Тексты на английском языке для чтения и перевода. В 2 ч. Ч. 1
.pdfThus, computerization generally has to do with the integration of IT devices and computerized systems into communications, transportation, manufacturing, military weaponry, entertainment systems, and virtually all other technological areas of modern life.
B.The process of computerization (begin/began) in the late 1940s with the invention of modern computers to provide missile guidance systems (системы наведения ракет) for the US military. However, it (was/were) not until 1969 with the invention of the Advanced Research Project Agency Network (ARPANET) that computerization as we now understand it really began to expand. ARPANET laid the foundation for the Internet in 1983, its commercialization in 1988, and finally the World Wide Web in 1991. Over this period of time, extending half a century, what began as a small number of mainframe computers evolved into personal computers (PCs) that have been widely adopted for academic, government, business, nonprofit organization, and individual user purposes.
C.Today approximately 2 billion computers (exist/exists) on the Earth, with over 3 billion individual users of the Internet. Utilization of the Internet (expanded/expand) nearly 275 % from 2000 to 2008. In 2015 in North America alone approximately 88 %t of the domestic population (314 million out of 357 million people) used the Internet regularly. North America represents approximately 9.3 % of worldwide Internet users. And there (are/is) currently over 1 billion Web sites existing on the World Wide Web, with thousands of new Web sites created every day.
D.Today digital computers, IT devices, and plug-in media/components (is/are) increasingly smaller, portable, and much more affordable. They (have) faster processing speeds, greater memory, and increasingly more built-in functions. Several manufacturers integrate personal digital assistant (PDA) and cellular phone capabilities, and it is difficult to purchase a cell phone without a builtin digital camera.
2.Выберите из данных утверждений те, которые не упоминались
втексте.
a.A person who uses a computer online is a good example of computerization.
b.The best modern computer was invented in the late 1940s.
c.Computerization integrates IT devices and computerized systems into communications, transportation, manufacturing, military weaponry, entertainment systems, and virtually all other technological areas of modern life.
d.Today approximately 4 thousand laptops exist on the Earth.
e.More than 2 billion people use the Internet in their everyday life.
f.ARPANET was invented in 1969.
g.Digital cameras are less popular than cellular phones.
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3 |
. Поставьте оставшиеся утверждения в правильно м порядке. |
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. In North America alone nea rly 90 pe cent of the domest ic population use |
the Internet regu larly. |
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. Around 40% of the world population has an in ernet connection today. |
3 |
. First co puters were huge, expensiv and difficult to us e. |
4 |
. Over 1 b illion Web sites exist on the World Wide Web and thousands of |
new W eb sites are created every day |
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5 |
. The invention of RPANE T gave rise to the W orld Wide Web in 1991. |
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. Digital computers of today are light, nexpensi ve and mu ltifunctional. |
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. Comput erization is about th e integration of IT devices and compu terized |
system s into many areas o f modern life. |
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. The first two nod s that formed the ARPANE T were U CLA (University |
of Cal fornia, L os Angeles) and the Stanford Research Institute, followed shortly therea ter by the University of Utah .
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. Сформулируйте основной вопрос который обсуждается в каждом |
абзац |
(A–D). спользуя вопросы, перес ажите т кст письменно. |
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Grammar Focus |
5 |
. Запишите словами все даты и числа из текста. |
6 |
. a. Обра щаясь к тексту, образуйте однокоренные слова с по ощью |
суфф ксов –i ze, -ify, ation, - ent, -ity, -ive, -ic, -al, –a ble. Назовите,
к какой части речи от осятся образованные слова.
te chnology – |
foun d – |
transport – |
connect – |
e xample – |
expand – |
c omputer – |
utilize – |
a cademy – |
entertain – |
person – |
final – |
digit – |
appr oximate – |
virtual – |
current – |
a ctive – |
regular – |
сapable – |
general – |
c ommercial – |
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invent – integrate – adopt – communi cate – afford –
b. Какие из суффи ксов используются для образования существительных, глаголов, прилагательных?
c. Переве ите образованны е слова без словаря.
7. Переве дите выделенный курсив м фрагмент на русский язык.
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Text 5 «ARPANET»
1 Прочтите заглавие и ответьте на вопрос What is A RPANE T?
Используйте следующие фразы для ответа:
–I suppose ARPANE T
–I think
–I guess
–In my opinion
2. Прочтите текст и ответьте на во просы.
–Who and why created ARPANET?
–Who were its first users?
