Теория и практика перевода по иностранному языку (первый) (английский)

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of products seized and the networks uncovered during Operation Meerkat which confirm the international scale of illicit trade, said INTERPOL Secretary General Ronald K. Noble.

With much of the illicit cigarettes or alcohol seized during Operation Meerkat illegally transported from bordering countries, Kumaren Moodley of the South African Revenue Service said: One of the main challenge we face is understanding the volume of illicit goods coming into the country as well as monitoring and controlling our vast and expansive border line where goods come across.

INTERPOL’s programme combating illicit trade aims to assist police across its 190 member countries to not only target the transnational crime groups but also identify the routes used in transporting illicit goods, which are often also used for other crimes such as human trafficking and drug smuggling.

INTERPOL’s member countries have witnessed an unparalleled growth in the illicit trade of tobacco and alcohol products over recent years. Operation Meerkat has again revealed the transnational nature of illicit trade and how criminals will seek to undermine police, customs and revenue controls to amass huge profits, said Roberto Manriquez, a coordinator of the operation and a criminal intelligence officer with INTERPOL’s Trafficking in Illicit Goods programme at its General Secretariat headquarters in Lyon.

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SEMINAR ON THE SHARING OF MARITIME AND RIVER INFORMATION TO COMBAT ILLICIT TRADE

Report

At the invitation of Director General Mouhamadou Makhtar Cisse of Senegal Customs, Secretary General Kunio Mikuriya of the WCO visited Dakar, Senegal on 16 and 17 September 2012 to participate in a seminar for Directors General of Customs in West Africa on the sharing of maritime and river information to combat illicit trade, organized by Senegal Customs with financial and logistical support from France.

In his opening speech the Minister of Economy and Finance Amadou Kane underlined Customs’ mission regarding the saving of future generations by protecting people from illicit trade. Secretary General Mikuriya stated that to fight against the trafficking of illicit drugs and their precursors in a global, sustainable and efficient manner is indispensable to Customs’ work and should be done in a coordinated and complementary fashion with all concerned agencies.

Participants learned about similar initiatives in other regions, including the Caribbean Customs Law Enforcement Council (CCLEC) and several European initiatives, such as the Maritime Analysis Operations Centre–Narcotics (MAOC-N) and the Anti-Drug Coordination Centre for the Mediterranean (CECLAD-M). They were also informed about the usefulness of a database suggested by France and CENcomm, the secure communication tool made available by the WCO for the exchange of information and intelligence. The meeting resulted in the decision to sign a Memorandum of Understanding on information exchange by Heads of Customs in West Africa later in the year.

The Secretary General also attended the launch of IPM (Interface Public Members) by Senegal Customs in the presence of the private sector. In viewing its functionality and hearing about much improved Customs seizure records of counterfeit and pirated goods through the use of IPM, the business community appreciated the WCO’s tool to protect consumer health and safety, state revenue and industry from illicit trade.

When the President of Senegal, H.E. Macky Sall, received the Secretary General and the Directors General of Customs, he expressed his concern about drug trafficking which was shared by many Heads of State in the region. He appreciated the willingness of Heads of Customs to strengthen border control by sharing information, wishing Customs operations all the best. Secretary General Mikuriya highlighted the important step that Customs administrations had taken in establishing a regional network of cooperation supported by technology.

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MONEY LAUNDERING AND TERRORIST FINANCING

The main driving force behind crime is the lure of profit. However, profit can only be considered as such if it can be used or bears interest, and to that end one must be able to justify its origin. Criminal organizations are consequently faced with a problem common to the vast majority of offences, namely, how to legitimize the proceeds of crime.

The opaqueness of international finance (tax havens, bogus companies and the anonymity of international transactions) offers such organizations a vast range of options. Customs administrations have an essential role to play in anti-money laundering activities because of their presence at borders, their legal powers, their trade knowledge, and their experience.

The WCO has actively championed anti-money laundering programs and has enhanced its Members’ ability to fight money laundering by increasing awareness, developing training programs, crafting legal instruments, promoting the CEN system including its seizure database, and advocating best practices.

In 2001, the WCO issued a comprehensive anti-money laundering recommendation entitled the Recommendation of the Customs Co-operation Council on the need to develop and strengthen the role of Customs administrations in tackling money laundering and recovering the proceeds of crime. In February of

2005 the WCO’s Enforcement Committee considered and endorsed a revised

Recommendation on money laundering to include references to the relevant

UNSCR’s and the new FATF Recommendations. The WCO Recommendation, which reaffirms the role of Customs in the fight against money laundering and widens the scope of the Recommendation to cover terrorist financing, was adopted by the WCO Council in June of 2005.

