Состав отработавших газов двигателей внутреннего сгорания

ɜɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɟɫɥɢ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɧɟɩɨɥɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ

ɜɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɧɟɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɰɢɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɬɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚ-

ɧɢɟ NOx – ɫɨɜɟɪɲɟɧɫɬɜɨɦ ɭɩɨɦɹɧɭɬɨɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ ɫ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ. ɑɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɚɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɰɢɤɥɚ, ɬɟɦ ɜɵɲɟ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɷɮɮɢɰɢɟɧɬ ɩɨɥɟɡɧɨɝɨ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɢ ɬɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ (ɪɢɫ.3.1).

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.1-Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ NOx ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ

ɉɪɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɷɦɢɫɫɢɹ NOx ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɱɬɨ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɤɨɦ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (ɪɢɫ.3.2). ȼ ɬɨɱɤɟ, ɤɨɝɞɚ ɨɬɧɨɲɟɧɢɟ ɜɨɡ- ɞɭɯ-ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɪɚɜɧɨ 16:1, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ NOx ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɹ. ɗɬɨ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬɫɹ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɤɨɬɨɪɚɹ ɩɪɢ ɬɚɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɣ.

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 3.2- Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɈȽ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɨɛɳɟɩɪɢɧɹɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ə.Ȼ. Ɂɟɥɶɞɨɜɢɱɚ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɫ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɜɵɲɟ 1800 Ʉ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɩɪɢ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɯ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɨɜ O ɢ N. Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ, ɧɚɫɱɢɬɵɜɚɸɳɟɦɭ ɧɟɫɤɨɥɶɤɨ ɞɟɫɹɬɤɨɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɨɞɧɚɤɨ ɯɨɪɨɲɨ ɫɟɛɹ ɡɚɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɨɜɚɥɚ ɢ ɲɢɪɨɤɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ NO, ɜɤɥɸɱɚɸɳɚɹ ɞɜɭɯ-

Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ (9), ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ, ɢ ɞɥɹ ɟɟ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɟ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ (ȿ = 314 ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɚ ɷɧɟɪɝɢɹ ɢ ɞɥɹ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ (ȿ = 494/2 ɤȾɠ/ɦɨɥɶ). ȼɵɫɨɤɢɣ ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɩɪɢɜɟɞɟɧɧɵɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɢ ɨɛɴɹɫɧɹɟɬ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɭɸ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ «ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ» ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ NɈ ɨɬ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ Ɂɟɥɶɞɨɜɢɱɚ, ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ NO ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɢ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ NO ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɫɥɟ ɡɚɜɟɪɲɟɧɢɹ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ. ɉɨɷɬɨɦɭ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɢ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ NɈ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ Ⱦȼɋ ɩɨ «ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ» ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɢɫɯɨɞɹ ɢɡ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɣ ɪɚɜɧɨɜɟɫɢɹ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.

Ɍɚɤɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ, ɜ ɨɛɥɚɫɬɢ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪ ɜɫɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨ ɝɟɧɟɪɢɪɭɸɬ NO. ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ, ɜɞɚɥɢ ɨɬ ɮɪɨɧɬɚ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ NO ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɬɶɫɹ, ɨɫɨɛɟɧɧɨ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɬɟ ɪɚɫɲɢɪɟɧɢɹ, ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɧɢɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ ɜɨɫɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɚɡɨɬɚ

Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɵɟ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɨɣ ɬɟɨɪɢɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɮɨɪɦɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɦ.

1.Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɡɚ ɮɪɨɧɬɨɦ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.

2.Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹɦɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɢ ɧɟ

ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɵ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɭɱɚɫɬɜɭɸɳɟɝɨ ɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ (ɩɪɢ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɢ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ).

3.Ɉɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɟ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɩɨ ɰɟɩɧɨɦɭ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ. Ɉɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɸɳɟɣ ɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ (9), ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɚɬɨɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ.

4.ȼɵɯɨɞ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ.

5.ȼ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ (ɩɪɢ ɦɚɥɨɣ ɩɨɞɜɢɠɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ) ɜɵɯɨɞ NO ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɚɥɶɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɨɣ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɨɣ ɟɝɨ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ ɜɵɯɨɞ NO ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɤɨɣ ɪɚɡɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ, ɬ.ɟ. ɡɚɤɚɥɤɨɣ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɟɣɫɹ ɨɤɢɫɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ.

6.Ɇɚɯɟ – ɷɮɮɟɤɬ (ɧɟɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɡɨɧɟ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ) ɨɳɭɬɢɦɨ ɜɥɢɹɟɬ ɧɚ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ NO ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɛɟɞɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɟɣ ɢ ɫɥɚɛɨ ɩɪɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɢ ɛɨɝɚɬɵɯ.

ɋɨɝɥɚɫɧɨ «ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ» ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ NɈ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɫɯɟɦɚ

ɫɜɹɡɵɜɚɧɢɹ ɦɨɥɟɤɭɥɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɵɦɢ ɪɚɞɢɤɚɥɚɦɢ ɋɇ ɢ ɋɇ2 ɜɨ ɮɪɨɧɬɟ ɩɥɚɦɟɧɢ:

Ɉɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɜɲɢɟɫɹ ɚɡɨɬɧɵɟ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɨ ɨɤɢɫɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɞɨ NɈ ɜ ɬɨɦ ɱɢɫɥɟ ɢ ɱɟɪɟɡ ɩɪɨɦɟɠɭɬɨɱɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ. ȼ ɨɬɥɢɱɢɟ ɨɬ ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɚ, ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ (17…19) ɩɪɨɬɟɤɚɸɬ ɩɪɢ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɡɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚɯ, ɬ.ɤ. ɷɧɟɪɝɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɡɚɬɪɚɬɵ, ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɵɟ ɞɥɹ ɨɫɭɳɟɫɬɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɷɬɢɯ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɣ, ɦɚɥɵ. ɋɤɨɪɨɫɬɶ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ NO ɩɨ «ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ» ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɩɨ «ɬɟɪɦɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ».

Ⱦɥɹ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɢɹ ɪɚɫɱɟɬɨɜ ɧɟɨɛɯɨɞɢɦɨ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɟ ɤɢɧɟɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɫɯɟɦɵ, ɨɩɢɫɵɜɚɸɳɟɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɵ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɢ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ NO ɩɨ «ɛɵɫɬɪɨɦɭ» ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦɭ.

Ɍɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɣ ɦɟɯɚɧɢɡɦ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɹ NO ɡɚɤɥɸɱɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɭɱɚɫɬɢɢ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ, ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹɯ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ. ɉɪɢ ɷɬɨɦ ɚɡɨɬ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɥɟɝɱɟ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ, ɱɟɦ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɚɡɨɬ. ȼ ɧɟɮɬɟɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɢɬɫɹ ɞɨ 5% ɚɡɨɬɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ, ɢɡ ɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɦɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɩɢɪɢɞɢɧ ɢ ɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞɧɵɟ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ, ɱɬɨ ɞɥɹ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜ ɢ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ, ɩɨɥɭɱɚɟɦɵɯ ɢɡ ɧɟɮɬɢ, ɦɨɠɧɨ ɧɟ ɭɱɢɬɵɜɚɬɶ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɵɦ ɚɡɨɬɨɦ ɢɡɡɚ ɟɝɨ ɧɢɡɤɨɝɨ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɹ. ȼ ɬɨɠɟ ɜɪɟɦɹ ɞɥɹ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜ ɢ ɦɚɡɭɬɨɜ ɩɪɟɧɟɛɪɟɝɚɬɶ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟɦ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɧɟɥɶɡɹ.

ɉɪɢɱɢɧɵ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ NOx ɜ ɈȽ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɵɯ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɫɥɟɞɭɸɳɢɟ:

1.ɇɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ:

-ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɦ ɩɨɬɨɤɨɦ (ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɤɨɪɪɟɤɬɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɜɟɧɬɢɥɹɬɨɪɨɦ);

-ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɚɸɳɟɣ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ;

-ɡɚɟɞɚɧɢɟ ɬɟɪɦɨɫɬɚɬɚ ɜ ɡɚɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɢɥɢ ɫɥɟɝɤɚ ɩɪɢɨɬɤɪɵɬɨɦ ɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɢɢ;

-ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɞɢɚɬɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɯɥɚɠɞɟɧɢɹ.

2.ɉɟɪɟɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢɡ-ɡɚ ɩɨɞɫɨɫɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɜɨ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɨɣ ɤɨɥɥɟɤɬɨɪ.

3.ɇɟɩɪɚɜɢɥɶɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɚɹ ɤ ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɸ ɪɟɝɭɥɢɪɨɜɚɧɢɹ ɜ ɫɬɨɪɨɧɭ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɦɟɫɢ.

4.ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɨ ɩɪɢɱɢɧɟ ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ:

-ɧɢɡɤɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɚ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ;

-ɫɦɟɳɟɧɢɟ ɧɚɩɪɹɠɟɧɢɹ (ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɟ) ɫɪɟɞɧɟɣ ɬɨɱɤɢ ɩɟɪɟɤɥɸɱɟɧɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ.

5.ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɚɹ ɪɚɛɨɬɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɪɟɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɢ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ EGR:

-ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɤɚɧɚɥɨɜ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɟɟ ɤ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɸ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɩɟɪɟɩɭɫɤɚɟɦɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ;

-ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɢɫɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ EGR;

-ɧɟɢɫɩɪɚɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɝɨ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ EGR;

-ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɟɝɨ ɫɢɝɧɚɥɚ ɧɚ ɷɥɟɤɬɪɨɦɚɝɧɢɬɧɨɦ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɟ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ

EGR;

.- ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɜɟɪɫɬɢɣ ɪɚɫɩɨɥɨɠɟɧɧɵɯ ɧɚ ɞɪɨɫɫɟɥɶɧɨɣ ɡɚɫɥɨɧɤɟ;

-ɡɚɫɨɪɟɧɢɟ ɢɥɢ ɩɨɜɪɟɠɞɟɧɢɹ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɵɯ ɲɥɚɧɝɨɜ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ EGR.

6.ɇɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ:

-ɧɟɜɟɪɧɨɟ ɡɧɚɱɟɧɢɟ ɛɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɚ ɨɩɟɪɟɠɟɧɢɹ ɡɚɠɢɝɚɧɢɹ;

-ɧɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɫɢɝɧɚɥ ɧɚ ɜɯɨɞɟ ɛɥɨɤɚ ɭɩɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɦ;

-ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɵ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨɣ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɩɪɢ ɢɫɩɨɥɶɡɨɜɚɧɢɢ ɞɚɬɱɢɤɚ ɞɟɬɨɧɚɰɢɢ.

7.Ɉɬɥɨɠɟɧɢɹ ɧɚɝɚɪɚ ɧɚ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚɯ.

4.ɉɈɉɍɌɇɕȿ ɄɈɆɉɈɇȿɇɌɕ ɈɌɊȺȻɈɌȺȼɒɂɏ ȽȺɁɈȼ

Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ (ɬɚɛɥ.1.1) ɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɬɫɹ ɚɡɨɬ N2, ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ Ɉ2, ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɋɈ2, ɩɚɪɵ ɜɨɞɵ ɇ2Ɉ ɨɤɢɫɥɵ ɫɟɪɵ ɢ ɞɪ.

Ⱥɡɨɬ ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱ, ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɟɧ ɢ ɧɟ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɡɚɩɚɯɚ. Ɉɧ ɜɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɷɥɟɦɟɧɬɚɪɧɵɣ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɦ ɦɵ ɞɵɲɢɦ (78% ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ ɧɚ ɚɡɨɬ, 21% ɧɚ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞ ɢ 1% ɧɚ ɩɪɨɱɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ). ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɚɡɨɬ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɢ ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɢ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ ɜ ɧɟɦ. Ɉɫɧɨɜɧɚɹ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɩɨɫɬɭɩɢɜɲɟɝɨ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɶ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜɧɨɜɶ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɧɟɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɢ ɜ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɈȽ, ɧɨ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɟɝɨ ɱɚɫɬɶ ɜɫɬɭɩɚɟɬ ɜ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɸ ɫ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɨɦ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɹ ɨɤɫɢɞɵ. Ⱦɨɛɚɜɤɚ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨɫɹ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ, ɧɟɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɚ, ɬɚɤ ɤɚɤ ɟɝɨ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɟ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 5,0% (ɢ ɬɨ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɬɹɠɟɥɵɯ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚɯ, ɚ ɜ ɞɢɡɟɥɶɧɨɦ ɢ ɛɟɧɡɢɧɟ ɟɝɨ ɧɟɬ).