AR PANET
The precu sor to the Internet, ARPANET was a large wide-area netwo k created by t e United States Defense Advanced Research Projec Agency (ARPA). Established in 19 69, ARP NET served as a testbed for ne networking tech - nologies, linking many u niversities and research centers. The first two nodes that for ed the ARPANE T were UCLA and the St nford Re - search Institute, follow ed shortly therea ter by the University of Utah .
3. Для какой читательско й аудитории этот текст представляет интерес?
Text 6 «Packet s itching»
1Просмотритевыделенныевтекстесловаиохарактеризуйте текст.
2. Просмотрите текст и определите, есть ли в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
What ar e protocols?
How do messages get transmitted with the hel of packet switchin g technologies?
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How do packet-switching a nd circuit switching technologies diffe ? |
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What ar e they used for? |
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Packet switching |
Refers to p rotocols in which mes- |
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sages |
are divided into |
packets before |
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they a e sent. E ach packet is then trans- |
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mitted individually and c n even f llow |
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different routes |
to its destination. Once |
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all the packets f orming a message a rrive |
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at the |
destinatio n, they |
re |
recompiled |
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into th e original message. |
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M ost modern Wide |
Area Net- |
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work |
(WAN) |
protocols, |
inclu ding |
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TCP/I P, X.25, and Frame Relay, ar e based on packet-switching technologies. In contra st, normal telephon e service is based on a circ uit-switch ing tech nology,
in wh ch a dedicated lin e is allo cated for |
transmiss ion between two |
parties. |
Circui t-switching is ideal when dat a must b |
transmitted quickly and |
ust ar- |
rive in the same order in which it's sent. Thi s is the case with m ost real-t me da-
ta, such as live audio and video. Packet sw tching is more efficient and |
robust |
fo r data that can withstand |
some |
d elays in transmission, such as |
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m essages and Web pages. |
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A ne w techno logy, ATM, at- |
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tempts to combine the best of both worlds – t he guaran teed delivery of
circuit-switched net works |
and the |
ro bustness and efficiency of |
acket- |
s witching networks. |
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3. Подумайте и скажите, как и где можно использовать извлеченную из текста информацию.
Text 7 «ATM»
1. Просмотрите текст и расшифруйте абб евиатуру, которая является заглав ием текста.
2. Определите, освещаютс я ли в тексте следующие в опросы:
Is ATM hort for synchron ous Tran sfer Mode?
In what ways is ATM similar to and differe nt from the trans mission technologies mentioned above?
What ar e the advantages an d disadva ntages of ATM?
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3. Прочтите текст и раздел ите его на три смысловы е части (вводную, о сновную и заклю чительн ую ).
ATM
Short for A synchronous Tran sfer Mode , a network technology is b ased on transferring dat in cells or packets of a fix ed size. The cell us ed with ATM is relatively small compared to units used with older tec hnologies . The small, constant cell size allows ATM equip ment to transmit video, audio, and computer data o ver the same network, and assure that no single type of d ata hogs the line. Some people think that A TM holds the ans wer to the Internet bandwidth problem, but others are skeptical. AT M creates a fixed channel, or route, between
two |
points w henever |
data |
transfer begins. This |
differs |
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from |
TCP/IP, in which mes- |
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sages are divide d into packets and each packet can take a different route from sour e to destin tion. T is difference makes it easier to track and bill data usage a cross an ATM netwo k, but it makes it less adaptable to su dden surges in netwo k traffic.
4. Назовите каждую часть.
1. ……… ………… ……………………………… ………… ………
2. ……… ………… ……………………………… ………… ………
3. ……… ………… ……………………………… ………… ………
Используя полученный п ан, кратко изложите осн овную нформаци ю текста.
Text 8
1. Просмотрите текст. Выберите подходящий заголовок для него.
Com puter functions
Modern accounting firms
The use of co mputers in accoun ting
2. Найдите в тексте слова, сходные с русскими, которые вы ожете понять без перевода.
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3. Прочтите текст и подберите соответствующие о кончан я для предложений в тексте:
a ) wheneve r it is needed;
b) which p erforms a mathema tical oper tion; c ) to change with just a few ke ystrokes;
d) it does certain jobs better an d more efficiently than hum ans; e ) they are used so m uch in business, industry, and researc .