International co-operation is also an essential component of law enforcement efforts. Customs and other law enforcement agencies around the world are confronted today by individuals and organized crime groups that are international in scope. Identifying and seizing their illicit capital at the border is an effective way to ensure that crime does not pay.

Partnership with other international organizations is an important component of the WCO anti-money laundering strategy. The WCO has been an active contributor to fora and initiatives of the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Interpol, Europol, and other relevant bodies. Customs and the WCO are committed to working with their counterpart organizations to fight the global threat of money laundering.

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ORGANIZED CRIME

Organized crime threatens peace and human security, violates human rights and undermines economic, social, cultural, political and civil development of societies around the world.

Transnational organized crime manifests in many forms, including as trafficking in drugs, firearms and even persons. At the same time, organized crime groups exploit human mobility to smuggle migrants and undermine financial systems through money laundering. The vast sums of money involved can compromise legitimate economies and directly impact public processes by 'buying' elections through corruption. It yields high profits for its culprits and results in high risks for individuals who fall victim to it. Every year, countless individuals lose their lives at the hand of criminals involved in organized crime, succumbing to drug-related health problems or injuries inflicted by firearms, or losing their lives as a result of the unscrupulous methods and motives of human traffickers and smugglers of migrants.

Organized crime has diversified, gone global and reached macro-economic proportions: illicit goods may be sourced from one continent, trafficked across another, and marketed in a third.

The transnational nature of organized crime means that criminal networks forge bonds across borders as well as overcome cultural and linguistic differences in the commission of their crime. Organized crime is not stagnant, but adapts as new crimes emerge and as relationships between criminal networks become both more flexible, and more sophisticated, with ever-greater reach around the globe. In short, transnational organized crime transcends cultural, social, linguistic and geographical borders and must be met with a concerted response.

UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) is the guardian of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (Organized Crime Convention) and the three Protocols – on Trafficking in Persons, Smuggling of Migrants and Trafficking of Firearms – that supplement it.

This is the only international convention, which deals with organized crime. It is a landmark achievement, representing the international community's commitment to combating transnational organized crime and acknowledging the UN's role in supporting this commitment. The adoption of the Convention at the fifty-fifth session of the General Assembly of the United Nations in 2000 and its entry into force in 2003 also marked a historic commitment by the international community to counter organized crime.

The Organized Crime Convention offers States parties a framework for preventing and combating organized crime, and a platform for cooperating in doing so. States parties have also committed to promoting training and technical assistance to strengthen the capacity of national authorities to address organized crime.

The UNTOC does not contain a precise definition of transnational organized crime. Nor does it list the kinds of crimes that might constitute it.

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This lack of definition was intended to allow for a broader applicability of the Organized Crime Convention to new types of crime that emerge constantly as global, regional and local conditions change over time.

The UNTOC covers only crimes that are transnational, a term cast broadly. The term covers not only offences committed in more than one State, but also those that take place in one State but are planned or controlled in another. Also included are crimes in one State committed by groups that operate in more than one State, and crimes committed in one State that has substantial effects in another State.

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UNODC AND PIRACY

The UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) counter-piracy programme (CPP) began in 2009 with a mandate to help one country - Kenya - deal with an increase of attacks by Somali pirates. That mandate has now widened and the UNODC CPP is working in six countries in the Somali Basin regionKenya, Seychelles, Mauritius, Tanzania, Maldives and Somalia. The CPP has proved effective in supporting efforts to detain and prosecute piracy suspects according to international standards of rule of law and respect for human rights.

The CPP focuses on fair and efficient trials and imprisonment in regional centers, humane and secure imprisonment in Somalia, and fair and efficient trials in Somalia. The efforts of UNODC and its multilateral partners have had considerable success across the criminal justice sector. The CPP assists Kenya, Seychelles, Mauritius, Tanzania, Maldives with judicial, prosecutorial and police capacity building programmes as well as office equipment, law books and specialist coast guard equipment. The CPP is assisting Somalia with upgrading its prisons and courts with the aim of ensuring that Somali pirates convicted in other countries can serve their sentences in their home country. UNODC has already started this work by completing work on a new prison in Hargeisa, the capital of Somaliland and is currently constructing and refurbishing prisons in Puntland, Somalia.