CO2 – (ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɶ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ), ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɣ ɢ ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɝɚɡ ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɚ, ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɳɟɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ. ɗɬɨɬ ɝɚɡ ɩɨɩɚɥ ɜ ɩɨɥɟ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ ɨɛɳɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ ɫɜɹɡɢ ɫ ɞɢɫɤɭɫɫɢɹɦɢ ɨ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɯ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ. ɍɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ

ɝɚɡ CO2 ɭɦɟɧɶɲɚɟɬ ɫɥɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɡɚɳɢɳɚɸɳɢɣ ɡɟɦɥɸ ɨɬ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɵɯ ɭɥɶɬɪɚɮɢɨɥɟɬɨɜɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɭ ɡɟɦɧɨɣ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɈȽ Ⱦȼɋ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ ɦɚɤɫɢɦɭɦɚ ɩɪɢ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɟ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɢ ɫɥɭɠɢɬ ɯɨɪɨɲɢɦ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɦ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɝɨ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ. ɋɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɢɬ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɨɬɤɥɨɧɟɧɢɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɨɬ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ, ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɩɪɨɩɭɫɤɨɜ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ ɧɟɩɨɥɚɞɨɤ ɜ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɤ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɸ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ (ɪɢɫ.4.1).

ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɟɧɢɹ ɫɟɪɵ S ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɟɧɵ ɜ ɈȽ ɩɚɪɚɦɢ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɵ H2SO4 ɢ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɦɢ ɫɭɥɶɮɚɬɚɦɢ. ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɤɚɠɞɨɝɨ ɢɡ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɤɚɤ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɦ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜ ɤɚɦɟɪɟ ɫɝɨɪɚɧɢɹ, ɬɚɤ ɢ ɫɬɟɩɟɧɶɸ ɜɡɚɢɦɨɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɹ ɫ ɞɪɭɝɢɦɢ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɚɦɢ ɝɨɪɟɧɢɹ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɬɨɤɟ ɈȽ. ɉɟɪɜɨɧɚɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɠɟ ɜ Ʉɋ ɩɪɨɯɨɞɢɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɹ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɝɨ ɚɧɝɢɞɪɢɞɚ

S + O2 = SO2.

SO2 - ɛɟɫɰɜɟɬɧɵɣ ɧɟɝɨɪɸɱɢɣ ɝɚɡ ɫ ɪɟɡɤɢɦ ɡɚɩɚɯɨɦ, ɞɟɣɫɬɜɭɟɬ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɳɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɨɜɟɬɜɨɪɧɵɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɵ - ɤɨɫɬɧɵɣ ɦɨɡɝ ɢ ɫɟɥɟɡɟɧɤɭ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɜɵɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɹ ɜ ɨɛɦɟɧɟ ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɜ. ɏɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɟ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɦɚɥɵɦɢ ɞɨɡɚɦɢ ɞɜɭɨɤɢɫɢ ɫɟɪɵ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɜɢɞɟ ɝɨɥɨɜɧɵɯ ɛɨɥɟɣ, ɛɟɫɫɨɧɧɢɰɵ, ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɟɧɢɢ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɨɣ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ, ɚ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɫɥɭɱɚɹɯ - ɯɪɨɧɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɪɨɧɯɢɬɚ ɢ ɤɨɧɴɸɧɤɬɢɜɢɬɚ. Ɍɜɟɪɞɵɟ ɮɚɡɵ ɨɤɢɫɥɨɜ ɫɟɪɵ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɸɬ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɸ ɬɜɟɪɞɵɯ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɜ ɈȽ ɢ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ, ɫɨɤɪɚɳɚɸɳɢɯ ɫɪɨɤ ɫɥɭɠɛɵ ɧɟɣɬɪɚɥɢɡɚɬɨɪɨɜ.

ɏɚɪɚɤɬɟɪ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ Ɉ2 ɜ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɯ ɝɚɡɚɯ ɩɪɨɬɢɜɨɩɨɥɨɠɟɧ ɯɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɭ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɋɈ. Ȼɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ Ɉ2 ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɧɚ ɨɛɟɞɧɟɧɧɵɯ, ɚ ɛɨɥɶɲɚɹ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɋɈ ɩɪɢ ɪɚɛɨɬɟ ɧɚ ɨɛɨɝɚɳɟɧɧɵɯ ɫɦɟɫɹɯ (ɪɢɫ.4.2).

Ʉɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɝɨ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɟɪɜɭɸ ɨɱɟɪɟɞɶ ɬɢɩɨɦ ɪɚɛɨɱɟɝɨ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɚ. ȼ Ⱦȼɋ ɫ ɩɪɢɧɭɞɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɦ ɜɨɫɩɥɚɦɟɧɟɧɢɟɦ (ɛɟɧɡɢɧɨɜɵɟ ɢ ɝɚɡɨɜɵɟ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɢ) ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɬɨɩɥɢɜɨɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɣ ɫɦɟɫɢ ɛɥɢɡɨɤ ɤ ɫɬɟɯɢɨɦɟɬɪɢɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ (Į = 0,85…1,15). ȼ ɢɬɨɝɟ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɈȽ ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɧɟ ɩɪɟɜɵɲɚɟɬ 2,0…3,0 % (ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ).

ȼ ɞɢɡɟɥɹɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ Ɉ2 ɜ ɈȽ ɡɚɜɢɫɢɬ ɨɬ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɹ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɚ ɢ ɪɟɠɢɦɚ ɪɚɛɨɬɵ. ɇɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɟ ɯɨɥɨɫɬɨɝɨ ɯɨɞɚ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɹ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɟɬ 18 % ɩɨ ɨɛɴɟɦɭ (ɩɪɢ ɢɫɯɨɞɧɨɣ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɤɢɫɥɨɪɨɞɚ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ 21 %), ɚ ɧɚ ɪɟɠɢɦɚɯ ɩɨɥɧɨɣ ɧɚɝɪɭɡɤɢ – ɨɬ 5,0…7,0 % ɞɥɹ Ⱦȼɋ ɫɨ ɫɜɨɛɨɞɧɵɦ ɜɩɭɫɤɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɭɲɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɪɹɞɚ ɢ ɞɨ 10,0…13,0 % ɞɥɹ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɟɣ ɫ ɧɚɞɞɭɜɨɦ.