A computer like any other ma-
chine is used |
becaus e 1) |
________ |
___ _______. It |
can r eceive |
more in- |
form ation and process it faster t an any hum an. The speed at w hich a computer works means it can r eplace w eks or eve months of pencil- and-paper work. Therefore co mputers ar e used when the time saved offsets their cost which is one of the m ny reaso ns 2) _________
___ ________.
M odern accounting firms use spreadsheet softw re to do complica ed calculations. They can provide their сlients with an up- o-date report 3)________
_____ ________. This so tware ha s many fu nctions and can b e integrat ed with other s oftware. The spreadsheet's b asic com ponent is a cell. This may co ntain a formula 4) ____ _______ ______________. It could also contai n a label or data. The fo rmer des cribes the informat ion on th e worksheet. The la tter is th e information itself.
The works heet is th basic w ork area of a spread sheet program. It is made up of c ells arranged in ro ws and columns. Th e number of these varies dep ending on the software you are using. You can ch ange the width and format o f cells. Such p arameter are usually quite easy 5) __________________ ____.
4. Состав ьте вопросы из слов, соблюдая структур у вопроситель-
ного предложения (смотрите «Grammar Referen e» → « Типы во росов.
Порядок слов в вопросительном предложении»). Ответьте на получен-
ные вопросы.
– the computer, is, why, used, widely?
– speed, w hat, the computer, d oes, mea ?
–do, what modern, se, account firms?
–the work sheet, wh t, is?
5. Сделайте текст максимально коротким, удалив предложения, которые содержат вто остепенную информаци .
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6. Подберите антонимы к словам: |
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the former – |
p-to-date – |
better – |
asy – |
fast – |
few – |
7. Переве дите предложения на английский язык, используя лексику т екста.
1. Компью теры обрабатывают данные быстрее и эффективнее, чем человек.
2. Компьютеры используют в промышленности, если выигрыш по времени превышает денежные затраты на их обслуживание.
3. Скорость работы компьютера позволяет в ыполнить за час н едельный объем бумажной работы.
4. Основн ым элементом крупнофор матной электронной таблицы является ячейка.
Grammar Focus
8. Употребите пр илагательные в скобках в правильной форме
(смот ите «Grammar Reference» → «The аdjective. Имя прилагательное»).
1. The computer does certain jobs (good ) and (efficiently) t han huma ns. 2. It can calculate m uch (fast) than any human.
3. IBM PCs are (expensive) than their A pple cou terparts.
4. This spr eadsheet is (compli cated) program of all I’ve ev er worked with. 5. Account ants’ work has beco me far (easy) with th e inventio n of calcu lator.
Text 9
1. Прочтите только заглавие текста. Ответьте на вопрос, содержащийся в нем.
2. Просмотрите текст и на йдите от ет на этот вопрос.
3. Прочтите текст, обращая особое внимание на числительные. Запи ите их словами, произнесите вслух.
How m ny websites are th ere? – S , so, so m any
M ost web pages die somet ing like 100 days. typical webpage lasted fo
after a couple of months. The ave rage lifes pan is That's lo nger than it used to be. In the late 19 0s, the r around 44 days.
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According to statistics, in 1994 there were few er than
3,000 |
websites |
onli ne. |
By |
20 14, |
there were more |
than |
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1 billion. T hat |
represents a |
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33 million p ercent increase in
20 years. Th at’s nuts!
Variou s estimates say ab out three-quarters of websit s are live but i active.
The w eb’s ephe merality a lso means the precise numb r of webs ites at any given time f luctuates quite a it. For instance, according to the site Internet Live
Stats, |
here are now 935, 950,654 w ebsites a s of this writing. (Now 935,950,713. |
Wait, |
935,950,801. You get the ide a.) «This is due to the monthly fluctuations in |
the co unt of inactive websites», according t o the site. «We do expect, h wever, to exc eed 1 billion websites again sometime in 2016».
The weird thing is most of these sites ex ist witho t being s een. The a verage
person |
doesn’t venture very far across the web, only visiting 96 separate do- |
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mains per mont , according to a Ni elsen estimate in 2 |
013. |
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I |
August 1999, Go ogle was fielding million |
search qu eries per day. A |
year la ter, that number h d leaped to 18 mil ion search queries per day. n 2016
Googl e |
was se ving mor e than 3.5 billion searches per day |
– equiva lent to |
40,000 |
searches every sec ond. |
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Even as m ost websites flicker in and out of existence at |
a rapid clip, you |
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can still find some real antiques o ut there. There still exist some ancie nt websites like CNN’s 1996 ye ar in revi ew, the old Bob Dole presi dential-campaign website, and th e search engine IFindIt.com, which you can s ee but it doesn’t seem to actually work.
