Qo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
G = |
|
, |
|
|
, |
|
|
|
|
|||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
qo |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||||
# , |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||
|
, |
|
|
|
|
Q, = G q, , |
|
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Qa = G qa , |
|
|
|
|||||||||||
|
( |
|
|
|
Q = G q , |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
|
( ' ,. |
|
|
|
Q( = G q( , |
|
|
|
|||||||||||||
(3.18)
(3.19)
(3.20)
(3.21)
(3.22)
(3.23)
(3.24)
(3.25)
(3.26)
(3.27)
26
. Q = G q . |
(3.28) |
||||||
( /5 4 ( / |
|
|
|
|
|||
1 = |
q, |
= |
Q, |
|
(3.29) |
||
|
Qo |
||||||
|
qo |
|
|||||
$( /5 1'' 8 |
|
|
|
|
|||
ε = |
q |
|
|
|
(3.30) |
||
q, |
|
|
|
||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
&/ S . / / (,, ,
(, 4 (), S0 / 4 . 4 ( 5
( 3.1) [2,5].
27
4.!
"
W (
0 R T . . ( R , .-
( 4.1) (/. /. , . ( ST 4 ( /4:
( -. . - G1;
- . T 5 0 - w1;
- . T 5 0 - w2;
( 5 ( . 0 8 . - d.
4.1 /5 R.
0 ,, . 5 .,
W = G1 |
w1 w2 |
(4.1) |
||
100 w |
2 |
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
Q ( R / R . . |
|
|||
G2 = G1 W |
|
|
(4.2) |
|
4.2 Q 0 , ( 5 , 8
R I,d – ( , .. -, ( 4.
W ( S . . -, ( 4 to do (0 -4.2). # . R , , (. (/. /4 ,
( 4 .) t1 . ( ( , / R . , .-
, . ( 8 . 8 5 .
( 1'' 8 4 ( ( 4 (/. /4 , 4, /4 ( T 4 . 5 . / ( 4 ( R S .-) (0 &).
28
|
|
|
(/. S |
|
-/5 |
t2 |
|
|
. |
8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
5 |
|
6 |
|
7 |
|
4 |
|
|
|
1 |
3 |
|
|
t1 |
|
|
|
/ R /5 |
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
. |
|
, |
|
2 |
|
|
. R |
||
to, do |
( 4 |
|
|
4.1 – Q 8 4 . R 5 T . .
1 – ; 2 – . .; 3 – , ( R; 4 –
5 .; 5 – R .; 6 – 5; 7 – - . 5; 8 – 8
I |
|
|
& |
|
|
|
|
% |
% |
|
t1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
f |
|
# |
|
|
|
|
D |
|
! |
|
t2 |
|
|
|
|
$ |
$ |
= 100 % |
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
' |
|
|
|
|
|
t |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
do |
|
|
d2) d2 |
d |
|
4.2 - Q 0 , ( 5 ,
8 R I,d – ( , .. -, ( 4
29