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4.1-Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɋɈ2 ɜ ɈȽ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ

ɇɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɈȽ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɨɜ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɞɟɬɚɥɟɣ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ ɨɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɦ ɬɪɭɳɢɯɫɹ ɩɚɪ: «ɩɨɪɲɟɧɶ -ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪ», «ɤɨɥɟɧɱɚɬɵɣ ɜɚɥ – ɜɤɥɚɞɵɲɢ», «ɫɬɟɪɠɟɧɶ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɚ – ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɚɹ ɜɬɭɥɤɚ», ɩɚɪɵ ɲɟɫɬɟɪɟɧ ɢ ɬ.ɞ. ɉɪɨɞɭɤɬɵ ɢɡɧɨɫɚ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɸɬ ɜ ɦɚɫɥɨ ɢ ɜɦɟɫɬɟ ɫ ɧɢɦ ɩɨ ɫɬɟɧɤɚɦ ɰɢɥɢɧɞɪɚ – ɜ Ʉɋ. ɂɯ ɫɨɞɟɪɠɚɧɢɟ ɜ ɈȽ Ⱦȼɋ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɨɦ ɬɟɯɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟɦ ɞɜɢɝɚɬɟɥɹ. ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɧɨɟ ɩɨɩɚɞɚɧɢɟ ɦɚɫɥɚ ɜ Ʉɋ ɫɜɹɡɚɧɨ ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɦ ɩɨɪɲɧɟɜɵɯ ɤɨɥɟɰ, ɥɢɛɨ ɫ ɢɡɧɨɫɨɦ ɧɚɩɪɚɜɥɹɸɳɢɯ ɜɬɭɥɨɤ ɜɩɭɫɤɧɵɯ ɢ ɜɵɩɭɫɤɧɵɯ ɤɥɚɩɚɧɨɜ.

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 4.2-Ɂɚɜɢɫɢɦɨɫɬɶ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ Ɉ2 ɢ ɋɈ ɜ ɈȽ ɨɬ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɫɦɟɫɢ

5. ɋɆɈȽ

ɋɦɨɝ (Smog, ɨɬ smoke – ɞɵɦ ɢ fog - ɬɭɦɚɧ) – ɹɞɨɜɢɬɵɣ ɬɭɦɚɧ, ɨɛɪɚɡɭɟɦɵɣ ɜ ɧɢɠɧɟɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ, ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɧɨɦ ɜɪɟɞɧɵɦɢ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɩɪɟɞɩɪɢɹɬɢɣ, ɜɵɯɥɨɩɧɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɨɬ ɚɜɬɨɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɚ ɢ ɫɬɚɰɢɨɧɚɪɧɵɯ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɨɤ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ. Ɉɧ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɟɬ ɫɨɛɨɣ ɚɷɪɨɡɨɥɶ, ɫɨɫɬɨɹɳɭɸ ɢɡ ɞɵɦɚ, ɬɭɦɚɧɚ, ɩɵɥɢ, ɱɚɫɬɢɱɟɤ ɫɚɠɢ, ɤɚɩɟɥɟɤ ɠɢɞɤɨɫɬɢ (ɜɨ ɜɥɚɠɧɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ). ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɢ ɨɩɪɟɞɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɦɟɬɟɨɪɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɪɢɫ.5.1).

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5.1 - ɋɦɨɝ

ɉɪɢɪɨɞɚ ɫɦɨɝɨɜ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɧɚ. ɇɚɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɜ ɇɶɸ-Ƀɨɪɤɟ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɸ ɫɦɨɝɚ ɫɩɨɫɨɛɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɮɬɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɢ ɯɥɨɪɢɫɬɵɯ ɫɨɟɞɢɧɟɧɢɣ ɫ ɤɚɩɟɥɶɤɚɦɢ ɜɨɞɵ; ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ – ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɩɚɪɨɜ ɫɟɪɧɨɣ ɢ ɫɟɪɧɢɫɬɨɣ ɤɢɫɥɨɬ; ɜ ɅɨɫȺɧɞɠɟɥɟɫɟ (ɤɚɥɢɮɨɪɧɢɣɫɤɢɣ ɢɥɢ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɨɝ) – ɧɚɥɢɱɢɟ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ, ɭɝɥɟɜɨɞɨɪɨɞɨɜ; ɜ əɩɨɧɢɢ – ɩɪɢɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ ɱɚɫɬɢɰ ɫɚɠɢ ɢ ɩɵɥɢ.

Ɋɚɡɥɢɱɚɸɬ ɞɜɚ ɬɢɩɚ ɫɦɨɝɚ: ɡɢɦɧɢɣ ɫɦɨɝ (ɥɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ) ɢ ɥɟɬɧɢɣ (ɥɨɫ-ɚɧɞɠɟɥɟɫɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ).

Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɫɦɨɝɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɡɢɦɨɣ ɜ ɤɪɭɩɧɵɯ ɩɪɨɦɵɲɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɨɞɚɯ ɩɪɢ ɧɟɛɥɚɝɨɩɪɢɹɬɧɵɯ ɩɨɝɨɞɧɵɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɹɯ (ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɢɟ ɜɟɬɪɚ ɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɹ). Ɍɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɚɹ ɢɧɜɟɪɫɢɹ ɩɪɨɹɜɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɫ ɜɵɫɨɬɨɣ ɜ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɨɦ ɫɥɨɟ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ (ɨɛɵɱɧɨ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɪɜɚɥɟ 300 - 400 ɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ) ɜɦɟɫɬɨ ɨɛɵɱɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɧɢɠɟɧɢɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɰɢɪɤɭɥɹɰɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɪɟɡɤɨ ɧɚɪɭɲɚɟɬɫɹ, ɞɵɦ ɢ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɹɸɳɢɟ ɜɟɳɟɫɬɜɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɨɞɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɜɜɟɪɯ ɢ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɫɟɢɜɚɸɬɫɹ. ɇɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɚɸɬ ɬɭɦɚɧɵ. Ʉɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɫɟɪɵ, ɜɡɜɟɲɟɧɧɨɣ ɩɵɥɢ, ɨɤɫɢɞɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɞɨɫɬɢɝɚɸɬ ɨɩɚɫɧɵɯ ɞɥɹ ɡɞɨɪɨɜɶɹ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤɚ ɭɪɨɜɧɟɣ, ɩɪɢɜɨɞɹɬ ɤ ɪɚɫɫɬɪɨɣɫɬɜɭ