W hen I started writi ng this m orning, Internet Live Stats told me there were 935,93 9,044 websites online. Now there are 935,951,027 – alm ost 12,000 more websites! I hav no idea how many disappeared in th is time. Which brings me back to a truth about the Internet that’s often acknowledged but still h ard to grasp: It’s always changing. I mean, always, ALWA S. And t hough the web is never what it used to be, you can still find little traces of its previous iterations, if you know wh ere to loo .
4. Определите, верны или неверны утверждения. Верные утверждения подтвердите фактами из текста. Неверные исправьте.
1 |
. |
In the la e 1990s, |
he typical webpag lasted for around 100 days. |
2. |
The nu ber of w ebsites i ncreased by 33 hundred pe rcent fro m 1994 |
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to 2014. |
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3 |
. It’s rathe r difficul |
to give t he precise number o f websites. |
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4 |
. The average person visits a bout 96 separate domains per year. |
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5. In 2000 Google was fieldin g 3 million search queries per day. 6. The search engine IFindIt.c om is still live and active.
7. The Internet is alw ays chan ging.
5. Соотнесите анг ийские и русские эквиваленты и перевед те на русский язык предложения с выделенными словами.
А. 1) average |
) продолжительно сть жизни |
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2) lifespan |
) изменчивость, быстротечность |
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3) antique |
) следы |
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4) traces |
) странный, непо нятный |
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5) iterations |
) средний |
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6) ephemerality |
f) антиквариат |
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7) weird |
) версии, варианты |
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B. 1 ) to last (for) |
) признавать |
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2) to fluctuate |
) превы ать |
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3) to exceed |
) длитьс , существовать |
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4) to venture |
) отвеча ь |
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5) to field |
) резко меняться |
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6) to leap |
f) колебаться, мен яться |
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7) to acknowledge |
) отважиться |
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C. 1 ) flicker i and out of existence |
) тяжело понять |
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2) at a rapi d clip |
) появляться и исчезать |
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3) hard to g rasp |
) быстро |
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6. |
Определите, к какому стилю р чи (научному, |
публицистиче- |
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скому, |
художественному, официально-делово у или |
разгово рному) |
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относится это т текст. айдите в тексте характе ные при знаки стиля.
7. Переведите выделенный курсив м фрагмент на русский язык.
8. Состав ьте на основании текста диалог-и тервью в парах.
Student A is a journalist writing a n article about the Internet changes.
Student B is a statistical da ta analys t possessing the necessary inf rmation
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Grammar ocus |
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9 |
. Изучите раздел грамматического справочника о числительных |
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и выполните упражне ия на чи сла и символы. |
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А. Каждое выражение содержит ошибку. Н йдите и исправьте ее. |
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1 |
. Three past half. |
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2 |
. One tho sand and two hund red and t wenty-tw . |
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3 |
. A quarter to seven o’clock. |
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. Flight nu mber – BA eight hundred fif ty eight. |
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5 |
. Five o'clock pm. |
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6 |
. The roo m is three metres at four metres. |
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. Three hu ndreds of people. |
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. Four point five hundred and sixty-nine. |
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. Two and a half pounds (£2. 50). |
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B. Запиш ите числа словами. |
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1 |
. 1 1/2h _ ________________ _____ |
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2 |
. 2.075 _________ ____ |
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3 |
. 00 – 44 – 1424 – 23344_________________ ___ |
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4 |
. 11.50am (two way s) _____ _____________ |
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. 33.63%_ _______ ___________ |
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6 |
. 125 ___ _____________ |
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7 |
. BA356 _ _______ _______ |
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. 12.11.1995 (two w ays – GB and US) _______ _______ |
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9 |
. 2016 (tw o ways)_________ _____ |
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1 |
0. 100 km _______________ |
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С. Запишите выражения словами, включая цифры и символы.
M odel: learning.English@bbc.c o.uk – learning dot English at bbc dot co dot uk
1 |
. http/ww w.commcol.co.uk. |
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2 |
. malpress @aol.co . |
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3 |
. http://am ecenter.ucsf.edu/. |
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4 |
. Credit n ote No. 75 /12C. |
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5 |
. The rate is £62/person/day, including VAT. |
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6 |
. Items m arked * carry a 20% |
discount. |
7 |
. £1 = $1.65 approx. |
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8 |
. The password is a;4_g60\r8. |
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9 |
. The roo m is about 3m x 4m. |
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1 |
0. My account number is 32-26-42. |
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11. You can use symbols like |
% : * @ ( ) in yo ur passw ord. |
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