UNODC's Counter Piracy Programme, now in its fourth year of operation, is continuing to support the criminal justice professionals of states in the region that are dealing with Somali piracy. The police, prosecutors, judges and prison staff of Kenya have worked to deliver 18 trials involving 147 suspects while their colleagues in Seychelles have 14 cases in progress involving 118 suspects. UNODC is pleased to be delivering training, equipment and logistical assistance to all stages of the progress to ensure that Kenya and Seychelles are able to meet their own high standards of fairness and efficiency. In March this year the first transfer of prisoners from a regional prosecuting state took place. Seventeen convicted pirates, arrested by the Seychelles Coast Guard and tried in the courts of Seychelles, volunteered to be transferred to a prison in Hargeisa, Somaliland which was constructed by and is mentored by UNODC. It was a significant achievement by Seychelles, Somaliland, Working Group II of the Contact Group on Piracy Off the Coast of Somalia and UNODC to get in place the infrastructure, the staff training, the laws and the logistical support to ensure that the transfer went smoothly. It is a template for the future: ensuring that regional states do not have to hold foreign prisoners in the long term and that Somali prisoners have access to their own culture, their families and appropriate skills training during their prison sentences. UNODC has supported transfers in Kenya and Seychelles by air and from the sea over the last 3 years and we are continually working to improve the support that we give to the international navies and local police forces.

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THE FATE OF SMUGGLED MIGRANTS: CONFRONTING VIOLENCE AND EXPLOITATION

21 November 2012 - UNODC's Executive Director, Yury Fedotov, spoke this week on combating violence against migrants, migrant workers and their families at the Sixth Summit of the Global Forum on Migration and Development (GFMD) - the informal, Government-led initiative addressing interconnections on these key global issues. The event was also addressed by Peter Sutherland, the Secretary-General's Special Representative for Migration and Development who delivered a speech on behalf of the UN chief.

Mr. Fedotov, who is also the current Chair of the United Nations interagency Global Migration Group, voiced his concern that one of the most troubling aspects of international migration is the very many forms of violence directed against migrants globally: Migrant workers, for example, often face dangerous working conditions, workplace harassment, or lack of adequate social protection. Irregular migrants are particularly vulnerable to becoming victims of human trafficking and of forced labour with traffickers exploiting vulnerable individuals by putting them in slave-like conditions and victims being physically, psychologically or sexually abused.

It was noted that problems for migrants often start in countries of origin where leaving may be the only available option in order to escape wars, violence, discrimination, persecution or environmental devastation. Human rights violations often accompany the migration process and migrants can experience many forms of harm, including violence, blackmail, lack of food and water, rape and even death during their journey. When migrants reach their final destination, they can remain exposed to areas such as discrimination and xenophobia.

In a bid to respond to these and related issues, the GFMD, which was formed in 2007 and is chaired by the Government of Mauritius this year, works to advance understanding and cooperation on the relationship between migration and development, as well as pursue practical action. Likewise, the Global Migration Group - of which UNODC assumed the Chair in July 2012 - brings together heads of UN and international agencies to promote the wider application of all relevant international and regional instruments and standards relating to migration. Through this mechanism, the Group encourages the adoption of more coherent, comprehensive and better coordinated approaches to the issue of international migration.

The UNODC Executive Director concluded his speech by noting six actions needed to improve the safety of migrants:

Countries need to support the universal ratification and effective implementation of all international instruments related to migration;

The root causes of migration need to be addressed and countries need to ensure safe, humane and dignified migration out of choice rather than out of necessity. More regular migration channels should be made available in order to reduce the threats currently posed by irregular migration;

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All States – as well as civil society – should strengthen their cooperation to protect migrants from violence and assist those whose lives and safety are endangered;

Countries need to safeguard the fundamental rights and freedoms of migrants and their families through human rights-based migration policies and ensure that these are mainstreamed into development planning;

Countries should improve their efforts to investigate, prosecute and punish crimes against migrants, including those committed by corrupt state officials; and

All victims of crime – irrespective of their migration status – need to be provided with support, assistance and protection.