ɤɪɨɜɨɨɛɪɚɳɟɧɢɹ, ɞɵɯɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɧɟɪɟɞɤɨ ɢ ɤ ɫɦɟɪɬɢ. ȼ 1952 ɝ, ɜ Ʌɨɧɞɨɧɟ ɨɬ ɫɦɨɝɚ ɫ 3 ɩɨ 9 ɞɟɤɚɛɪɹ ɩɨɝɢɛɥɨ ɛɨɥɟɟ 4 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ, ɞɨ 10 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɬɹɠɟɥɨ ɡɚɛɨɥɟɥɢ. ȼ ɤɨɧɰɟ 1962 ɝ. ɜ Ɋɭɪɟ (ɎɊȽ) ɫɦɨɝ ɭɛɢɥ ɡɚ ɬɪɢ ɞɧɹ 156 ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ. Ɋɚɫɫɟɹɬɶ ɫɦɨɝ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɜɟɬɟɪ.

Ʌɨɫ-ɚɧɞɠɟɥɟɫɫɤɢɣ ɬɢɩ ɫɦɨɝɚ, ɢɥɢ ɮɨɬɨɯɢɦɢɱɟɫɤɢɣ ɫɦɨɝ, ɧɟ ɦɟɧɟɟ ɨɩɚɫɟɧ, ɱɟɦ ɥɨɧɞɨɧɫɤɢɣ. ȼɨɡɧɢɤɚɟɬ ɨɧ ɥɟɬɨɦ ɩɪɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɦ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢɢ ɫɨɥɧɟɱɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɢ ɧɚ ɜɨɡɞɭɯ, ɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ, ɚ ɜɟɪɧɟɟ ɩɟɪɟɧɚɫɵɳɟɧɧɵɣ ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ. ȼ ɫɨɫɬɚɜ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɵɯ ɤɨɦɩɨɧɟɧɬɨɜ ɫɦɨɝɚ ɜɯɨɞɹɬ: ɨɡɨɧ; ɨɤɫɢɞɵ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɢ ɫɟɪɵ; ɮɨɬɨɨɤɫɢɞɚɧɬɵ. ȼ Ʌɨɫ-Ⱥɧɞɠɟɥɟɫɟ, ɨɬɪɚɛɨɬɚɜɲɢɟ ɝɚɡɵ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɬɵɪɟɯ ɦɢɥɥɢɨɧɨɜ ɚɜɬɨɦɨɛɢɥɟɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɨɤɫɢɞɨɜ ɚɡɨɬɚ ɜ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɟ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɱɟɦ ɬɵɫɹɱɚ ɬɨɧɧ ɜ ɫɭɬɤɢ. ɉɪɢ ɨɱɟɧɶ ɫɥɚɛɨɦ ɞɜɢɠɟɧɢɢ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɚ ɢɥɢ ɛɟɡɜɟɬɪɢɢ ɜ ɜɨɡɞɭɯɟ ɜ ɷɬɨɬ ɩɟɪɢɨɞ ɢɞɭɬ ɫɥɨɠɧɵɟ ɪɟɚɤɰɢɢ ɫ ɨɛɪɚɡɨɜɚɧɢɟɦ ɧɨɜɵɯ ɜɵɫɨɤɨɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɵɯ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɢɬɟɥɟɣ - ɮɨɬɨɨɤɫɢɞɚɧɬɨɜ (ɨɡɨɧ, ɨɪɝɚɧɢɱɟɫɤɢɟ ɩɟɪɟɤɢɫɢ, ɧɢɬɪɢɬɵ ɢ ɞɪ.), ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɪɚɡɞɪɚɠɚɸɬ ɫɥɢɡɢɫɬɵɟ ɨɛɨɥɨɱɤɢ ɠɟɥɭɞɨɱɧɨ-ɤɢɲɟɱɧɨɝɨ ɬɪɚɤɬɚ, ɥɟɝɤɢɯ ɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɨɜ ɡɪɟɧɢɹ. Ɍɨɥɶɤɨ ɜ ɨɞɧɨɦ ɝɨɪɨɞɟ (Ɍɨɤɢɨ) ɫɦɨɝ ɜɵɡɜɚɥ ɨɬɪɚɜɥɟɧɢɟ 10 ɬɵɫ. ɱɟɥɨɜɟɤ ɜ 1970 ɝ. ɢ 28 ɬɵɫ. ɜ 1971 ɝ. ɉɨ ɨɮɢɰɢɚɥɶɧɵɦ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ, ɜ Ⱥɮɢɧɚɯ ɜ ɞɧɢ ɫɦɨɝɚ ɫɦɟɪɬɧɨɫɬɶ

ɜɲɟɫɬɶ ɪɚɡ ɜɵɲɟ, ɱɟɦ ɜ ɞɧɢ ɨɬɧɨɫɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɨɣ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ.

Ʉɜɚɠɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɷɤɨɥɨɝɢɱɟɫɤɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɡɚɝɪɹɡɧɟɧɢɹ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬɫɹ:

- ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨɟ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɟ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ("ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ"); - ɧɚɪɭɲɟɧɢɟ ɨɡɨɧɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɥɨɹ; - ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɤɢɫɥɨɬɧɵɯ ɞɨɠɞɟɣ.

ɉɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ – ɹɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɜɬɨɪɢɱɧɨɝɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɥɢɧɧɨɜɨɥɧɨɜɵɦ (ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɦ) ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟɦ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɟɦɵɦ ɨɛɪɚɬɧɨ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɦɢ ɝɚɡɚɦɢ, ɧɚɯɨɞɹɳɢɦɢɫɹ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɟ. ɉɪɢ ɭɫɢɥɟɧɢɢ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɥɢ ɪɚɫɬɟɬ ɩɪɢ ɫɨɯɪɚɧɟɧɢɢ ɩɨɫɬɨɹɧɧɨɣ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɣ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ. Ɉɛɭɫɥɨɜɥɟɧ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɬɟɦ, ɱɬɨ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɩɨɞ ɜɨɡɞɟɣɫɬɜɢ-

ɟɦ ɪɚɞɢɚɰɢɨɧɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɋɨɥɧɰɚ: ɥɸɛɨɟ ɧɚɝɪɟɬɨɟ ɬɟɥɨ ɞɚɟɬ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɜ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɦ ɫɩɟɤɬɪɟ, ɬ. ɟ. ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɡɚ ɫɱɟɬ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ (ɪɢɫ.5.2). Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɬɨɝɨ, ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɨɟ ɢɡɥɭɱɟɧɢɟ ɨɬɪɚɠɚɟɬɫɹ ɨɬ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɨɛɥɚɤɨɜ, ɢ, ɜɨɡɜɪɚɳɚɹɫɶ ɤ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ, ɞɨɩɨɥɧɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɚɝɪɟɜɚɟɬ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɭ. Ʉ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɦ ɝɚɡɚɦ ɨɬɧɨɫɹɬ: ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ ɋɈ2, ɦɟɬɚɧ ɋɇ4, ɡɚɤɢɫɶ ɚɡɨɬɚ N2O, ɝɢɞɪɨɮɬɨɪɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ HFC, ɩɟɪɮɬɨɪɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɵ PFC ɢ ɝɟɤɫɚɮɬɨɪɢɞ ɫɟɪɵ SF4. ɇɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɟɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɧɚ ɫɨɡɞɚɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɟɬ ɞɢɨɤɫɢɞ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ, ɦɚɫɫɨɜɵɣ ɜɵɛɪɨɫ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɝɨ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɶɲɢɣ – 68 % ɨɬ ɫɭɦɦɚɪɧɨɝɨ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɚ ɜɫɟɯ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ. ɇɚ ɞɨɥɸ ɋɇ4 ɩɪɢɯɨɞɢɬɫɹ 21 %, N2O – 10 %, ɧɚ ɨɫɬɚɥɶɧɵɟ – 1 %.

ȼ 1997 ɝ. (ɜ ɝ. Ʉɢɨɬɨ, əɩɨɧɢɹ) ɧɚ ɬɪɟɬɶɟɣ ɤɨɧɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɢ ɫɬɪɚɧ ɭɱɚɫɬɧɢɰ ɊɄɂɄ ɛɵɥɨ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɨ ɞɢɮɮɟɪɟɧɰɢɪɨɜɚɧɧɨɟ ɪɟɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɨ ɞɨɩɭɫɬɢɦɨɦɭ ɭɪɨɜɧɸ ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ ɋɈ2 ɤɚɠɞɨɣ ɫɬɪɚɧɨɣ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɚɧɬɪɨɩɨɝɟɧɧɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ, ɬ.ɟ. ɛɵɥɢ ɩɪɢɧɹɬɵ ɧɨɪɦɵ (ɤɜɨɬɵ) ɜɵɛɪɨɫɨɜ. ɗɬɨɬ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɟɧ ɤɚɤ Ʉɢɨɬɫɤɢɣ ɩɪɨɬɨɤɨɥ. ɐɟɥɶ ɞɚɧɧɨɝɨ ɞɨɤɭɦɟɧɬɚ – ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɬɶ

ɜɪɟɞɧɨɟ ɜɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɣ ɞɟɹɬɟɥɶɧɨɫɬɢ ɧɚ ɫɨɫɬɨɹɧɢɟ ɨɤɪɭɠɚɸɳɟɣ ɫɪɟɞɵ, ɜɵɪɚɠɚɸɳɟɟɫɹ ɜ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɮɢɤɚɰɢɢ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ.

əɜɥɟɧɢɟ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ ɩɨɡɜɨɥɹɟɬ ɩɨɞɞɟɪɠɢɜɚɬɶ ɧɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɭ, ɩɪɢ ɤɨɬɨɪɨɣ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɨ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɟ ɠɢɡɧɢ. ȿɫɥɢ ɛɵ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɨɬɫɭɬɫɬɜɨɜɚɥ, ɫɪɟɞɧɹɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɢ ɡɟɦɧɨɝɨ ɲɚɪɚ ɛɵɥɚ ɛɵ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɨ ɧɢɠɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɧɚ ɟɫɬɶ ɫɟɣɱɚɫ. Ɉɞɧɚɤɨ ɩɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɤɨɧɰɟɧɬɪɚɰɢɢ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɯ ɝɚɡɨɜ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɩɪɨɧɢɰɚɟɦɨɫɬɶ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ ɞɥɹ ɢɧɮɪɚɤɪɚɫɧɵɯ ɥɭɱɟɣ, ɱɬɨ ɩɪɢɜɨɞɢɬ ɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɸ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ Ɂɟɦɥɢ.

ɉɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ ɢɦɟɟɬ ɦɟɫɬɨ ɧɟ ɬɨɥɶɤɨ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦɥɟ. ɋɢɥɶɧɵɣ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ – ɧɚ ɫɨɫɟɞɧɟɣ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɟ, ȼɟɧɟɪɟ. Ⱥɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɚ ȼɟɧɟɪɵ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɰɟɥɢɤɨɦ ɫɨɫɬɨɢɬ ɢɡ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɨɝɨ ɝɚɡɚ, ɢ ɜ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɩɨɜɟɪɯɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɵ ɪɚɡɨɝɪɟɬɚ ɞɨ 4750ɋ. Ʉɥɢɦɚɬɨɥɨɝɢ ɩɨɥɚɝɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ Ɂɟɦɥɹ ɢɡɛɟɠɚɥɚ ɬɚɤɨɣ ɭɱɚɫɬɢ ɛɥɚɝɨɞɚɪɹ ɧɚɥɢɱɢɸ ɧɚ ɧɟɣ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɜ. Ɉɤɟɚɧɵ ɩɨɝɥɨɳɚɸɬ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɧɵɣ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞ, ɢ ɨɧ ɧɚɤɚɩɥɢɜɚɟɬɫɹ ɜ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɩɨɪɨɞɚɯ, ɬɚɤɢɯ ɤɚɤ ɢɡɜɟɫɬɧɹɤ – ɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɨɦ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ ɭɞɚɥɹɟɬɫɹ ɢɡ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɵ. ɇɚ ȼɟɧɟɪɟ ɧɟɬ ɨɤɟɚɧɨɜ, ɢ ɜɟɫɶ ɭɝɥɟɤɢɫɥɵɣ ɝɚɡ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɣ ɜɵɛɪɚɫɵɜɚɸɬ ɜ ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ɜɭɥɤɚɧɵ, ɬɚɦ ɢ ɨɫɬɚɟɬɫɹ. ȼ ɪɟɡɭɥɶɬɚɬɟ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɟ ɧɚɛɥɸɞɚɟɬɫɹ ɧɟɭɩɪɚɜɥɹɟɦɵɣ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɵɣ ɷɮɮɟɤɬ.