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INTERNATIONAL MIGRANTS DAY: WORKING TO TACKLE ORGANIZED CRIME AND THE EXPLOITATION OF MIGRANTS

18 December 2012 – Twenty-two years ago today, the United Nations General Assembly adopted the International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families - an important event both for people who move voluntarily for better economic opportunities and different lifestyles as well as those displaced by conflict, political upheaval, violence, disasters, climate change and, increasingly, economic necessity. In recognition of this, 18 December was designated International Migrants Day - a day on which UNODC takes the opportunity to highlight the role of organized criminal networks that benefit from migrants seeking a better life.

According to the World Disasters Report 2012 published by the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), there are more than 70 million people classified as forced migrants across the globe. Of these, the United Nations Development Programme says that there are some 50 million irregular migrants believed to have used the services of smugglers at some stage of their journey.

The term smuggling of migrants refers to the facilitation of illegal border crossings or of illegal residence in a country with the aim of making a financial or other material profit. Migrants are often smuggled by organized criminal networks that exploit the lack of legal migration opportunities available to migrants seeking a better life. As legal immigration channels become more limited, an increasing number of people seek the assistance of smugglers, who take increasingly risky measures to circumvent border controls – often at the cost of migrants' rights. Since the smuggling of migrants is a highly profitable illicit activity with a relatively low risk of detection, it has proven attractive to criminals.

As the guardian of the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime and its Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime) works to help Member States to implement the two instruments following their ratification. The Smuggling of Migrants Protocol aims to prevent and combat the smuggling of migrants, protect the rights of smuggled migrants and promote cooperation among States.

UNODC also helps States to enact laws criminalizing involvement in the smuggling of migrants, trains law enforcement officers and prosecutors from around the world in how to deal with smuggling cases, and facilitates information sharing on the crime. One example of this is in South-East Asia where the pilot Voluntary Reporting System on Migrant Smuggling and Related Conduct helps states develop a sound knowledge base through the sharing of data which then allows the building of effective policies and counter-measures in response to migrant smuggling. This internet-based, secure system facilitates the collection, sharing, and analysis of data on migrant smuggling, irregular migration and other related conduct in a variety of areas, including quantitative size of flows; major routes used; fees paid; means of transport and methods used; profiles of irregular and smuggled migrants; and profiles of migrant smugglers.

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JOINT PARTNERSHIP FOR RAISING AWARENESS

AND COMBATING PIRACY

Ask anyone of the 600 or so pirates held in prisons where UNODC (United Nations Office on drugs and Crime) is working, and they will tell you the same thing: the seas around Somalia are a dangerous place. Whether they say they are pirates or innocent fishermen, they will certainly acknowledge that plying a trade at sea requires a fast boat, strong nerves and plenty of firepower. The absence of a close inshore maritime law enforcement capability means that the many Somalis who make their livings from the seas of Somalia risk their lives doing so. It is not just the pirates that ply their trade off the Horn of Africa. People trafficking to Yemen; drug and alcohol smuggling from the eastern Indian Ocean; migrant smuggling up the Red Sea; the moving of arms in defiance of the embargo; illegal export of charcoal; and import of oil all come together to make the Somali coast a lucrative trading area for the lawless.

UNODC conducted a series of meetings in Somaliland in July in order to promote piracy awareness. Each day of the workshop series consisted of a different sector of the Somaliland public. The sectors represented were: government officials, religious leaders and traditional elders, members of the business community, women and youth, and the Somaliland media. Each group discussed how piracy directly impacts their sector, as well as their role in assisting Somaliland and the international community in combating piracy off the coast of Somalia. Common concerns raised by each group were high rates of unemployment in coastal communities, the recruitment of young Somaliland youth into piracy operations in Puntland, and young Somaliland women migrating to Puntland to marry pirates. Each group discussed potential counter piracy messages and agreed that the best modes of delivering messages would be via radio and through traditional elders and religious leaders. A need for counter piracy education in schools, educating youth on the realities of piracy, was also expressed by all groups. The alternative livelihoods most keenly discussed throughout the workshop series were the creation of cold storage units for storing fish in Berbera, providing coastal communities with fishing equipment and training and support to small business enterprises. The Counter Piracy Programme and Somaliland Counter Piracy Coordination Office are discussing the possibility of conducting workshops in Berbera in the near future. A similar counter piracy awareness workshop series is planned for Puntland.

With this level of support, the clear commitment of the Somali authorities from the Central Government and the regions, there is every reason to suppose that Somali waters will soon be a safer place to do business.