Ʉ ɜɨɡɦɨɠɧɵɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɹɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ ɧɚ ɡɟɦɥɟ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɨɬɧɟ-

ɫɬɢ.

1. ɂɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɱɚɫɬɨɬɵ ɢ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɹ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ.

ȼ ɰɟɥɨɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬ ɧɚ ɩɥɚɧɟɬɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɛɨɥɟɟ ɜɥɚɠɧɵɦ. ɇɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ ɧɟ ɪɚɫɩɪɨɫɬɪɚɧɢɬɫɹ ɩɨ Ɂɟɦɥɟ ɪɚɜɧɨɦɟɪɧɨ. ȼ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɢ ɬɚɤ ɧɚ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹɲɧɢɣ ɞɟɧɶ ɩɨɥɭɱɚɸɬ ɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɨɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɨ ɨɫɚɞɤɨɜ, ɢɯ ɜɵɩɚɞɟɧɢɟ ɫɬɚɧɟɬ ɢɧɬɟɧɫɢɜɧɟɟ. Ⱥ ɜ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɧɟɞɨɫɬɚɬɨɱɧɵɦ ɭɜɥɚɠɧɟɧɢɟɦ ɭɱɚɫɬɹɬɫɹ ɡɚɫɭɲɥɢɜɵɟ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɵ.

Ɋɢɫɭɧɨɤ 5.2 – ɋɯɟɦɚ ɜɨɡɧɢɤɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɩɚɪɧɢɤɨɜɨɝɨ ɷɮɮɟɤɬɚ

2.ɉɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɪɹ.

ȼɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɏɏ ɜɟɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɧɢɣ ɭɪɨɜɟɧɶ ɦɨɪɹ ɩɨɜɵɫɢɥɫɹ ɧɚ 0,1…0,2 ɦ. ɉɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɡɚ XXI ɜɟɤ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɟ ɭɪɨɜɧɹ ɦɨɪɹ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɢɬ ɞɨ 1 ɦ. ȼ ɷɬɨɦ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɚɢɛɨɥɟɟ ɭɹɡɜɢɦɵɦɢ ɨɤɚɠɭɬɫɹ ɩɪɢɛɪɟɠɧɵɟ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɢ ɢ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɢɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɚ. Ɍɚɤɢɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ ɤɚɤ ɇɢɞɟɪɥɚɧɞɵ, ȼɟɥɢɤɨɛɪɢɬɚɧɢɹ, ɚ ɬɚɤɠɟ ɦɚɥɵɟ ɨɫɬɪɨɜɧɵɟ ɝɨɫɭɞɚɪɫɬɜɚ Ɉɤɟɚɧɢɢ ɢ Ʉɚɪɢɛɫɤɨɝɨ ɛɚɫɫɟɣɧɚ ɩɟɪɜɵɦɢ ɩɨɞɩɚɞɭɬ ɩɨɞ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ. Ʉɪɨɦɟ ɷɬɨɝɨ ɭɱɚɫɬɹɬɫɹ ɜɵɫɨɤɢɟ ɩɪɢɥɢɜɵ, ɭɫɢɥɢɬɫɹ ɷɪɨɡɢɹ ɛɟɪɟɝɨɜɨɣ ɥɢɧɢɢ.

3.ɍɝɪɨɡɚ ɞɥɹ ɷɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦ ɢ ɛɢɨɪɚɡɧɨɨɛɪɚɡɢɹ.

ɋɭɳɟɫɬɜɭɸɬ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɵ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɨɜɟɧɢɹ ɞɨ 30…40% ɜɢɞɨɜ ɪɚɫɬɟɧɢɣ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɵɯ, ɩɨɫɤɨɥɶɤɭ ɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɚ ɨɛɢɬɚɧɢɹ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɢɡɦɟɧɹɬɶɫɹ ɛɵɫɬɪɟɟ, ɱɟɦ ɨɧɢ ɦɨɝɭɬ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɷɬɢɦ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ. ɉɪɢ ɩɨɜɵɲɟɧɢɢ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ ɧɚ 1 ɝɪɚɞɭɫ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɢɪɭɟɬɫɹ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɟ ɜɢɞɨɜɨɝɨ ɫɨɫɬɚɜɚ ɥɟɫɚ. Ʌɟɫɚ ɹɜɥɹɸɬɫɹ ɟɫɬɟɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɦ ɧɚɤɨɩɢɬɟɥɟɦ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ. ɉɟɪɟɯɨɞ ɨɬ ɨɞɧɨɝɨ ɬɢɩɚ ɥɟɫɚ ɤ ɞɪɭɝɨɦɭ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɨɩɪɨɜɨɠɞɚɬɶɫɹ ɜɵɞɟɥɟɧɢɟɦ ɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɤɨɥɢɱɟɫɬɜɚ ɭɝɥɟɪɨɞɚ.

4. Ɍɚɹɧɢɟ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ.

ɋɨɜɪɟɦɟɧɧɨɟ ɨɥɟɞɟɧɟɧɢɟ Ɂɟɦɥɢ ɦɨɠɧɨ ɫɱɢɬɚɬɶ ɨɞɧɢɦ ɢɡ ɫɚɦɵɯ ɱɭɬɤɢɯ ɢɧɞɢɤɚɬɨɪɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɞɹɳɢɯ ɝɥɨɛɚɥɶɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ɋɩɭɬɧɢɤɨɜɵɟ ɞɚɧɧɵɟ ɩɨɤɚɡɵɜɚɸɬ, ɱɬɨ ɧɚɱɢɧɚɹ ɫ 1960-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɩɪɨɢɡɨɲɥɨ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɟɧɢɟ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɢ ɫɧɟɠɧɨɝɨ ɩɨɤɪɨɜɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪɧɨ ɧɚ 10%. ɋ 1950-ɯ ɝɨɞɨɜ ɜ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɨɦ ɩɨɥɭɲɚɪɢɢ ɩɥɨɳɚɞɶ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝɨ ɥɶɞɚ ɫɨɤɪɚɬɢɥɚɫɶ ɩɨɱɬɢ ɧɚ 10…15%, ɚ ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ ɭɦɟɧɶɲɢɥɚɫɶ ɧɚ 40%. ɉɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ ɷɤɫɩɟɪɬɨɜ Ⱥɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɢ Ⱥɧɬɚɪɤɬɢɱɟɫɤɨɝɨ ɧɚ- ɭɱɧɨ-ɢɫɫɥɟɞɨɜɚɬɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɢɧɫɬɢɬɭɬɚ (ɋɚɧɤɬ-ɉɟɬɟɪɛɭɪɝ), ɭɠɟ ɱɟɪɟɡ 30 ɥɟɬ ɋɟɜɟɪɧɵɣ ɥɟɞɨɜɢɬɵɣ ɨɤɟɚɧ ɜ ɬɟɱɟɧɢɟ ɬɟɩɥɨɝɨ ɩɟɪɢɨɞɚ ɝɨɞɚ ɛɭɞɟɬ ɩɨɥɧɨɫɬɶɸ ɜɫɤɪɵɜɚɬɶɫɹ ɢɡ ɩɨɞɨ ɥɶɞɚ.

ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɯ ɭɱɟɧɵɯ, ɬɨɥɳɢɧɚ Ƚɢɦɚɥɚɣɫɤɢɯ ɥɶɞɨɜ ɬɚɟɬ ɫɨ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɶɸ 10…15ɦ ɜ ɝɨɞ. ɉɪɢ ɧɵɧɟɲɧɟɣ ɫɤɨɪɨɫɬɢ ɷɬɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɫɨɜ ɞɜɟ ɬɪɟɬɢ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɢɫɱɟɡɧɭɬ ɤ 2060 ɝɨɞɭ, ɚ ɤ 2100 ɜɫɟ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɢ ɪɚɫɬɚɸɬ ɨɤɨɧɱɚɬɟɥɶɧɨ. ɍɫɤɨɪɟɧɧɨɟ ɬɚɹɧɢɟ ɥɟɞɧɢɤɨɜ ɫɨɡɞɚɟɬ ɪɹɞ ɧɟɩɨɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɟɧɧɵɯ ɭɝɪɨɡ ɱɟɥɨɜɟɱɟɫɤɨɦɭ ɪɚɡɜɢɬɢɸ. Ⱦɥɹ ɝɭɫɬɨɧɚɫɟɥɟɧɧɵɯ ɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɢ ɩɪɟɞɝɨɪɧɵɯ ɬɟɪɪɢɬɨɪɢɣ ɨɫɨɛɭɸ ɨɩɚɫɧɨɫɬɶ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜɥɹɸɬ ɥɚɜɢɧɵ, ɡɚɬɨɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɢɥɢ, ɧɚɨɛɨɪɨɬ, ɫɧɢɠɟɧɢɟ ɩɨɥɧɨɜɨɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɪɟɤ, ɚ ɤɚɤ ɫɥɟɞɫɬɜɢɟ ɫɨɤɪɚɳɟɧɢɟ ɡɚɩɚɫɨɜ ɩɪɟɫɧɨɣ ɜɨɞɵ.

5. ɋɟɥɶɫɤɨɟ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɨ.

ȼɥɢɹɧɢɟ ɩɨɬɟɩɥɟɧɢɹ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɞɭɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɶ ɫɟɥɶɫɤɨɝɨ ɯɨɡɹɣɫɬɜɚ ɧɟɨɞɧɨɡɧɚɱɧɨ. ȼ ɧɟɤɨɬɨɪɵɯ ɪɚɣɨɧɚɯ ɫ ɭɦɟɪɟɧɧɵɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɨɦ ɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɧɟɛɨɥɶɲɨɝɨ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɟɧɢɹ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɵ, ɧɨ ɫɧɢɡɢɬɫɹ ɜ ɫɥɭɱɚɟ ɡɧɚɱɢɬɟɥɶɧɵɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɧɵɯ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɣ. ȼ ɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɢ ɫɭɛɬɪɨɩɢɱɟɫɤɢɯ ɪɟɝɢɨɧɚɯ ɭɪɨɠɚɣɧɨɫɬɶ ɜ ɰɟɥɨɦ, ɩɨ ɩɪɨɝɧɨɡɚɦ, ɛɭɞɟɬ ɫɧɢɠɚɬɶɫɹ.

ɋɚɦɵɣ ɫɟɪɶɟɡɧɵɣ ɭɞɚɪ ɦɨɠɟɬ ɛɵɬɶ ɧɚɧɟɫɟɧ ɛɟɞɧɟɣɲɢɦ ɫɬɪɚɧɚɦ, ɧɚɢɦɟɧɟɟ ɜɫɟɝɨ ɝɨɬɨɜɵɦ ɩɪɢɫɩɨɫɨɛɢɬɶɫɹ ɤ ɢɡɦɟɧɟɧɢɹɦ ɤɥɢɦɚɬɚ. ɉɨ ɞɚɧɧɵɦ ɆȽɗɂɄ, ɤ 2080 ɝ. ɱɢɫɥɨ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɫɬɚɥɤɢɜɚɸɳɢɯɫɹ ɫ ɭɝɪɨɡɨɣ ɝɨɥɨɞɚ, ɦɨɠɟɬ ɭɜɟɥɢɱɢɬɶɫɹ ɧɚ 600 ɦɥɧ. ɱɟɥ., ɱɬɨ ɜɞɜɨɟ ɛɨɥɶɲɟ ɱɢɫɥɚ ɥɸɞɟɣ, ɤɨɬɨɪɵɟ ɫɟɝɨɞɧɹ ɠɢɜɭɬ ɜ ɛɟɞɧɨɫɬɢ ɜ Ⱥɮɪɢɤɟ ɤ ɸɝɭ ɨɬ ɋɚɯɚɪɵ.

6. ȼɨɞɨɩɨɬɪɟɛɥɟɧɢɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɨɫɧɚɛɠɟɧɢɟ.